翻译二级笔译综合能力阅读分类模拟题150

翻译二级笔译综合能力阅读分类模拟题150ReadingComprehension

Modernindustrialsocietygrantslittlestatustooldpeople（江南博哥）.Infact,suchasocietyhasasystemofbuilt-inobsolescence.Thereisnoformalsystemforcontinuingoureducationthroughoutourlifeinordertokeepupwithrapidlychangingknowledge.Whenoureducationandjobskillshavegrownobsolete,wearetreatedexactlylikethosewhohavenevergainedaneducationorjobskillsandarenotencouragedorgiventheopportunitytobeginanew.

Asasocietybecomesmorehighlydeveloped,theoverallstatusofolderpeoplediminishes.Improvedhealthtechnologycreatesalargepoolofoldpeople,whocompeteforjobswiththeyoung.However,economictechnologylowersthedemandforworkersandcreatesnewjobsforwhichtheskillsoftheagedareobsolete,forcingolderpeopleintoretirement.Atthesametime,youngpeoplearebeingeducatedinthenewtechnologyandarekeepingpacewithrapidchangesinknowledge.Finally,urbanizationcreatesage-segregatedneighborhoods.Becausetheoldliveonfixedincomes,theymustoftenliveininferiorhousing.Allthesefactors—retirement,obsoleteknowledgeandskills,inferiorstandardsofliving—lowerthestatusoftheagedinsociety.

Acenturyago,whenonecouldexpecttoliveonlyto50orso,thelifespanmoreorlesscoincidedwiththeoccupationandfamilycycle.Buttodaytheaveragelifespanallowsforfifteentotwentyyearsoflifeafterthesecycles.Itappearsthatourlifespanisoutpacingourusefulnessinsociety.1.

By"asystemofbuilt-inobsolescence"theauthormeans______.A.noformalsystemsexistinmodernindustrialsocietyB.oldpeoplehavenostatusinmodemindustrialsocietyC.youngpeoplehavechancesinmodernindustrialsocietyD.knowledgechangesrapidlyinmodernindustrialsociety正确答案：B[解析]本题考查推理判断。根据文章第一段前三句“Modemindustrialsocietygrantslittlestatustooldpeople.Infact,suchasocietyhasasystemofbuilt-inobsolescence.Thereisnoformalsystemforcontinuingoureducationthroughoutourlifeinordertokeepupwithrapidlychangingknowledge.”可知，在现代社会中，老人的低位很低。事实上，这个社会有一个固有的荒废体系。没有继续教育的正规体系以使老年人跟上不断变化的知识。据此推断，答案是B。

2.

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Peopledon'thavetogaineducation.B.Peopledon'thavetolearnjobskills.C.Peopledon'thavetobetreatedasequals.D.Peopledon'thavechancestobeginanew.正确答案：D[解析]本题考查是非判断。根据文章第一段第四句“Whenoureducationandjobskillshavegrownobsolete,wearetreatedexactlylikethosewhohavenevergainedaneducationorjobskimsandarenotencouragedorgiventheopportunitytobeginanew.”可知，当我们的教育和工作技能荒废后，我们就会像那些从来没有受过教育或拥有工作技能一样对待，而且也没有重新再来的机会。由此可知，A、B、C三项均正确。

3.

Themorehighlydevelopedasocietyis,______.A.themoreadvancedtechnologywillbeB.thelargerthenumberofpeoplewillbeC.themorediminishedoldpeople'sstatuswillbeD.thelowertheoverallstatusofthepeoplewillbe正确答案：C[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段第一句“Asasocietybecomesmorehighlydeveloped,theoverallstatusofolderpeoplediminishes.”社会越是高度发展，老年人的整体低位越低。

4.

