决战阅读之说明文-物品说明类3 精讲课件（强化篇）

(高中说明文)物品说明类3决战阅读之巅

培养快速理清篇章结构，抓取文章大意的能力。运用说明文体裁分析，规范阅读理解的解题步骤。学会使用“脱衣服”大法分析长难句。积累与物品说明类说明文相关的主题词汇。真题讲解示例22018北京卷PART3123（2018年北京卷）题目见讲义Plastic-EatingWorms①Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.③FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”④JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?⑤Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”摘要一般特殊型

说明文引言正文总结Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear,andanewstudyshowedthatthewormsofgreaterwaxmothcansolveit.Thewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.Althoughresearchersfindtheworm’sspeedofbreakingdownpolyethyleneisexciting,theyarenotsurewhetherthefunctionisanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes.Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.7.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?8.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,

thenextstepofthestudyisto_______.快速通读文章完成下面的摘要，并找出所对应的题目。Left100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,

thewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,

oralmost3%ofit.

MindMap2018年北京B篇说明对象对象描述研发原理Tosolvetheproblemofhumans’producingmorethan

300milliontonsplasticeveryyear,scientistsusewormstobreakdowntheplastics.Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.研究前景Howtoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown—Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes？Chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdownbuttheenzymesfromtheworm’sstomach.

Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfillsratherthanthrowingwormsonplastics.9.

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight

_____________.

10.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.7题目速览细节理解题AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto______.

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed8Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight________.

A.helptoraiseworms B.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture9Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.10细节理解题推理判断题写作意图题Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题7STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位研发原理Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood-beeswax-alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.③FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”

breakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic技巧点拨：同义替换答案指向句分析参考译文FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.FedericaBertocchini

saystheworms’ability

tobreakdowntheireverydayfood.这个研究的另一作者FedericaBertocchini表示，这种蠕虫对他们的日常食物—蜂蜡进行分解的能力，也能让它们分解大量塑料。co-authorofthestudyFedericaBertocchini的同位语12beeswax对everydayfood进行补充说明alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic对beeswax进行补充说明1233AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto_______.

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题8STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位研发前景Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfillsratherthanthrowingwormsonplastics.④JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?

JenniferDeBruyn,Thenextstop,技巧点拨：同义替换答案指向句分析参考译文Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Thenextstep

willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.DeBruyn说下一步是辨别分解的原因。这种酶是由蠕虫自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的？DeBruynsays宾语从句123Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes？or连接两个并列句123答案指向句分析参考译文Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”sheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess但她希望这种化学物质将来能够在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅“把蠕虫扔在塑料上”。but连接词，表转折12notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”对前面内容的解释说明12Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）写作意图题9STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位说明对象Tosolvetheproblemofhumans’producingmorethan300milliontonsplasticeveryyear,scientistsusewormstobreakdowntheplastics.①Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.技巧点拨：写作意图题寻找中心句，通常位于首段或尾段且but后一般设考点②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.答案指向句分析参考译文Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms到目前为止没有一种有效的方法能摆脱它，但是一个新的研究表明答案可能在某种饥饿的虫子的胃里。Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofitbut后是重点11Left100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,thewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.回顾2018年北京B篇说明对象对象描述研发原理Tosolvetheproblemofhumans’producingmorethan300milliontonsplasticeveryyear,scientistsusewormstobreakdowntheplastics.Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.研究前景Howtoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown—Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes？Chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdownbuttheenzymesfromtheworm’sstomach.

Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfillsratherthanthrowingwormsonplastics.Q7Q8Q9Q10Tip1:阅读理解满分还在于____________的理解。Tip2:长难句分析可以采用_________________：①_________________________________________________________;②_________________________________________________________;③_________________________________________________________。Tip3:善于比较_______________________________

SUMMARY长难句脱衣服大法去枝叶留主干，去掉定语、状语、同位语、插入语等找主干，括从句，弄懂主干汉语意思依次还原枝叶，得到完整句意文中长难句与选项的关系词汇梳理：同义/近义复现Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.7③FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,

saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.

“Waxisacomplexmixture,

butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,

thecarbon-carbonbond,

isthereaswell,”

sheexplains.

“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”breakdown词汇梳理：同义/近义复现AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto__A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed8④JenniferDeBruyn,

amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,

whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,

saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene

Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,

shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.

Thenextstep,

DeBruynsays,

willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.

Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?cause

identify词汇梳理：同义/近义复现Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight___A.helptoraiseworms B.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceans D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture9⑤Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.

Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”employindustrialprocess词汇梳理：同义/近义复现Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.10①Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcan