2024年北京十一中高三（上）10月月考英语试题及答案

2024北京十一中高三10月月考英语第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的、B、、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。OneMondaymorningIintotheclassroomandcaught____1____apictureonhismathbook.ThiswasonedayafterIhadgiventheclassalectureontakingcareofschoolNormallyIwouldhavegotangryand____2____himtheInstead,Iwalkedoverhisdeskandstoodthere.Joeclosedthebooktryingtohidehisdrawing.Isaid,“Letme____3____whatIsaidyesterday:thesetextbooksaregoingtobeusedforthenextfiveyears,andI____4____youtotakegoodcareofthem.”Joemurmured.“Iforgot.”“Isee.”Isaid.WhenIreturnedtodeskagain,heerasingthedrawingwithhisworn-outI____5____himmineandadrawingpad,andthensaid,“Here,thismightmakethejob____6____.youcanalsousethepadwheneveryouhavethe____7____Joelooked____8____andsaid,“Thanks.”Inoddedandstartedmylesson.Joedrawninhistextbooksince.keepsthepadhispocketandshowshisdrawingfromtimetotime.I’mgladIaskhimtogothethatItmighthavestoppedhimfrommarkingonhisbooks,butwewouldneverhavethe____9____wehaveknows,Imayhave_____10_____apromisingPicasso.1.A.drawing2.A.welcomed3.A.checkB.copyingB.sentC.observingC.beggedC.updateD.examiningD.followedD.repeatB.prove4.A.forceB.allowC.expectD.promiseD.mailedD.easier5.A.rewarded6.A.slowerB.handedB.earlierB.B.calmC.showedC.safer7.A.C.ambitionC.awkwardC.relationshipC.ignoredD.talent8.A.surprised9.A.achievement10.A.attractedD.anxiousD.conflictD.cheatedB.appointmentB.encouraged【答案】1.A2.B3.D4.C5.B6.D7.A8.A9.C10.B【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的作者看见Joe在书上画画，不但没有把他叫到办公室，反而给了他一个画板，让他在什么时候想画的时候在画板上画，这不仅阻止了Joe在书上画画，而且增进了师生之间的关系。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个星期一的早晨，我走进教室，看见Joe在他的数学书上画画。A.drawing画画；B.copying复制；C.observing观察；D.examining检测。根据下文中的“Joeclosedthebooktryingtohidehisdrawing.”可知，Joe看见作者发现了，马上合上书，把画藏起来，由此可知，此处指的是他在数学书上“画画”符合语境。故选A项。【2题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通常我会很生气，把他送到办公室去。A.welcomed欢迎；B.sent送，寄出；C.begged请求；D.followed跟随。根据下文中的“I’mgladIaskhimgotothethat”可知，作者很高兴那天没有让Joe去办公室，结合“NormallyIwouldhavegotangry”可知，通常作者见到学生在书上画画会很生气，所以此处指的是把学生“送”去办公室。故选B项。【3题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：让我重复我昨天说过的话。A.check检查；B.prove证明；C.update更新；D.repeat重复。根据上文中的“ThiswasonedayafterIhadgiventheclassalectureontakingcareofschool”可知，作者昨天说过让学生保管好学校的财产，结合下文中的“whatIsaidyesterday…”可知，此处指的是作者“重复”昨天说的话。故选D项。【4题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些教科书是今后五年要用的，我希望你们好好爱护它们。A.force强迫；B.allow允许；C.expect期望；D.promise承诺。根据下文中的“youtotakegoodcareofthem.”可知，此处是作者对学生的“期望”符合语境。故选C项。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我把我的橡皮擦和一个画板递给他，然后说，“给，这个可能会让擦掉书上的画的工作容易些。”。A.rewarded奖励；B.handed交，递；C.showed展示；D.mailed邮寄。根据下文中的“Joelooked____8____andsaid,“Thanks.””可知，Joe看着并且对作者表示感谢，由此可知，此处指的是作者“递给”Joe橡皮擦和一个画板。故选B项。【6题详解】考查形容词比较级词义辨析。句意：我把我的橡皮擦和一个画板递给他，然后说，“给，这个可能会让擦掉书上的画的工作容易些。”。A.slower较慢；B.earlier较早；C.safer更安全；D.easier更容易。根据上文中的“WhenIreturneddeskagain,hewaserasingthedrawingwithhisworn-out”可知，作者再回到Joe的可住处时，Joe正在用小而破旧的橡皮擦书上的画，由此可知，此处指的是作者把自己的橡皮擦给Joe，这样擦起来“更容易”符合语境。故选D项。【7题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你想画画的时候，你也可以使用这个画板。A.冲动；B.精力，能量；C.ambition雄心；D.talent才华。