Thehighdevelopmentofeconomictechnology______.A.makesjobskillsoutoffashionB.lowersthedemandforworkersC.forcesoldpeopleintoretirementD.createsnewjobsforolderpeople正确答案：C[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段第三句“However,economictechnologylowersthedemandforworkersandcreatesnewjobsforwhichtheskillsoftheagedareobsolete,forcingolderpeopleintoretirement.”可知，经济技术降低了工人需求量，并创造了新工作，所以有进的老人就被淘汰了，迫使老人退休。

5.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Retiredpeoplecouldonlyliveonfixedincomes.B.Retiredpeoplearemoreskillfulthanyoungpeople,C.Youngpeopleareeducatedinthenewtechnology.D.Youngpeoplearekeepingpacewithrapidchanges.正确答案：B[解析]本题考查是非判断。根据文章第二段滴四、六句“Atthesametime，youngpeoplearebeingeducatedinthenewtechnologyandarekeepingpacewithrapidchangesinknowledge.Becausetheoldliveonfixedincomes,theymustoftenliveininferiorhousing.”可知，A、C、D三项均正确；由第二段最后一句“Allthesefactors—retirement,obsoleteknowledgeandskills,inferiorstandardsofliving—lowerthestatusoftheagedinsociety.”可知。B项不正确。

6.

Accordingtothispassage,thestatusoftheagedisloweredbytheir______.A.forcedretirementB.inferiorhousingC.longerlifespanD.fixedincomes正确答案：A[解析]本题考查推理判断。根据文章第二段最后一句可知，退休、荒废的知识和技能，较低的生活标准，这些因素降低了老人的社会地位。

7.

Thesentence"ourlifespanoutpacesourusefulness"meanswecanlivelonger______.A.andmakeprogressB.anddomoreworkC.butmoveslowlyD.butbecomeuseless正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据第三段的最后一句“Itappearsthatourlifespanisoutpacingourusefulnessinsociety.”可知，我们的寿命越来越长了，但是我们的用途却短了。outpace“超过”。

8.

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheagedis______.A.realisticB.optimisticC.pessimisticD.sympathetic正确答案：D[解析]本题考查作者态度。根据文章第一段前两句“Modemindustrialsocietygrantslittlestatustooldpeople.Infact,suchasocietyhasasystemofbuilt-inobsolescence.”以及全文看，作者一直对老年人因受不到继续教育而落伍导致退休，从而在社会中失去地位而感到同情。所以，D项sympathetic“同情的”正确；realistic“现实的”；optimistic“乐观的”；pessimistic“悲观的”均不正确。

9.

Itcanbededucedfromthispassagethatoneshould______.A.learnnewskillsB.beopen-mindedC.haveagoodpersonalityD.keeppacewiththetimes正确答案：D[解析]本题考查推理判断。根据文章第二段第四句“Atthesametime,youngpeoplearebeingeducatedinthenewtechnologyandarekeepingpacewithrapidchangesinknowledge.”因为年轻人能接受教育，而且可以跟得上知识的不断变化，所以，社会地位较高。据此推断，D为正确答案。A项较片面；B、C两项在文中没有提及。

10.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.TheProblemofAgingB.SocialStructuresC.EconomicTechnologyD.ContinuingEducation正确答案：A[解析]本题考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，本文探讨老年人在社会中地位丧失的现象及产生此现象的原因，B项文中没有涉及；C、D两项只是导致老年人社会地位丧失的原因，较为片面。

ThefactthatmostAmericansliveinurbanareasdoesnotmeanthattheyresideinthecenteroflargecities.Infact,moreAmericansliveinthesuburbsoflargemetropolitanareasthaninthecitiesthemselves.

TheBureauoftheCensusregardsanyareawithmorethan2,500peopleasanurbanarea,anddoesnotconsiderboundariesofcitiesandsuburbs.

AccordingtotheBureau,thepoliticalboundariesarelesssignificantthanthesocialandeconomicrelationshipsandthetransportationandcommunicationsystemsthatintegratealocale.ThetermusedbytheBureauforanintegratedmetropolisisanMSA,whichstandsforMetropolitanStatisticalArea.Ingeneral,anMSAisanyareathatcontainsacityanditssurroundingsuburbsandhasatotalpopulationof50,000ormore.

Atthepresenttime,theBureaureportsmorethan280MSAs,whichtogetheraccountfor75percentoftheUSpopulation.Inaddition,theBureaurecognizes18megapolises,thatis,continuousadjacentmetropolitanareas.Oneofthemostobviousmegapolisesincludesachainofhundredsofcitiesandsuburbsacross10statesontheEastCoastfromMassachusettstoVirginia,includingBoston,NewYork,andWashington,D.C.IntheEasternCorridor,asitiscalled,apopulationof45millioninhabitantsisconcentrated.AnothermegapolisthatisgrowingrapidlyistheCaliforniacoastfromSanFranciscothroughLosAngelestoSanDiego.11.

