英语写作教案

UnitOneSomeViewsonWriting1.WhatIsWriting?Thedictionarydefineswritingas“relatingorcommunicationbyformingsymbolsonasurfacewithapen,pencil,orothertool.”Thekeywordsherearerelatingorcommunication.Writtenideasareusuallymeanttopassonamessage.HenningsandGrant,intheirbookWrittenExpressionintheLanguageArts,saythat“writingisawayofmakingthoughtsstandstill….Itisorallanguagetranslatedintoamorepermanentandattimesamorestructuresfrom.”Theygoonsayingthat“writingrequirestheabilitytolisten,speak,readandthink.”Anotherwayofdefiningwritingisthatitisthoughttransformedintoavisualform.Inotherwords,writingisavisualexpressionofideas.Theprocessofwritingbeginswithanidea,andideascomefromanindividual’sreactiontoeventsoccurringwithinhisenvironmentandfromwithinhimself.Byrestructuringhisperception,feelings,andknowledge,anideaisbornandthisisthesubstanceofwriting.Writingistheprocessoftakinganideafrominsideofone’sheadandputtingitintoacodesothatitcanbesharedwithothers.AnAmericanwritingteacherdescribeswritingas“oneofthemostcomplexintellectualandemotionalprocessesapersonengagesin.”Or,statedanotherway,writingisplainhardwork.ElizabethCownNeeldqutoesRalphWaldoEmerson’sjournalfromJuneof1845.Hesaid,“Igooutonedayandseethemasonandcarpentersbusywithbuildingahouse,andIdiscoverwithjoytheparallelismbetweentheirworkandmyconstructionandcomehomegladtoknowthatItooamahousebuilder.”Buildingahouseandwritinghavethreemaincharacteristicsincommon.First,whenwebuildandwhenwewrite,wemakesomethingthatwasnottherewhenwestarted.Onouruniversitycampus,thereisnowanewbuildingacrossthestreetfromtheForeignLanguagesDepartmentwheretwoyearsagotherewasanemptyfieldofdirt.Similarly,today,beforewebeganwriting,thissheetofpaperwasblankandnowitisfilledwithwords.Second,boththebuilderandwriterhavemanypossibilitiesfromwhichtochoose.Whenabuilderdecidestobuild,hecouldconstructaschool,astore,ahouseoranofficebuilding,dependingonhisneeds.Andifhedecidestomakeahouseitcouldbeabighouseoralittlehouse.Itcouldhaveonestoryortwostories.ThehousecouldbeshapedlikeaboxorU-shapedorevenasquarewithanopenareaorpatiointhemiddle.Thepossibilitiesareendless.Likewise,whenawritersitsdownathisdesktowritehecouldwritealetteroranoteorabookorascientificreport.Andifhedecidedtowritealetter,itcouldbeabusinessletteroralettertohismotheroraloveletter.Again,thepossibilitiesareendless.Athirdcommoncharacteristicofbuildingandwritingisthattheybothfollowaprocessoranorder.Abuilderofahousebeginswithanidea.Heknowshewantstobuildahousebuthisoptionsareinfinitesohemustgatherideasandconsiderallofthepossibilities.Then,whilekeepinginmindhisfinancesandthesizeofthelot,etc.,thebuilderhastomakeaplan.Thisdesignorblueprinttellsthebuilderexactlywhatmaterialsheneedsandhowtheyaretobeputtogetherasthehouseisbuilt.Next,thebuilderhastoorderorcollecthismaterialssotheyareavailabletothecarpenterswhentheyareneeded.Nowheisfinallyreadytobuildthehouse.Whenthehouseisfinished,thewallsarepainted,thecurtainsarehung,picturesareputonthewallsandeverythingismadeperfectforthosewhowillliveinthehousetomovein.Thewriteralsobeginswithanidea.Heknowswhatwantstosaybuttherearemanywaystocommunicatethismessageso.Likethebuilder,hemustalsogatherideasandexaminepossibilities.Next,thewritermustmakeaplan—anoutline.Thisplanwillkeephiswritingfocusedonwhathewantstosayandshowhimwherehewantstogo.Thewritermustthencollecthisinformation.Wegenerallycallthisstepresearch.Hemayneedtoexaminehisownexperience.Whentheinformationisgathered,theauthorisreadytowrite.Usuallythewriterrevisesandchangesandrewritesbutatsomepointhemustdecidehiscompositioniscomplete.However,atthispointthereisonemorestepcalledrevisingandeditingwhichmakessurethepieceisjustexactlyasthewriterwantsittobewhenitisreceivedandreadbyitsintendedaudience.Sowhatiswriting?Writingisaprocesswherebyonerecordshisthoughtsandideasintoavisualcodedmessagewhichcanbesavedrsharedwithothers.Itfollowsanorderandisjustplainhardwork.2.DifferencesBetweenSpeakingandWritingAlthoughthesamemessagespokenandwrittenmayseemverysimilar,theyareverydifferent.Themostobviousdifferenceisthatthemessageistransmittedthroughdifferentchannels.Thewrittenmessageisvisual.Themessageisgivenonlyonceandthereadercanre-readthemessageifheneedsclarification.Thewritercanuseboldprint,capitalization,italicprinting,quotationmarks,underlining,etc.foremphasis.Aspokenmessageisoral/aural.Mostofthetimethespeakercanrepeatorrewordhismessageifitneedstobeclarified.Thespeakercanusesuchtechniquesaschangeinvocalpitchorvolume,pauses,andgesturesforemphasis.Anotherdifferencebetweenspeakingandwritingisthatspeakingisapersonalinteractionwhileisimpersonal.Thespeakercanseehisaudiencefacetofaceandhecanmakeadjustmentsinhismessageimmediatelybasedonthereactionofhisaudience.Thewritercannotimmediatelyinteractwiththepersonwhoisreadinghismessage.Whenapersonisspeaking,hispersonalityplaysinhiswriting.Inaddition,whenthemessageisspoken,itissentandreceivedatthesametimeandthelistenercaninterruptandaskquestions.Thereisagreatersenseofrealityinthespokenmessagethaninthewrittenmessage.Inwrittenlanguage,grammaticalrulesaremorestrictlyobservedwhereasinspeaking,wordsareslurred,soundsandwordsaredropped,sentencefragmentsareappropriateandvariouspartsofspeechcanbeomitted.Whenspeaking,apersoncanskiparoundtoothertopicandreturntoaprevioussubject,hesitate,makefalsestartsandpause.Inwrittenlanguagesequencingororderofinformationarecrucial.Whenassmallchildrenwelearnalanguage,wefirstlearntolisten,thentospeak,thentoreadandfinallytowrite.Writingisthefinalskilltobeacquired.Itisalsothemostdifficultofthefourlanguageskills.Similarlywhenonelearnsaforeignlanguage,althoughitisnotnecessarilythelastskilltobelearned,writingisdependantuponthelearner’sabilitytolisten,speak,andread.Astudent’slevelofwritingwillreflecthislevelintheotherskills.Writingisdifferentfromspeaking.Itrequiresattentiontodetailandisveryspecific.Writingisthoughtandideasencodedtobesavedand/orshared.Tobeagoodwriterrequireshardwork.3.DifferencesBetweenChineseWritingAndEnglishWritingManystudentsbelievethatwritinganessayinEnglishisthesameaswritinganessayinChinese.So,theywritetheiressaysinChineseandtranslatethemintoEnglishandthenwonderwhytheirteachergivesthemlowmarks.ThefactisthatwritinginEnglishisdifferentfromwritinginChineseandwritingwellinEnglishisanotherskillthatmustbelearned.Withthedevelopmentofsociolinguisticsandinterculturalcommunicationtheory,moreandmorelinguistsandsociolinguistspaymuchmoreattentiontothedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures.Thus,IdeemthatmanyofthedifferencesbetweenChinesewritingandEnglishwritingarerootedinthedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures.Therefore,itisveryimportanttorememberthatoneisonebetterthantheotherbuttheyaredifferent.InordertobeabletowritewellinEnglish,ItisimportantfortheChinesestudentstobecomeawareofthesedifferences.Asforthedefinitionofwriting,differentpersonsmayhavedifferentideas.Onewayofdefiningwritingisthatitisthoughttransformedintoavisualform.Therefore,thewritingofdifferentcultureswillreflectthedifferencesinthoughtpatternsusedbythosecultures.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatChinesethoughtpatterniscircular.Theideaisintroducedandastheideaisdevelopedortheconversationproceeds,eachloopcomesclosertothepointuntilthemainissueisfinallyaddressed.Inthefollowingletter,thewriterbeginstalkinggenerallyofschool,thenofhowhisteacherhadloanedhimhisumbrellaandbeenkindtohim,andthenthestudentmakeshisrequest,whichisreallythepurposeoftheletter.DearTeacher,Howareyou?NowIamacollegestudent.Collegelifeisquitedifferentfrommiddleschool.Itisnewforme.I’mtryingtoadjusttothenewlife.Dearteacher,whenIwasatmiddleschoolyounotonlytaughtmealotofknowledge,butinfluencedmeinvariouswaysI’mverygrateful.Youwereverykindtomejustaskindasafathermightbe.IstillrememberonceyoulentyourumbrellatomewhereasyouwerecaughtintheheavyrainasIlearntlater.Youweregeneroustometoo.Onceyouinvitedmeoverfordinner,I’llneverforgetwhatyouhavedoneforme,andIwillkeepgratefulforwhatyouhavedoneforme.DearTeacher,I’mbusywithmystudy.ButI’minbadneedofanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.IrememberyouhaveoneWouldyouliketoletmehaveit?IfyouwouldIwillbeverythankful.Bestwishestoyou.Yourssincerely,LiDongIncontrast,Englishthoughtislinear.Englishpeopleareunlikelytospendmuchtimein“smalltalk”orinsettingupabackgroundforthemainpoint.TheEnglishpeoplecometothepointimmediately.Thestyleismoredirect.IfanEnglishstudentwerewritingthisletter,itwouldtakethisform;DearMr.Jones,Asyouknow,I’mnowastudenthereatBeijingCollegelifeisverydifferentfromthatinhighschoolbutIamhavingagreattime.I’vealreadymadesomegoodfriendsandIfeelquiteathomeinthedorm…Tankyouverymuchforyourhelp.Sincerelyyours,TonyBesidesthedifferencesinthoughtpattern,fromtheabove–mentionedexample,onecanalsofindanotherdifferenceintheformofaddressbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures.Chinesestudentsalwaysuse“Teacher”notonlyasaformofaddress.Butalsoasarespecttotheirteacher,butinEnglishculture,theyuseMr.,Mrs.orMissinsteadoftheword“teacher”asaformofaddress.AtthecollegestudentsmaycalltheirteachersasprofessorSmithorDr.Smith.Therefore,studentsinChinashouldpaymuchattentiontotheculturalbackgroundwhenwritinginEnglish.ThesecondareaofdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishwritingisinobjectivity.Generallyspeaking,Chinesewritingisverypersonal.Itissomethingthewritercaresdeeplyabout.TheChinewriterspendsagreatdealofefforttellingthereaderhowhefeels,wantingthereadertofeelthesameway.TheChinesewriterwritesfrominsideoftheeventorissue.Ontheotherhand,theEnglishwriterismoreobjective.Hisreaderwouldsay,“Don’ttellmehowyoufeel,tellmewhathappened.IwilldecidedhowIfeel.”TheEnglishwriterisanobserverandstandsoutsideoftheeventashewrites.Themostobviousdifferenceonobjectivityisseenintheuseofvocabulary.TheChinesewriterismorelikelytousemoredescriptivetermsandwordsshowingagreaterdegreeofemotionthantheEnglishpeople.NotethispassagefromaChinesestudent’sessayonfriendship.Asafriendyoushouldpointoutmistakestoyourfriend.Itisthefreshairinjectedintoyourfriendship.Itcanhelptokeepthefriendshiptreegreenandluxuriantforever.Atruefriendshiphelpsyouwhenyouareintrouble.Itisthewarmthofwinter.Itisanumbrellaintherain.Friendshipisnotpersonalwealthbutcommonpossession.Asforthesetwopassages,aChinesewouldseethemasbeautifulandpoeticwhileanEnglishpersonwouldseethemasoverlysentimental.Hemaydescribefriendshipasfollowing:Friendshipisbothasourceofpleasureandacomponentofgoodhealth.Peoplewhohaveclosefriendsnaturallyenjoytheircompany.Ofequalimportancetheconcreteemotionalbenefitstheyderive.Whensomethingsensationalhappenstous,sharingthehappinessoftheoccasionwithfriendsintensifiesourjoy.Conversely,intimesoftroubleandtension,whenourspiritsarelow,unburdeningourworriesandfearstocompassionatefriendsalleviatesthestress.Moreover,wemayevengetsomepracticalsuggestionsforsolvingaparticularproblem.ThethirdareaofdifferenceinwritingisEnglishpeopleemphasizecreativityandindividualism.Acompositionisareflectionofthepersonwhoisdoingthewriting.Freshnessandoriginalityarepraised.However,Chinesewritinghonorstheuseofproverbsandsetphraseslike“Nopains,nogains”,“Timeflieslikeanarrow”,“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway”,etc.TheEnglishpeople'sreactiontothisis“Tellmewhatyoumean”.Chinesealsovaluemodelsandimitationinwriting.Tofollowthemodelorformofasuccessfulandwell-respectedwriterisgood.Exampleessaysarefaithfullycopiedwithsomewordorphraseschangedtofitthetopicorsituation.Thisiscalled“plagiarism”orclaimingsomeoneelse’sworkasone’sown.Infact,thisisconsideredsoseriousaproblemthatcopyrightlawspreventanywritingusingsomeoneelse’swordsorworkwithouttheirpermissionfrombeingpublished.InEnglishwritingoriginalityisadmiredandrespectedandwritersareencouragedtodeveloptheirownuniquestyle.Inpersuasivewriting,Chinesestudentsaremoremilitantintheirlanguageandtone.Theimperativeismuchmorecommon.Phrasessuchas“wemust…”“Youshould…”or“absolutely…”arefrequentlyseen.HereisaChinesestudent’scompositiononSmokingandHealth.Manyyoungpeoplehavestartedtosmokenowadays.Smokingisconsidered,amongsomeyoungmen,asmartsymbol.Therefore,theyspendalotoncigarettes.Whenevertheymeetwitheachother,thefirstthingtheydoissurelytosmoke.However,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.Manysmokersdon’tknowthatsmokingcontributesalotoflungcancer,fromwhichmanypeoplehavediedinthepastfewyears.Inthemeantime,therearemanypeoplesufferingfromdiseasescausedbysmokingallovertheworld.Ifyousmoke,youmusthaveamuchgreaterchanceoflosingyourhealth.Giveupsmoking!Ifyoudon’tsmoke,don’tstart.Giveupsmokingforthesakeofyourhealth,forthesakeofyourfamily,forthesakeofthewholeworld!Inthiscomposition,thewriterismilitantinhislanguageandtone.Asweknowthattoargueisnottoquarrelortoordersomeonetodosomething.Theforceofanargumentdoesnotcomefromabuse,sarcasm,exaggeration,orfierceattacks,butfromsolidevidence,logicalreasoning,andcarefulanalysis.SoanEnglishwriterwouldstatehisviewpointandletthereasons,examples,factsandlogicspeakforverystronglyaboutmakingtheirownchoices.Therefore,persuasionisoftenmoreinthetoneorasuggestionortheimperativeisstatedastheopinionofthewriter.Theforthareaofdifferenceliesinwritingstructurebecauseofdifferentcultures.Chinesepeopleareusedtoputtingthemostimportantpointatthefirstplace.Onthecontrary,EnglishpeopleusuallyputthemostimportantpointatthelastplacetoachievetheclimaxoftheircompositionalthoughboththemadoptsuchawritingstructureasFirstofall-Second-Third-Finally.HereisaChinesestudent’sarticleonHowToObtainHappiness.Happinessissomethingwhichallofuswantandeveryoneseeksfor,andgetfewfindtruehappiness.Then,howtoobtainit?Ithinkhappinesscanonlybeobtainedbypropermeans.Inthefirstplace,truehappinesscomesfromhardwork.Howhappyastudentiswhenhehaspassedthroughhisexaminationssuccessfully,buthishappinessistheresultofhishardandpatientstudy.Thosewhoareidleandcrazyandseekonlyformomentarypleasureswillfailinthelongrun.Therefore,itishardworkthatmakesastudentsuccessfulandhappy.Inthesecondplace,happinesscomesfromfrugality.Weoftenseemanymenspendtheirmoneylavishly.Theysquanderwhattheyhaveforthesatisfactionoftheirlowdesires.Consequently,theymayfindthemselvesunabletosupporttheirlifestyle.Asthefamilycannotthrive,ithastosuffertheconsequencesofproperty.Therefore,toliveasimpleandcontentedlifemakesushappyandgay.Thirdly,happinesscanalsobeobtainedthroughwillpower.Fromstorywelearnthatatrulygreatrulerenjoysapeacefulandhappyreignbytheexertionofhiswillpower.Amanofwaveringmindandfeebledeterminationcanaccomplishnothingandhismoralweaknessisafrequentcauseofsorrowtohim.Willpower,therefore,isalsoimportanttotheobtainingofhappiness.Fromthisexample,onecanknowthathardworkisthemostimportantfactortoobtainhappiness.Conversely,anEnglishwriterwouldstateitattheendofhiscompositionbecauseinEnglishthelastpointisnottheleastpoint.ThefinalareainwhichChinesewritingdiffersfromEnglishwritingisintheareaofstatingamoraloraspecificlessontobelearnedfromanissueorevent.Firstofall,toanEnglishperson,noteveryissuehasamoralthatneedstobeemphasized.Secondly,insomecases,hewouldfeelthelessononepersonlearns.Andthird,themoralorthelessonmaybeclearlypresentedinthestorytorestateitasaspecificpointwouldberedundantortrite.Onthewhole,theremaybeexistotherareasofdifferenceinChinesewritingandEnglishwriting.Attheriskofbeingrepetitive,thisdiscussionofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishwritingisnotsayingthatoneisgoodandtheotherisbad.Itistosaythattheyaredifferentfromeachotherbecauseofdifferentcultures.Therefore,asstudentsoflearningEnglishasaforeignlanguage,itisessentialtobeawareofthesedifferencesbetweenthetwoculturesandwheninwritinginEnglish,itisimportanttowriteasaspeakerofEnglishinsteadofaspeakerofChinese.Onlybydoingso,canChinesestudentsmakegreatprogressontheirwritinginEnglish.UnitTwoTypesofWritingDescriptionDescriptionispaintingpictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.Adescriptionessayisgenerallydevelopedthroughsensorydetails,ortheimpressionsofone’ssenses—sight,hearing,taste,smell,andtough.Notalldetailsareuseful..Thewritershouldchoosethosethathelptobringoutthedominantcharacteristicoroutstandingqualityofthepersonorthingdescribed,andleaveoutthoseirrelevantones,which,ifincluded,wouldonlydistractthereader’sattentionfromthemainimpressionthewriterwishestogive.