根据上文中的“Andyoucanalsousethepad”可知，作者告诉Joe可以使用这个画板画画，结合下文中的“todraw”可知，此处指的是作者告诉Joe什么时候有画画的“冲动”时，就在画板上画。故选A项。【8题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Joe看起来很惊讶，说“谢谢。”A.surprised惊讶的；B.calm冷静的；C.awkward令人尴尬的；D.anxious焦急的。根据上文中的“NormallyIwouldhavegotangryand____2____himtotheoffice.”可知，作者通常会对不听话的孩子很生气，然后让孩子去办公室，结合“Andyoucanalsousethepadwheneveryouhavethe____7____to”可知，作者还给Joe画板让他想什么时候绘画时在画板上画，所以此处应为“惊讶的”符合语境。故选A项。【9题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能会阻止他在书上画画，但我们永远不会有我们今天的关系。achievement成就；B.appointment约定；C.relationship关系；D.conflict矛盾。根据上文中的“Hekeepsthepadinhispocketandshowsmehisdrawingfromtimetotime.”可知，自那以后，Joe经常把自己的画让作者看，由此可知，此处表示的是如果喊他去办公室会阻止Joe在书上画画，但是不会有现在他与Joe之间的“关系”。故选C项。【10题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：谁知道呢，也许我鼓励了一个有前途的毕加索。A.attracted吸引；B.encouraged鼓励；C.ignored忽略；cheated欺骗。根据上文中的“Andyoucanalsousethepadwheneveryouhavethe____7____”可知，作者告诉Joe什么时候有画画的冲动就在作者给他的画板上画，由此可知，此处指的是作者“鼓励”Joe画画。故选B项。第二节(共分)阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。A阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。DimsumisoneofthemostpopularChinesedishes.It(originate)inGuangzhoumorethanathousandyearsago.PeopleofGuangdongarefondofdrinkingthemorningorlunch.So,theyofteneatdimsumduringtheirteapartiesforbreakfastandlunch.ACantonesechef’sgoalis____12____(preserve)theoriginalUnlikeotherChinesestylesofcookingsuchasSichuanstyle,______13______Cantonesechefaimsdoistobringoutorhighlighttheoriginalflavorofthevegetable,meat,orfruit.【答案】originated12.topreserve13.a【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了点心的起源和制作过程。【题详解】考查时态。句意：它起源于一千多年前的广州城。根据时间状语“morethanathousandyearsago”可知，句子使用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式。故填originated。【12题详解】考查动词不定式。句意：粤菜厨师的目标是保持食物的原汁原味。主语是goal，用动词不定式作表语，说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。故填topreserve。【13题详解】考查定语从句。句意：与其他中国烹饪风格不同，比如川菜，一位粤菜厨师的目标是突出或强调蔬菜、肉类或水果的原汁原味。chef是可数名词，此处泛指“一名粤菜厨师”，Cantonese是辅音音素开头的单词，前边应用不定冠词a。故填a。B阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。haveprobablydreamedabouthowyouwouldchangetheworld,onlyfindthatitimpossible.youmayhavethepowertomaketheworldbetterwithbabysteps.theideabehindtheBAChallenge,_____14_____isapublicservicecampaignco-initiatedbyAlibabaandSinaItaskspeopletodosomethingpositiveandthenrecordthechangesbeforeandSinceitsfirst_____15_____(appear)ononSept.2nd,theBAChallengehasattractedmillionsofviewersandparticipants._____16_____theselittlethingsbeeasilyignoredinourdailylives,theyarewellreceivedbymanyviewers.【答案】14.which15.appearance16.Although##Though##While【导语】本文为一篇说明文。介绍了BA挑战赛让人们通过一些小事情让世界变得更美好。【14题详解】考查定语从句。句意：这就是BA挑战赛背后的想法，这是一项由阿里巴巴和新浪微博共同发起的公共服务活动。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为theBAChallenge表示事物，作从句的主语，用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。【15题详解】考查名词。句意：自9月2日在新浪微博上首次亮相以来，BA挑战赛已经吸引了数百万观众和参与者。根据its及since可知，空处用名词作宾语，appear对应的名词为appearance。故填appearance。【16题详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然这些小事情在我们的日常生活中很容易被忽视，但它们却受到了很多观众的欢迎。空处引导第一个句子，为从属连词，结合句意可知，前后逻辑为转折关系，前面表示让步，用表示让步的连词Although/Though/While引导从句。故填Although/Though/While。C阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Initially____17____(construct)around256BCE,DujiangyanisaremarkableexampleofancientengineeringskillandisstilluseDuringtheQinLiBing,agovernorandirrigationinvestigatedtheproblemOwingtohisSichuanbecamearegionmuch_____18_____(productive)thanotherpartsChina.Onefamousconstruction,togetherwithtwootherimportantparts,FeishanyanandBaopingkou,_____19_____(design)controlthewaterRecognized_____20_____UNESCOheritagesite,Dujiangyanhasirrigatedfarmswhilepreventingfloodsformorethan2000years.【答案】17.constructed18.moreproductive19.wasdesigned20.as【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了都江堰的历史、作用和优点，体现了我国古代劳动人民的聪明智慧。【17题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：都江堰始建于公元前256年左右，是古代工程技术的杰出典范，至今仍在使用。此处construct与Dujiangyan构成被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。故填constructed。【18题详解】考查比较级。句意：由于他的努力，四川成为一个比中国其他地区更多产的地区。根据后文thanotherpartsinChina可知应用比较级，在前面加more。故填moreproductive。【19题详解】考查时态语态。句意：其中一个著名的建筑，连同另外两个重要的部分，飞山岩和保平口，是为了控制水流而设计的。主语Onefamousconstruction与谓语构成被动关系，且发生在过去，用一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填wasdesigned。【20题详解】考查介词。句意：都江堰被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产，2000多年来一直在灌溉农田的同时防止洪水泛滥。berecognized为固定短语，意为“被视为”。故填as。第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的、B、、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AWhatsomeofyourfavouritememoriesoftheUniversity?Inpreparationforeach50threunion,membersofthemilestoneclassareaskedtorecallcampusmemoriesforanannualMemoryBook.Here'sasmallselectionofsomememoriesfromtheClassof1969.PhyllisJoBaunach“...Icannottheendlesshoursstudying,researching,andlearninginthemiddleofthemustybooksinthestacks.dideverythingbyhand!Butthejoysofideascomingtolifeandunderstandingthornyconceptsarepriceless.IcannotthejoyfulhoursofCo-Kastrehearsalsforstudent-written-and-directedplays,andthethrillofaudiences’responsestoourwillIevertakingvoicelessonsattheEastmanSchoolofMusic.Thiscoursegaveconfidencetotrynewmusicalapproachesandtothinkonfeet.”PaulBoehm“...manysweetandlastingmemories—fivefeetofdeepgettingstrandedonthemusicatHylieMorris'sand,ofcourse,Imetmywifeof48years,EllenBlazerBoehmfromtheClassof1972,whenshewasafreshmanandIaAsafive-yearchemicalengineeringIhadoneelectivetospare,andEllensaid,“Howaboutoceanography?”Ienrolledoceanographywith（thefamousclimatescientist）,whichawakenedenvironmentaljustices,andchangedmyprofessionaldirection.”“...ItrulylovedmyfourundergraduateyearsattheUniversityofInfact,IloveditsomuchthatIstayedanextrayeargetamaster'sdegree!Iwasveryfortunatetohavebeentotallyimmersedstudentlifeoncampus.MymemoriesincludecampaigningandwinningaseatonthestudentgovernmentduringmyfreshmanOthermemoriesincludetheSusanB.Anthonybanquet,andsleepinginthecomfychairsintheIwasalsoprivilegedbeselectedasastudentrepresentativeonthedesignteamforthenewCommons.I.M.Pei,thefamousarchitectdesignedtheLouvrePyramid,wasthearchitectforCommons.evenvisitedhisinNewtoseethe“master”work.”21.Accordingtothepassage,PaulBoehm______.A.marriedEllenBlazerin1972B.dislikedhismajorinuniversityC.becameafamousclimatescientistlaterD.discoveredhisinterestinenvironmentalscience22.WhatcanlearnaboutFarelMcClure?A.Shewasaworld-famousB.Shewasactiveschoolactivities.C.Shehadahardtimegettinghermaster's.D.SheoncemetI.M.PeiattheLouvrePyramid.23.Thethreepeoplealltalkedabout______.A.theirbelovedprofessorsC.theirlearningexperiences【答案】21.D22.B23.CB.theirgreatfriendshipD.theirbeautifulcampus【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了，里程碑班的3位成员回忆自己最喜欢的校园记忆是什么。