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.MetropolitanStatisticalAreasB.TypesofPopulationCentersC.TheBureauoftheCensusD.Megapolises正确答案：B[解析]本题考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，A和D都是文章叙述的一部分，C是进行统计的机构，因而应选B。

12.

Accordingtothepassage,wheredomostAmericanslive?A.Inthecenterofcities.B.Inthesuburbssurroundinglargecities.C.Inruralareas.D.Insmalltowns.正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第一段第二句“...moreAmericansliveinthesuburbsoflargemetropolitanareasthaninthecitiesthemselves.”可知，更多的美国人生活在大都市的郊区，metropolitan意为“大城市的”。

13.

Theunderlinedword"reside"inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.fillB.decideC.occupyD.live正确答案：D[解析]本题考查词义辨析。根据文章第一段第一句“ThefactthatmostAmericansliveinurbanareasdoesnotmeanthattheyresideinthecenteroflargecities.”可知，大多数美国人生活在城区并不意味着他们都居住在市中心。分析句子结构可知，reside应和live是同义词。Reside“居住”；fill“填满”；decide“决定”；occupy“占据”；live“生活”。所以，答案是D。

14.

AccordingtotheBureauoftheCensus,whatisanurbanarea?A.Achainofadjacentcities.B.Anareawithatleast50,000people.C.The18largestcities.D.Anareawith2,500peopleormore.正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“TheBureauoftheCensusregardsanyareawithmorethan2,500peopleasanurbanarea,anddoesnotconsiderboundariesofcitiesandsuburbs.”

15.

WhichofthefollowingareNOTconsideredimportantindefininganurbanarea?A.Politicalboundaries.B.Transportationnetworks.C.Socialrelationships.D.Economicsystems.正确答案：A[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句话“AccordingtotheBureau,thepoliticalboundariesarelesssignificantthanthesocialandeconomicrelationshipsandthetransportationandcommunicationsystemsthatintegratealocale.”可知，统计局认为，与社会和经济关系和交通通信系统相比，政治界限不太重要。

16.

Theunderlinedword"integrate"inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.A.benefitB.defineC.uniteD.restrict正确答案：C[解析]本题考查词义理解。根据语境可知，社会和经济关系和交通通信系统可以将一个场所联系起来。Integrate“使成整体，使一体化”；benefit“受益于”；define“下定义”；unite“联合，团结”；restrict“限制，约束”。

17.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.AnintegratedmetropolisisanMSA.B.MSAstandsforMetropolitanStatisticalArea.C.Ametropolisincludesatleastametropolitan.D.AnMSAreferstocityanditssuburbs,withover50,000people.正确答案：C[解析]本题考查是非判断。根据第三段第二、三句“Thetern]usedbytheBureauforanintegratedmetropolisisanMSA,whichstandsforMetropolitanStatisticalArea.Ingeneral,anMSAisanyareathatcontainsacityanditssurroundingsuburbsandhasatotalpopulationof50,000ormore.”可知，A、B、D三项在文中一一提到，均正确。只有C项在文中没有相关支持信息，故不正确。

18.

Theunderlinedword"adjacent"inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A.besideeachotherB.growingveryfastC.thesamesizeD.denselypopulated正确答案：A[解析]本题考查词义理解。根据文章第四段第二句可知，megapolises是连续的毗邻的都市地区。Adjacent“邻近的，接近的”；besideeachother“靠边”；growingveryfast“发展迅速”；thesamesize“一样大”；denselypopulated“人口密集”。

19.

Accordingtothepassage,whatisamegapolis?A.Oneofthe10largestcitiesintheUnitedStates.B.Oneofthe18largestcitiesintheUnitedStates.C.Oneofthe100citiesbetweenBostonandWashington.D.Anynumberofcontinuousadjacentcitiesandsuburbs.正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第四段第二句“Inaddition,theBureaurecognizes18megapolises,thatis,continuousadjacentmetropolitanareas.”

20.

WhydoestheauthormentiontheEasternCorridorandtheCaliforniacoastinParagraph4?A.Asexamplesofmegapolises.B.Because75percentofthepopulationlivesthere.C.Toconcludethepassage.D.TheBureauoftheCensusislocatedthere.正确答案：A[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第四段的“theBureaurepotsmorethan280MSAs,whichtogetheraccountfor75percentoftheUSpopulation”，可知75%的人住在MSA，但不单是theEasternCorridor,Californiacoast地区，因而排除B。第四段是对megapolis的介绍，不是对文章的总结，排除C。D想在文中并未提及。

Seekingtoframehisnewadministrationasonewithafirmfocusonclosingthegapbetweenchildrenfromaffluentandpoorfamilies,Gov.-electGavinNewsomwillproposespendingsome$1.8billiononanarrayofprogramsdesignedtoboostCalifornia'senrollmentinearlyeducationandchild-careprograms.

Newsom'splan,whichhehintedatinaFresnoeventlastmonth,willbeakeyelementinthestatebudgetproposalhewillsubmittotheLegislatureshortlyaftertakingofficeMonday,asourceclosetothegovernor-elect'stransitionteamsaid.

Thespendingwouldboostprogramsdesignedtoensurechildrenenterkindergartenpreparedtolearn,closingwhatsomeresearchershavecalledthe"readinessgap"thatexistsbasedonafamily'sincome.Itwouldalsophaseinanexpansionofprekindergartenandoffermoneytohelpschooldistrictsthatdon'thavefacilitiesforfull-daykindergarten.

"Thefactthathe'smakingsignificantinvestmentswithhisopeningbudgetisreallyexciting,"TedLempert,presidentoftheBayArea-basednonprofitChildrenNow,saidTuesday."What'sexcitingisthecomprehensivenessofit,becauseit'ssayingwe'regoingtofocusonprenatalthroughage5."

AbroadoverviewdocumentreviewedbyTheTimesonTuesdayshowsthatmostoftheoutlayundertheplan—$1.5billion—wouldbeaone-timeexpenseinthebudgetyearthatbeginsJuly1.Thosedollarswouldbeasingleinfusionofcash,anapproachfavoredbyGov.JerryBrowninrecentyears.Mostofthemoneywouldbespentoneffortstoexpandchild-careservicesandkindergartenclasses.Bylaw,agovernormustsubmitafullbudgettotheLegislaturenolaterthanJan.10.LawmakerswillspendthewinterandspringreviewingtheproposalandmustsendafinalbudgetplantoNewsombyJune15.

ThoughlegislativeDemocratshavepushedforadditionalearlychildhoodfundinginrecentyears—akeydemandoftheLegislativeWomen'sCaucus—thoseactionshavetypicallycomelateinthebudgetwritingseasoninSacramento."Quitefrankly,tostartoutwithaJanuaryproposalthatincludesthatinvestmentinCalifornia'schildrenreflectsanewday,"stateSen.HollyJ.Mitchell(D-LosAngeles)said.

Thegovernor-electwillproposea$750-millionboosttokindergartenfunding,aimedatexpandingfacilitiestoallowfull-dayprograms.Anumberofschooldistrictsofferonlypartialdayprograms,leavingmanylow-incomefamiliestoskipenrollingtheirchildrenbecausekindergartenclassesendinthemiddleoftheworkday.BecausethemoneywouldnotcounttowardmeetingCalifornia'sthree-decades-oldeducationspendingguaranteeunderProposition98,whichsetsaminimumannualfundinglevelforK-12schoolsandcommunitycolleges,itwillnotreduceplannedspendingonothereducationservices.

ClosebehindintotalcostisabudgetproposalbyNewsomtohelptrainchild-careworkersandexpandlocalfacilitiesalreadysubsidizedbythestate,aswellasthoseservingparentswhoattendstatecollegesanduniversities.Together,thoseeffortscouldcost$747million,accordingtothebudgetoverviewdocument.

Anexpansionofprekindergartenprogramswouldbephasedinoverthreeyearsatacostof$125millioninthefirstyear.Themultiyearrolloutwould,accordingtothebudgetoverview,"ensurethesystemcanplanfortheincreaseincapacity."

LempertsaidtheNewsomproposalisnotablefortryingtoavoidthekindsofbattles

thatinrecentyearspittedprekindergartenandexpandedchildcareagainsteachotherforadditionaltaxpayerdollars."Therealityisweneedtoexpandbothsimultaneously,"hesaid.

Another$200millionoftheproposalwouldbeearmarkedforprogramsthatprovidehomevisitstoexpectantparentsfromlimited-incomefamiliesandprogramsthatprovidehealthcarescreeningsforyoungchildren.Someofthemoneywouldcomefromthestate'sMedi-Calprogram,andothermoneyfromfederalmatchingdollars.FundingforthehomevisitsprogramwasprovidedinthebudgetBrownsignedlastsummer;theNewsomeffortwouldbuildonthat.

(选自《洛杉矶时报》

2019年1月3日)21.

Theword"one"underlinedinParagraph1refersto______.A.gapB.Gov.-electC.administrationD.focus正确答案：C[解析]细节题。根据题干关键词定位第1段第1句，从结构frame...as...可知，one应与hisnewadministration一致，故正确答案为C。

22.

AccordingtoParagraph1,theprogramsproposedbyGavinNewsomintendto______.A.seektoframehisnewadministrationB.focusonclosingthegapbetweenchildrenC.spendhugeamountsofmoneyD.increasethenumberofstudentsinearlyeducationandchild-careprogramsinCalifomia正确答案：D[解析]细节题。根据题干关键词定位第1段第1句，从programsdesignedtoboostCalifornia'senrollmentinearlyeducationandchild-careprograms可知，designed为过去分词作定语，说明项目的目的，故D为正确答案。

23.

Thephrase"readinessgap"underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymeans______.A.gapbetweengenerationsB.gapbetweenrichandpoorC.gapbetweenstudentsD.gapbetweenparents正确答案：C[解析]语义题。第1句提到新政府将致力于缩小来自富裕和贫穷家庭孩子间的差距，第3段又提到要缩小差距，显然指的还是孩子间的差距，故正确答案为C。

24.

AccordingtoParagraph4,Newsom'splanwillbenefit______.A.childrenatkindergartenB.childrenfromtheunborntoage5C.childrenfrom1to5yearsoldD.childrenofprekindergarten正确答案：B[解析]细节题。第4段最后一句提到“prenatalthroughage5”，prenatal意为“出生前”，故正确答案为B。

25.

Theword"outlay"underlinedinParagraph5issynonymousto______.A.spendingB.budgetC.loanD.reserve正确答案：A[解析]语义题。spending花费，budget预算，loan贷款，reserve储备金。outlay意为“花费，费用”，故A为正确答案。

26.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?______A.TheLegislativeWomen'sCaucusproposesadditionalearlychildhoodfunding.B.Thegovernor-electwillproposehundredsofmillionsdollarstodevelopfull-dayprograms.C.Thegovernor-electprefersasingleinfusionofcash.D.Low-incomefamiliesdonotenrolltheirchildrenbecauseofpartialdayprograms.正确答案：C[解析]推断题。根据选项定位原文，仔细甄别后可知C与原文(anapproachfavoredbyGov.JerryBrown意为“州长青睐这种方法”)不符，而C选项中为当选州长，非同一人，故为正确答案。

27.

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph7thatProposition98mustbe______.A.apoliticalactB.aconstitutionalactC.aneconomicactD.aschoolact正确答案：B[解析]细节题。根据上下文可知，Proposition98规定了教育经费的使用，按照美国的政治制度，其必须通过立法授权，故正确答案为B(宪法法案)。

28.

InParagraph8,itismentionedthatifparentsattendstatecollegesanduniversities,theycan______.A.enjoyservicessubsidizedbythestateB.gethelpfromchild-careworkersC.enjoylocalfacilitiesexpandedbythebudgetD.gethelpfromthestate正确答案：C[解析]细节题。根据题干关键词定位第8段第1句，分析结构可知，those指代localfacilities，serving作those的定语，故正确答案为C。

29.