⑴DescriptionofapersonIndescribingaperson,thewritershouldnotmerelygivedetailsofhisappearance.Heshouldtorevealtheperson’scharacter,thoughts,andfeelings,whichmaybeshowninwhatthepersondoesandsays,orinhowhebehavestoothers.Anditisimportanttograspthecharacteristicfeaturesthatdistinguishhimfromallotherpeople.Thosefeaturesthatheshareswithotherscanbeomitted.Peculiaritiesandidiosyncrasiesofaperson,ifany,shouldbeincludedinthedescription,fortheyusuallyimpressthereaderdeeplyandgivelifetothepersondescribed.ModelsAFellowStudentItwasmyfirstdayattheuniversity.IwalkedintobuildingwhereIwasgoingtolive,andlookedatdoorafterdoorformyname.AtlastIfoundit.Intheroomtherewasalreadyastudentmakinghisbed.Afterwesaid“Howdoyoudo”toeachother,hecontinuedhisworkpayingnomoreattentiontome.“Whatastuck-upfellow,”Ithought.Iexaminedtheroom.ItwasnotdifferentinthefittingsandfurnishingsfromanyotherroomIhadseen,butithadbeenthoroughlycleaned—bymynewroommate,nodoubt.Ilookedathim.Hewasthin,short,anddark.Hishairwaslikeabundleofstraw.Hisdirtyclothesandtiredlookwereclearlysignsofalongtravel.Hisclothesweremadeofcheapcloth.Thecoatwastooshortandthetrouserstooloose.Andheworeapairofrubbershoes,whichwereveryunfashionable.Hedidnotlooklikeasmartfreshmanatall.“Ayokel,”Iconcluded.Thesecondtimehespoke,hisaccenttoldthathewasfromthesouth.“ShallIhelpyoutogetyourluggagefromtheoffice?”IdidnotrefusesinceIreallyneededhelp.Hewasquickinmovement.Hewalkedoutoftheroomandwassoonfaraheadofmeinthecorridor.“Agoodguy.”Isaidtomyself.“Iwillmakefriendswithhim.”Ihurriedandcaughtupwithhim._____astudent'writingColanHobartShewas92yearsoldwhenImether,agentle,diminutiveladyinEuropeandress.Herfacewasdeeplylined,andhercoarsegreyhairhadyellowedwiththeyears.ShespokesoftlyinaquiveringvoicethatwashalfEnglish,halfAmerican.Hergnarledhandstestifiedtotheyearsofhardworkonthefarminherhomeland.Yet,inherdarkeyesandinhergentlemannertherewasachildlikesimplicityasshetoldmehertale.Ithought“Shehasthewisdomthatcomeswithyearsofexperience,andthegentlepurityofachild─awonderfulbutstrangecombinationoftraits.”IknewthatIwouldneverforgether.HernamewasGolanHobart.Whenshewasayoungwoman,herhomelandwasinvadedbyforeigntroops.Shehadbeenkeepinghouseforherfather,brothers,husband,andhertwoyoungchildren.Onedayshereturnedfromthemarketandfoundthemutilatedbodiesofherfatherandoneofherbrothersonherdoorstep.Theywereamongthemanyvictimsofthewar.Colan'shusbandwasmucholderthanshe,andhesoonsuccumbedtotherigorousdemandsoffieldworkandmentalstrain,leavingColanalonewithhertwosmallchildren.Manyofthetown'speoplehelpedher,andshewasabletoproduceenoughonthesmallfarmtofeedherfamily.Shortlyaftertheturnofthecentury,herdaughtermarriedandwenttoAmerica.AfterafewyearsColan'sdaughtersenthersomemoneytocometotheUnitedStates.ColanhadlivedintheUnitedStatesforthirtyyears.AsColantoldherstory,hereyesbecamelargewithfearandherbreathbecamerapidwithexcitement.Thenshewept.Afterashorttime,shesatsilentlywithherheadbowed.Suddenly,sherosefromthechair,liftedherskirttojustaboveherankles,andbegantodanceinshort,jerkysteps.Shesangalmostinaudiblyinhernativelanguage,butIknewitwasachildren'ssong.Thesimplemelodyandthesimpledancestepswerethoseofchildrenallovertheworld.Hereyesshonewithyouthfulgaiety,andhervoicewaslightandhappy.Hergrandsonappearedatthistime,spoketoheraffectionately,andledherfromtheroom.(2)DescriptionofaplacePlacesmaybedescribedfortheirownsake,asinessaysonvisitstofamousscenicplaces,butalsoforthepurposeofrevealingthepersonalityandcharacterofaperson,orcreatingafeelingormood.Acleananddirtyroom,forexample,mightshowthattheoccupantisanorderlyperson.Thehowlingofachillywind,thefailingofautumnleaves,ahousestandinginsolitudeonabarrenmountain,allhelptobuildupasombermoodandincreasethefeelingofdepression.Asindescribingaperson,indescribingaplaceoneshouldmainlywriteaboutthethingsthatmakeitdifferentfromotherplaces.ModelsTheMiddleEasternBazaarTheMiddleEasternbazaartakesyoubackhundreds—eventhousands—ofyears.TheoneIamthinkingofparticularlyisenteredbyaGothic-archedgatewayofagedbrickandstone.Youpassfromtheheatandglareofabig,opensquareintoacool,darkcavernwhichextendsasfarastheeyecansee,losingitselfintheshadowydistance.Littledonkeyswithharmoniouslytinklingbellsthreadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeopleenteringandleavingthebazaar.Theroadwayisabouttwelvefeetwide,butitisnarrowedeveryfewyardsbylittlestallswheregoodsofeveryconceivablekindaresold.Thedinofthestall-holderscryingtheirwares,ofdonkey-boysandportersclearingawayforthemselvesbyshoutingvigorously,andofwould-bepurchasersarguingandbargainingiscontinuousandmakesyoudizzy.Thenasyoupenetratedeeperintothebazaar,thenoiseoftheentrancefadesaway,andyoucometothemutedclothmarket.Theearthenfloor,beatenhardbycountlessfeet,deadensthesoundoffootsteps,andthevaultedmudbrickwallsandroofhavehardlyanysoundstoecho.Theshopkeepersspeakinslow,measuredtones,andthebuyers,overwhelmedbythesepulchralatmosphere,followsuit.OneofthepeculiaritiesoftheEasternbazaaristhatshopkeepersdealinginthesamekindofgoodsdonotscatterthemselvesoverthebazaar,inordertoavoidcompetition,butcollectinthesamearea,sothatpurchaserscanknowwheretofindthem,andsothattheycanfromacloselyknitguildagainstinjusticeorpersecution.Inthecloth-market,forinstance,allthesellersofmaterialforclothes,curtains,chair-coversandsoonlinetheroadwayonbothsides,eachopen-frontedshophavingatrestletablefordisplayandshelvesforstorage.Bargainingistheorderoftheday,andveiledwomenmoveataleisurelypacefromshop,selecting,pricinganddoingalittlepreliminarybargainingbeforetheynarrowdowntheirchoiceandbegintheseriousbusinessofbeatingthepricedown.Itisapointofhonorwiththecustomernottolettheshopkeeperguesswhatitisshereallylikesandwantsuntilthelastmoment.Ifhedoesguesscorrectly,hewillpricetheitemhigh,andyieldlittleinthethatthepriceheischargingisdeprivinghimofallprofit,andthatheissacrificingthisbecauseofhispersonalregardforthecustomer,Bargainingcangoonthewholeday,orevenseveraldays,withthecustomercomingandgoingatintervals.Oneofthemostpicturesqueandimpressivepartsofthebazaaristhecopper-smith’smarket.Asyouapproachit,atinklingandbangingandclashingbeginstoimpingesonyourear.Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct,untilyouroundacornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes,astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightofinnumerablelampsandbraziers.Ineachshopsittheapprentices－boysandyouths,someofthemincrediblyyoung－hammeringawayatcoppervesselsofallshapesandsizes,whiletheshop-ownerinstructs,andsometimestakesahandwitha