【21题详解】细节理解题。由题干关键词PaulBoehm可将答案定位于倒数第二段。由倒数第二段中的“So,Ienrolledinoceanographywiththefamousclimatescientist）,whichawakenedenvironmentaljustices,andchangedmyprofessionaldirection.”（所以，我和著名的气候科学家高桥太郎博士一起注册了海洋学，PaulBoehm发现了他对海洋科学的兴趣。故选D项。【22题详解】推理判断题。由最后一段中的“MymemoriesincludecampaigningandwinningaseatonthestudentgovernmentduringfreshmanOthermemoriesincludetheSusanB.Anthonybanquet,andsleepinginthecomfychairsintheIwasalsoprivilegedbeselectedasastudentrepresentativeonthedesignteamforthenewCommons.”（我的记忆包括在大一时竞选和赢得学生会席位。其它记忆包括SusanB.Anthony宴会和睡在很积极。故选B项。【23题详解】推理判断题。由第二段“Here'sasmallselectionofsomememoriesfromtheClassof1969.”（这里有一些1969...Icannottheendlesshoursstudying,researching,andlearningthemiddleofthemustybooksthestacks.”（……我无法忘记在书堆里发霉的书中间没完没了地学习、研究和学习。），倒数第二段中的“So,Ienrolledoceanographywith（thefamousclimatescientist,awakenedenvironmentaljustices,andchangedprofessionaldirection.”（所以，我和著名的气候科学家高桥太郎博士一起注册了海洋学，这唤醒了我对环境正义的兴趣，改变了我的专业方向。）和最后一段中的“...ItrulylovedmyfourundergraduateyearstheUniversityof”（……我真的很3个人都在讲他们大学的学习经历。故选C项。【点睛】在高考中，细节理解题为频繁常考题型，集中考查文中细节。在做此类题型时，同学们可以先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读和查阅技巧迅速在文中找到这一细节，把这部分内容仔细读一遍，比较所给选项与文中细节的细微差别。如在第1小题中，分析问题，得到关键词PaulBoehm，迅速定位到倒数第二段下，找到句子“So,Ienrolledoceanographywith（thefamousclimatescientist,whichawakenedmyenvironmentaljustices,andchangedmyprofessionaldirection.”可知，可知PaulBoehm发现了他对海洋科学的兴趣。故选D项。BThespotofwaswhatfirstcaughtRandyattentiononDecember16,2018.Hewalkedtowarditandfoundaballoonattachedapieceof“Dayami,”itreadononeside,awriting.HeissflippedpaperItwasanumberedlistinSpanish.HisSpanishverygood,buthecouldseeitwasaChristmaslist.Hewascharmedandwonderedwhetherhecouldfindthechild.About20milestosouthwest,justacrossthewasthecityofNogales,Mexico.Basedtheprevailingwind,hewasprettysurewhereitfrom.Backhome,wifewhoisfluentinSpanishtranslatedthelist.Dayami,probablyagirl,hadaskedadoll,adollhouse,clothesandartsupplies.HeissthenpostedabouthisquestonFacebook,attachingphotos,hopingsomeonemightknowtheAfewdayspassedwithnoleads;HeissworriedthattimewasrunningoutbeforeChristmas.OnDecember19,hedecidedtosendaprivateFacebookmessagetoRadioXENYbasedNogales.nextmorning,Heissawoketoamessage:ThehadlocatedDayami,whoindeedlivedinNogalesandwouldbewillingtoarrangeaget-togethertheradiostation.Heissandhiswiferushedbuyeverythingonlist.Thentheydroveforminutes,crossingtheborderintoNogales.Theyfinallymettheveryexcitedgirl.“HereyeswerewideopenwithLike,‘Ohgosh,thisreallydidwork!’wasabeautifulexperience,”Heisssaid.“Quitehealingforus.”Heiss,61,haslivedinBisbee,Arizonaformorethanthreedecades.yearsago,heandhiswifelosttheironlychild.Theyhavenograndchildren.NowtheysplittheirtimebetweenNogalesandBisbee.“BeingaroundchildrenatChristmastimehasbeenabsentinourlives,”Heisssaid.beenkindofagapingholeourChristmasexperience.”Hehassincereflectedonwhatamiracleitwasthathespottedtheballoonatall,letalonethathewasablelocateDayamiandher24.OnDecember16,Heiss________.A.plannedtogotoNogalesB.foundawishlistbyaccidentC.spottedacardattachedaballoonD.readastoryaboutDayamionFacebook25.WhatdidHeissdofindDayami?A.Heaskedhiswifeforadvice.B.Hepostedphotoonline.C.HedroveNogalestofindclues.D.HeturnedRadioXENYforhelp.26.WhatdowelearnaboutHeiss?A.Hehaslivedaloneformanyyears.B.Heisnotgoodatlearninglanguages.C.HehasbuiltaclosebondwithDayami.D.HebuysDayamigiftseveryChristmas.27.Whatdoesthestoryintendtotellus?A.Givingisrewarding.B.Allforone,oneforall.C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D.othersasyouhopetheywilltreatyou.【答案】24.B25.DC27.A【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Heiss意外发现了一个名为Dayami的女孩的愿望清单，Heiss找到了Dayami，并给她买了清单上的东西，Heiss也因此和Dayami建立了密切的联系，弥补了自己圣诞节没有和孩子一起度过的遗憾。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“ThespotofwaswhatfirstcaughtRandyattentiononDecember16,2018.(红点是RandyHeiss在2018年12月日第一次注意到的)”以及后文“HisSpanishverygood,buthecouldseeitaChristmaslist.(他的西班牙语不是很好，但他看得出那是一张圣诞礼物清单。)”由此可知，12月16Heiss偶然发现了一份愿望清单。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中“OnDecember19,hedecidedsendaprivateFacebookmessagetoRadioXENYbasedinNogales.Thenextmorning,Heissawoketoamessage:ThehadlocatedDayami,indeedlivedinNogalesandwouldbewillingtoarrangeaget-togetherattheradiostation.(月日，他决定在Facebook上向诺加利斯的XENY电台发送一条私人信息。第二天早上，Heiss醒来发现了一条消息：工作人员找到了Dayami，他确实住在诺加利斯，愿意在电台安排一次聚会。)”由此可知，Heiss为找到Dayami，向XENY电台寻求帮助。故选D。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“NowtheysplittheirtimebetweenNogalesandBisbee.(现在他们在诺加利斯和比斯比之间打发时间。)”由此可推知，Heiss如今经常去与诺加利斯，说明他和Dayami建立了密切的关系。故选。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中““BeingaroundchildrenatChristmastimehasbeenabsentourlives,”Heisssaid.(“圣诞节和孩子们在一起是我们生活中所缺少的，”Heiss说。”)结合文章主要讲述了Heiss意外发现了一个名为Dayami的女孩的愿望清单，Heiss找到了Dayami，并给她买了清单上的东西，Heiss也因此和Dayami建立了密切的联系，弥补了自己圣诞节没有和孩子一起度过的遗憾。由此可推知，故事想要告诉我们给予是有回报的。故选A。【点睛】隐含意义推理判断题。这类题的题干中常含有：infer/suggest/imply/conclude/intend/purpose/belikelyto等标志性词语。解决这类问题时要理解文章潜在的含义和作者所给的提示。同时，要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作出合理的猜测和推断。如第四小题，根据最后一段中““BeingaroundchildrenatChristmastimehasbeenabsentinourlives,”Heisssaid.(“圣诞节和孩子们在一起是我们生活中所缺少的，”Heiss说。”)结合文章主要讲述了Heiss意外发现了一个名为Dayami的女孩的愿望清单，Heiss找到了Dayami，并给她买了清单上的东西，Heiss也因此和Dayami建立了密切的联系，弥补了自己圣诞节没有和孩子一起度过的遗憾。由此可推知，故事想要告诉我们给予是有回报的。故选A。CthelaboratoryofSamiEI-Boustani,assistantprofessortheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationperception(感知)anddecision-making.wantedobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneurons(大脑皮层神经元)ischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandwhatextentthelattercanhaveonlearningperformanceinadecision-makingtask,”explainsSamiEI-Boustani.Theresearchteamdevelopedabehavioralpatterninvolvingmiceinacontrolledwaterconsumptioncondition.Researchersfirsttrainedthesemicerespondthestimulationoftwowhiskers(鼠须)(AandB)andproduceanaction-lickingaspout(舔壶嘴)一onlyforwhiskerAinorderobtainadropofFollowingthistraining,thesemicereactedmainlytothestimulationofwhiskerA.theresearchersconductedtheseexperimentsatdecreasinglevelsofthirstinordervarythemotivationofthemicetoparticipateinthetask.Inastateofgreatthirst,lickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhiskerAwasstimulated.whentheywerenotverytheirperformanceinthetaskdroppedagain.observingtheactivityofneuronalpopulationsresponsibleforperceptualdecision-makinginthesemice,researchersdiscoveredthathigh-motivationleadsthestrongstimulationofcorticalneurons,whichcausesalossofaccuracyintheperceptionofthestimulation.Incontrast,inthelow-motivationstate,theaccuracyofthesensoryinformationwasrecovered,butthestrengthofthesignalwastooforitbesentTheseresultsrevealthatthelevelofmotivationdoesnotonlyimpactdecision-makingbutalsotheperceptionsensoryinformation,whichleadstothedecision.Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchdependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchontheroleofmotivationinlearningopensthewaynewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.28.WhydidSamilaboratoryconducttheresearch?A.observereactionsextremeconditions.B.seekwaysimprovedecision-making.C.studytheofmotivationonthebrain.D.exploretheapproachkeepingthebestlearningstate.29.Intheexperiment,miceperformedbestwhen________.A.theyfeelverythirstyandtiredB.theywereinamedium-motivationstateC.theywerepushedbyhighmotivationD.theyreceivedelectricsignalsfromresearchers30.Whatcanlearnfromthelastparagraph?A.HighmotivationmakesthebrainprocesssensoryinformationB.Awisedecisioncomesfromalastingmotivation.C.Itisdifficultforpeoplemaintainbestlevelofmotivation.D.Thestudyopensupnewperspectivesonlearningmethods【答案】28.C29.B30.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了日内瓦大学的助理教授SamiEl-Boustani的实验室研究了动机在感知和决策中所起的作用。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“thelaboratoryofSamiEI-Boustani,assistantprofessorattheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationperception(感知)anddecision-making.(最近，日内瓦大学助理教授SamiEl-Boustani的实验室研究了动机在感知和决策中所起的作用)”和“wantedtoobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneurons(大脑皮层神经元)ischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandtowhatextentthelattercanhaveanonlearningandperformanceadecision-makingtask,我们想观察大脑皮层神经元发出的感觉信息是如何被动机的程度所改变的，以及动机在多大程度上会对决策任务中的学习和表现产生影响)”可知，该实验室的研究被进行是为了研究动机对大脑决策的影响。故选。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Inastateofgreatthirst,micelickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhenwhiskerAwasstimulated.whentheywerenotverytheirperformanceintaskdroppedagain.(在极度口渴的情况下，老鼠以极大的动力随意地舔着壶嘴。在中等口渴的情况下，它们的行动选择变得理想。当鼠须A受到刺激时，它们主要舔壶嘴。最后，当它们不太口渴时，它们的表现再次下降)”可推知，老鼠在中等口渴的情况下，它们的行动选择变得理想，它们主要舔壶嘴，因此表现最佳，故选。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchdependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchonroleofmotivationlearningopensthewaytonewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.(研究人员观察到，小鼠很快就理解了这一规则，但只能在很久之后才能表达这一学习，这取决于与它们的动机水平相关的感知变化。对学习动机作用的研究为新的适应性方法开辟了道路，旨在在学习过程中保持最佳的动机水平)”可知，这项研究为学习开辟了新的视角，为了保持学习中的最佳动机水平，可以去开辟新的适应方式，这需要灵活的方法，故选D。DFranzdescriptionofInuit(因纽特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(规范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedbutwerewellunderstoodandtakenheart.Dishonestandviolentbehaviorsweredisapprovedof.Leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedmusicalbattles.Becauseangrilyleadschaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.lifetheunforgivingNorthemCanadabeingdemanding,thepracticalapproachmoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialhistoryandenvironment.crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralizingreligionorwrittenInstead,theyrootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Whenwearesocializing,ourinstinctsincludetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehavioraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandoursocialinstinctsmotivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantforself-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemacquirebehavioralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,foodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,andsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.learntellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitisinconvenient.acquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgetalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlybrainboostsself-control,justasboostsproblem-solvingskillsthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousways.31.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheformingofthemoralcode?A.UnwrittenrulesweretheB.Livingconditionswerethedrive.C.HonestywastheD.Socialtraditionwasthebasis.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“instincts”inParagraph2mean?A.naturalreactionsB.ambitiousexpectationsD.indifferentattitudesC.uniqueexperiences33.Whatcanlearnfromthispassage?A.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.B.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies.C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control.D.havegreatinfluenceonvirtues.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitlethispassage?A.BridgesAcrossCulturesB.RootsofMoralityC.ofSelf-disciplineD.Brains:AgainstChaos【答案】31.D32.A33.A34.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕人类道德规范进行讨论，介绍了早期人类社会的道德准则及其形成机制，强调了道德规范的普遍性和社会本能对行为塑造的重要性。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Here,norms(规范)wereunwrittenrarelyexpressedbutwerewellunderstoodandtakenheart.Dishonestandviolentbehaviorsweredisapprovedof.Leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becauseangrilyleadschaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.lifeinunforgivingNorthemCanadabeingdemanding,thepracticalapproachmoralitymadegoodsense.(在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为。领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，他们的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选D。【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词前文“Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismslearningandproblemsolving.(相反，它们根植于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们共同的学习和解决问题的机制)”和下文“Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.(他人的认可令人愉悦，而他们的不赞同则令人强烈厌恶)”可知，道德美德根植于人类相似的基本需求，共同的学习和解决问题的机制，人们重视他人的看法，因此推断画线句说明：当我们社交时，我们的本能包括强烈的归属欲望。画线词与A项“自然反应”意思相近，故选A。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenInstead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismslearningandproblemsolving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选A。【34题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“FranzdescriptionofInuit(因纽特人)lifein19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.(FranzBoas对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”和第二段中“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralizingreligionorwrittenInstead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德宗教或成文法的概念。相反，它们根植于人类基本需求的相似性，以及我们共同的学习和解决问题的机制)”可知，本文围绕人类道德规范进行讨论，介绍了早期人类社会的道德准则及其形成机制，强调了道德规范的普遍性和社会本能对行为塑造的重要性，所以D项“道德的根源”契合文章主旨，最适合作为文章标题。故选B。第二节(共分)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑、选项中有两项为多余选项。Humansstartdevelopingasenseofhumourasearlyassixweeksold,whenbabiesbegintolaughandsmileinresponsestimuli(刺激物LaughterandhumourprovidepsychologicalscientistswithrichresourcesforstudyinghumanTheoriesfocusingtheevolutionoflaughterpointtoitasanimportantadaptationforsocialcommunication.Forexample,in1950,aU.S.soundengineerstartedrecordinghis‘laughtracks’.Thesewereintendedhelppeoplehomefeelliketheywereinasocialsituation.evenrecordedvarioustypesof___35___Inonecarriedoutin2016attheuniversityofCalifornia,samplesoflaughterfrompairsofEnglish-speakingstudentswererecordedandplayedlistenersfrom24diversesocieties.___36___Onaverage,theresultswereremarkablyconsistent:worldwide,guesseswerecorrectapproximately60%ofthetime.AnotherstudybyresearchersofAustralianNationalUniversitywasbasedontheassumptionthathumourmightprovideapausefromdullsituationsintheworkplace.___37___Theresearchersfirstaskedthestudentstocrossouteveryinstanceoftheletter‘e’overtwopagestext.studentsthenrandomlyassignedtowatchavideoclip.SomewatchedaclipofthecomedyBean,andothersafactualvideoaboutthemanagementprofession.Thestudentsthencompletedataskrequiringpersistenceinwhichtheywereaskedguessthepotentialperformanceemployeesbasedonprovidedprofiles,andweretoldthatmaking10correctassessmentsinarowwouldleadtoawin.___38___StudentswhohadwatchedtheBeanvideoendedupspendingsignificantlymoretimeworkingonthetask,makingtwiceasmanypredictionsastheothergroup.___39___Again,participantswhowatchedthehumorousvideospentsignificantlymoretimeworkingonthisboringtaskcompletedmorequestionscorrectlythanstudentsfromtheothergroup.individualsadvisedtoavoidthingssuchashumourthatmaydistractthemfromtheaccomplishmentoftaskgoals.humouractuallyhelpsrelievestressandfacilitatesocialrelationships.Itisnotonlyenjoyablebutmoreenergizing.A.Participantswereaskedwhetherthepairswerefriendsorstrangers.B.This‘mentalbreak’mightfacilitatetheadditionofmentalresources.C.researchersthenhadparticipantscompletelongmultiplicationquestionsbyhand.D.Ateamupof30psychologicalscientistsplayedtheserecordingstopeople.E.thesoftwarewasprogrammedthatitwasimpossibletoachieve10correctanswers.Researchershavealsofoundtypesoflaughterserveascodestocomplexhumanbonds.G.Hefoundoutasimple‘haha’communicatesaremarkableamountofsociallyrelevantinformation.【答案】35.G36.A37.B38.EC【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍几个实验，告诉我们幽默有助于缓解压力，促进社会关系。幽默不仅令人愉快，更重要的是，让人充满活力。【35题详解】由上文“Heevenrec