AccordingtoLempert,inrecentyearsbattleshavearisen______.A.forprekindergartenandchildcaretoobtainmoremoneyfromtaxpayersB.forthegovernmenttoexpandprekindergartenC.forthegovernmenttoexpandchildcareD.forthegovernmenttoexpandbothprekindergartenandchildcare正确答案：A[解析]细节题。根据题干关键词定位第10段第1句，分析结构可知，pit...againsteachother意为“让……相互对抗”，故正确答案为A。

30.

Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.A.California'sInvestmentinEarlyEducationB.California'sInvestmentinChildCareC.California'sNewPlantoBoostEducationD.California'sNewPlantoImproveHealthcare正确答案：C[解析]主旨题。从第1段可知，当选州长的计划是针对教育的，最后一段介绍了经费的来源和用途，故正确答案为C。

WhyhaslifeflourishedonEarth?Thisquestionhasatwo-partanswer.First,EarthhasbeenacradleforlifebecauseofitspositionrelativetotheSun.Second,oncelifebeganonEarth,simpleearlylife-forms

(photosyntheticbacteria)slowlybutinexorablyalteredtheenvironmentinamannerthatnotonlymaintainedlifebutalsopavedthewayforlater,complexlife-forms.Thesechangesallowedlaterorganismstoevolveandthrive.Humansandotherhigherorganismsowetheirlifesupportingenvironmenttotheseearlylife-forms.

Earth'searliestatmospherecontainedseveralgases:hydrogen,watervapor,ammonia,nitrogen,methane,andcarbondioxide,butnooxygen.Gasmixturesemittedfrompresent-dayvolcanoesresemblethisearlyatmosphere,suggestingitsoriginfromvolcaniceruptions.InEarth'searliestatmosphere,methaneandcarbondioxideoccurredatmuchhigherlevelsthanatpresent—acircumstancethatwasfavorableforearlylife.Methaneandcarbondioxidearegreenhousegasesthatwarmatmospheresbyretardinglossofheattospace.ThesetwogaseskeptEarthwarmduringtheSun'searlyhistory,whentheSundidnotburnasbrightlyasitnowdoes.(Anearlydimperiod,withlaterbrightening,isnormalforstarsofourSun'stype.)

Earth'smodematmosphere,whichis78percentnitrogengas,21percentoxygen,andabout1percentargon,watervapor,ozone,andcarbondioxide,differsdramaticallyfromtheearliestatmospherejustdescribed.ThemodernatmospheresupportsmanyformsofcomplexlifethatwouldnothavebeenabletoexistinEarth'sfirstatmospherebecausetheoxygenlevelwastoolow.Also,ifatmosphericmethaneandcarbondioxidewereasabundantnowastheywereinEarth'searliestatmosphere,theplanet'stemperaturewouldlikelybetoohotformostspecieslivingtoday.Howandwhendidtheatmospherechange?

Theanswertothisriddleliesinthemetabolicactivityofearlyphotosyntheticlife-formsthatslowlybutsurelytransformedthechemicalcompositionofEarth'satmosphere.Someoftheseearlyorganismswerephotosyntheticrelativesofmoderncyanobacteria(blue-greenbacteria).Intheprocessofphotosynthesis,carbondioxidegascombinedwithwateryieldsoxygen.InEarth'searlydays,allovertheplanetcountlessphotosyntheticbacteriaperformedphotosynthesis.Together,theseancientbacteriaremovedmassiveamountsofcarbondioxidefromEarth'satmospherebyconvertingittosolidorganiccarbon.Theseancientbacteriaalsoreleasedhugequantitiesofoxygenintotheatmosphere.Otherancientbacteriaconsumedmethane,greatlyreducingitsamountintheatmosphere.WhenourSunlaterbecamehotter,thecontinuedremovalofatmosphericcarbondioxideandmethanebyearlybacteriakeptEarth'sclimatefrombecomingtoohottosustainlife.Moderncyanobacteriastillprovidethesevaluableservicestoday.31.

ThewordalteredinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.transformedB.protectedC.madeuseofD.adaptedto正确答案：A[解析]本题为词义题。altered意为“改变，转化”，A项transformed“转换，转变”与之意思最为相近，故选。

B项“保护”、C项“使用，利用”、D项“适应”，均不符合要求，可都排除。

[参考译文]为什么生命在地球起源兴盛?答案可分成两部分。首先，地球之所以成为生命的摇篮是因为其与太阳的相对位置。其次，一旦生命在地球起源，简单的生命形式，即光合细菌，会慢慢地对环境做出不可逆的改变。这种改变不仅维持了其自身的生命，也为后来更复杂的生命形式的存活提供了条件，使得后来的有机体得以进化、繁殖。人类和其他高等生物之所以有适宜的生存环境，有赖于这些早期的生命形式。地球最初的大气层包含以下几种气体：氢气、水蒸气、氨气、氮气、甲烷和二氧化碳，但没有氧气。现今火山口所释放的气体成分与早期大气层成分十分类似，这也佐证了地球起源于火山爆发的说法。地球最早的天气层成分中，甲烷和二氧化碳的浓度比现在高很多，适合当时早期生命的生存。甲烷和二氧化碳是温室气体，通过减缓热量丧失使大气变暖。在太阳的历史早期，其燃烧不如现在剧烈(太阳这类行星均会先经过一个昏暗期，接着慢慢变亮)，地球则通过这两种气体保持温度。

现代地球大气层的组成为78%氮气，21%氧气，剩下约1%为氩气、水蒸气、臭氧和二氧化碳，与前文描述的早期大气层成分大不相同。早期大气层的含氧量太低，因此在现代大气层下繁衍生息的许多复杂生物不可能在早期大气层环境下存活。同样，若现代大气层的甲烷和二氧化碳含量与早期大气层一样高，地球的温度则会过高，大部分现代物种也将无法生存。那么，大气层是什么时候开始改变的呢?这个过程又是如何发生的呢?

谜底就是早期光合生物的代谢活动缓慢又不可逆地改变了地球大气的化学组成。有些早期生命体还是现代蓝藻的光合近亲。在光合作用过程中，二氧化碳气体与水反应产生氧气。在历史早期，地球各地无数光合细菌进行着光合作用，于是这些远古细菌消耗了大气中大量的二氧化碳，将其转化为固体有机碳，同时释放出大量的氧气。而其他的远古细菌则消耗甲烷，大量减少其在大气中的含量。当太阳温度逐渐升高时，远古细菌继续消耗大气中的二氧化碳和甲烷，使地球的温度不至于太高，从而维持生命正常存活。即便是今天，现代蓝藻也仍在为地球提供着这一可贵的“服务”。

32.

Thefirstparagraphsupportswhichofthefollowinginferences?______A.AftercomplexlifeformsaroseonEarth,bacteriaquicklyevolvedinordertomaintainfavorableconditionsforlife.B.EarlylifeformsonEartharosefromtheprocessofphotosynthesis.C.ThedevelopmentofcomplexlifeonEarthdependedonthepresenceofbacteriathatcouldbeconsumedbylargerorganisms.D.ComplexlifeformsonEarthmaynothaveevolvedifEarthhadbeenfartherfromorclosertotheSun.正确答案：D[解析]本题为细节理解题。由第1段第3句可知，地球与太阳的距离合适，为生命的起源和进化提供了一个适合的环境，也就是说，若地球离太阳过近或过远，这一切都不可能，因此D项说法正确。

根据文意，复杂生物的出现晚于细菌，且细菌进化过程是缓慢的，因此A项错误。文中第1段没有提及早期的生命形式是如何诞生的，故B项也排除。文中提到远古细菌改变环境，为高等生物提供适宜的生存环境，而并不是细菌为高等生物提供食物，所以C项也错误。

33.

ThewordemittedinParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.A.disappearingB.examinedC.releasedD.taken正确答案：C[解析]本题为词义题。emitted意为“排放；散发”，一般指气体排放，因此C项“释放，排放”与之最为接近，故选。

A项“消失”、B项“检查”、D项“拿，取”，均不符合要求，可都排除。

34.

ThewordretardinginParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.A.regulatingB.slowingC.restoringD.directing正确答案：B[解析]本题为词义题。retarding意为“阻碍；使放缓速度”，文中指甲烷和二氧化碳通过减缓热量丧失使大气变暖，因此B项slowing“减缓，使降速”与之意义最为接近。

A项“管理；调整”、C项“使恢复”、D项“把(某物)对准；针对”，均不符合要求，可都被排除。

35.

InParagraph2,whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatmethaneandca