新概念英语第二册并列结构课件

1.并列结构：两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的结构序列。e.g.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy

andwise.

Knowledgeisatreasure,butpracticeiskeytoit.

2.并列结构的形式（1）词和词的并列e.g.

boysandgirlsbuyorsellgoodbutexpensive并列结构及其形式1e.g.ateacherandastudentwalkingdownthestreetorrunningthroughanalleywithstrengthbutwithoutconfidencepromptlyandwithoutmistakes（3）分句和分句的并列（并列句）e.g.Thechildrencangowithusortheycanstayathome.Thissentencemaybecorrectgrammatically,butanativespeakerneversaysitthatway.

Maryisanurse,herbrotherisadoctor,andherparentsare

bothfamouswriters.不同类型词组只要属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能，也可成为并列成分，如最后一例。提示（2）词组和词组的并列1.常见情形：两个以上项目构成的并列结构只在最后一个项目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间仅用逗号连接。e.g.Nature,time,

andpatiencearethethreegreatphysicians.

Heopenedtheletter,readit,andmadeanoteofitscontents.

2.特殊情形（1）全用连词e.g.

Sheturnedandsmiledandsaidgoodnighttoherfather.

Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweeding

andthinningandhoeingandwatering.并列结构和标点符号2在语义上往往给人以悠闲舒缓、延续持久的修辞效果。提示e.g.Individualsarelesstroubledbyfeelingsofguiltwhenthey

shareresponsibilityforkillingswithagroup—astreetgang,lynchmob,terroristorganization.3.分号（1）连接两个并列分句，通常表示一种对比关系。e.g.Byreadingweenrichthemind;byconversationwepolishit.Sunshinewaseverywhere;orchardswereinbloom.（2）在某些连接性状语（如accordingly，besides，furthermore，hence，however，nevertheless，therefore...）之前，通常用分号，不用逗号。e.g.Ihaveneverbeenintheplacebefore;

besides,itwasasdark

asatomb.

往往给人以紧张、急促、明快、利落的修辞效果。提示（2）全用逗号Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithout

leave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.4.冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文的解释和发挥。e.g.Humanityhasthreegreatenemies:disease,famine,andwar,

ofwhichwarisbyfarthemostterrible.

Everythingforthetripisready:thecarchecked,thebaggage

loaded,andthemoneyinhand.这些连接性状语通常都是些连接副词。提示1.带并列连词的并列句e.g.Twodogsstriveforabone,andathirdrunsawaywithit.Respectyourself,ornooneelsewillrespectyou.

Foolslearnnothingfromwisemen,butwisemenlearnmuch

fromfools.Wemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.2.带连接副词的并列句e.g.WhenIgottothepub,Ihadadrink;thenIwenthome.Thenewsmaybeunexpected;nevertheless,itistrue.Ican’tgonow.I’mtoobusy;besides/moreover,mypassportisoutofdate.并列句的类型3避免造出没有并列连词的run-onsentence（粘连句/连写句/流水句）。for是介于并列和从属之间的连词。提示1提示2

Wehadbeenwaitingforhimforalongtime,yethedidn’t

turnup.3.带分号的并列句e.g.Workwhenyouwork;playwhenyouplay.Toeducateamanistoeducateanindividual;toeducateawomanistoeducateafamily.

4.带冒号的并列句e.g.Wedecidednottogoonholiday:wehadtoolittlemoney.Youcan’tcountonhimtohelp:heissuchaselfishman.在连接性副词之前，通常用分号。提示用分号通常表示一种对比关系。提示用冒号通常是对上文的解释和发挥。提示①*Wewenttothemall,weboughtclothes.②*Ioftenwalkinthepark,Ilovethefeelingofnature.

①√Wewenttothemalland(we)boughtclothes.②√Ioftenwalkinthepark,forIlovethefeelingofnature.典型错误4备注1.三类并列连词（1）中心并列连词：and，or，but（2）关联并列连词：both...and，either...or，not...but，not...nor，neither...nor，notonly...butalso（3）边际并列连词：aswellas，asmuchas，ratherthan，morethan等

2.并列连词的句法特征（1）限用于分句句首位置。e.g.Johnplaystheguitar,andhissisterplaysthepiano.比较：Johnplaystheguitar;hissister,moreover,playsthepiano.并列连词1连接副词位置较灵活，有些既可用于分句句首，也可位于句中或句尾。提示（2）两个并列连词不可连用。不能说：Hedidnotlikeyoursuggestion,and

butraisednoobjection.*比较：Hedidnotlikeyoursuggestion,and

yetheraisednoobjection.

√

（3）有些连接副词可以和某些从属连词对应使用，而并列连词却不可以这样用。e.g.Ifwemissthebus,thenwe’llhavetotakeataxi.

Althoughhewasill,yet/still/neverthelesshemanaged

tolookcheerful.不能说：Althoughhewasill,buthemanagedtolookcheerful.*连接副词却可以和并列连词连用。提示如并列连词和从属连词对应使用，就造成了既非并列也非从属的错句。提示1.and引导的并列结构（1）表示语义的增补与引申，意为“并且”。e.g.MrJonesisprincipaloftheschool,andanexpertintranslation.Shehasn’tphonedandshehasn’twritteneither.

Sheoftenworkedlate.Andsheevenworkedonweekends.Wewaitedandwaited,butnothinghappened.It’sgettingcolderandcolder.并列结构的意义和用法2and有时也可置于句首。and连接两个或两个以上相同的动态动词，表示该动作的不断重复和持续。提示1提示2and连接两个或两个以上形容词或副词的比较级，有逐步增强的含义。提示3（2）表示动作的先后，意为“然后”。e.g.Sheslowedthecarandbegandrivingupanarrowroad.

Heclosedthewindow,turnedoffthelightandlefttheroom.Thecarbrokehalfway,andtheyhadtostayinasmallinnfornight.

（3）表示条件和结果，意为“如果/只要…就…”。e.g.Thinkitoveragainandyou’llfindawayout.

Sparetherodandspoilthechild.（省了棍子，惯坏了孩

子。/孩子不打不成器。）Fiveminutesearlierandwecouldhavecaughtthetrain.比较：Bequietoryou’llwakethewholehouse!（否定条件）有时先后发生的动作还带有因果含义，如以上最后一例。提示第一个分句是第二个分句的条件，第二个分句是结果。第一个分句通常是祈使句。提示（4）表示转折或让步，意为“（虽然）…但是/却”。e.g.Acandlelightsothersandconsumesitself.HeisJackofalltradesandmasterofnone.（5）表示对比，即两个分句的内容形成对照，意为“而…”。e.g.MarylikesmusicandJimisfondofsports.Manyofthepapersaregood,andthesearethebest.（6）表示评注，即第二个分句是对第一个分句所作的追加评述或解释。这里的and常不译出。e.g.Hehasasomewhatswelledhead,andIdon’tlikethis.TheydislikedJohn—andthat’snotsurprisinginviewofhisbehaviour.这种用法中，and连接的第二个分句可用非限制性关系分句替代。如“TheydislikedJohn,whichisnotsurprisinginviewofhisbehaviour.”。提示2.由or引导的并列结构（1）表示选择，意为“或者”。e.g.Shecandoitherselforasksomeoneelsetodoit.Thechildrencangowithus,ortheycanstayathome.（2）表示否定条件，意为“否则；要不然”e.g.Makeupyourmind,oryou’llmissthechance.（=ifnot）Imustworkhard,orI’llfailtheexam.

3.由but引导的并列结构（1）表示语义的转折，意为“但是”。e.g.Theyoungmanhasoftenbeenpraised,butheisnever

conceited.

Youcantakeahorsetothewaterbutyoucannotmakehim

drink.or用于这一意义时，可与else连用，如“Hurryup,orelseyou’llbelate.”。提示（2）表示对比或对照，意为“而；相反”。e.g.Itneverrainsbut(it)pours.Thiscoatisnotminebutyours.

4.both…and，notonly…but(also)，neither…nor，either...or用法比较共性：所连接的两个部分通常都具有对等关系。e.g.Heboth/notonly/either/neitherhaslonghairand/butalso/or/norwearsjeans.Hesmokedboth/notonly/either/neithercigarsand/butalso/or/norcigarettes.区别：（1）notonly…but(also)，neither…nor，either...or都可连接分句，而both…and不能连接分句。表示对比意义的并列连词还有while，whereas等，如“Janeisslender,whileMaryisstout.”。提示e.g.NotonlywillJohnsleeponthecouch,buthewillalsotake

ahotelroom.

NeitherwillJohnsleeponthecouch,norwillhetakeahotel

room.

EitherJohnsleepsonthecouch,oryoumustbookahotel

roomforhim.不能说：BothJohnwillsleeponthecouch,andhewilltakeahotelroom.*notonly不能分开，butalso则可以被其他词分开，构成notonly...but...also。除了notonly…but(also)外，实际使用中还可用notonly...but...aswell/too，notonly...but...，notonly...also...等形式。提示1提示2notonly/neither位于句首连接分句时，该分句要用倒装语序。nor引导分句时，该分句也要用倒装语序。提示3（2）either/neither可置于主动词之前，随后的or/nor可不带主动词；both…and，notonly…but(also)通常不能这样用。e.g.Heeither/neithersmokedcigarsor/norcigarettes.（=Hesmokedeither/neithercigarsor/norcigarettes.）

不能说：Heboth/notonlysmokedcigarsand/butalso

cigarettes.*

（3）当either/neither置于主动词之前时，其后的or/nor还可引导一个分句；而both...and，notonly…but(also)不可这样用。e.g.Heeithersmokedcigarsorhesmokedcigarettes.

Heneithersmokedcigarsnordidhesmokecigarettes.

不能说：Heboth/notonlysmokedcigarsand/butalsohesmokedcigarettes.*both…and，notonly…but(also)需要连接对等成分。提示5.形似并列，实为从属的结构（1）niceand...等意义：“因为…所以好”，即“很…”e.g.Thisroomisniceand

warm.（这房间因为暖和所以好

[很暖和]。）Thebreezeisniceandcool.（这阵微风很凉爽。）Itwaslovelyandcoolinthere.（那儿非常凉爽。）（2）come/go/tryand...come/go/tryand...=come/go/tryto...（and表目的）e.g.Whydon’tyoucomeandhavedinnerwithus?(=Whydon’tyoucometohavedinnerwithus?)这是非正式口语中的一种特殊用法，这些并列结构中第一个形容词的语义作用不像一个形容词，而像一个强化语。提示Pleasegoandfetchmesomewater.(=Pleasegotofetchmesomewater.)Youshouldtryandbereasonable.(Youshouldtrytobereasonable.)come/goand...可用于一切时式，而tryand却不能用于过去时。提示①*Notonlyhespokecorrectly,buthespokeeasily.②*Shehadunderstoodnothing,norshehadsoughttounderstand.③*Eitherwemustmakenuclearpowersafeorstopusingitaltogether.

①Notonlydidhespeakcorrectly,buthespokeeasily.√②

Shehadunderstoodnothing,norhadshesoughttounderstand.√③Wemusteithermakenuclearpowersafeorstopusingitaltogether.√

/Eitherwemustmakenuclearpowersafe,orwemuststopusingitaltogether.√典型错误3备注两者关系：排比是一种作为修辞手法的并列结构。结构形式：由两个、三个、或三个以上的同类语法结构成串并列。修辞效果：达到结构匀称、说理有力、叙事生动、抒情深刻的修辞效果。e.g.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.

（读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。）

Thereisnodebt,nobenefit,noburden,noobligationin

hiscase.

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,and

somefewtobechewedanddigested.并列与排比1两项排比往往与一般的并列结构无大区别，不如三项以上的排比有力，后者也更常见。

排比结构中可省略并列连词。提示1提示21.按逻辑顺序排列e.g.Shetalksabouthimmorning,noonandnight.（时间顺

序）

Wecouldfindpigeonshere,there,everywhere.（空间顺

序）

Hepulledhisheadbackintothebedroom,lookedaround,

sawhisjacket,pickeditup,andputiton.（动作先后）

2.按意义轻重排列e.g.Theletter,short,cold,sharp-tongued,wasunexpected.Ican’tspareyouanytime.No,can’t.Notamonth,notaweek,notevenasingleday.

Thislawshouldmeetwithyourapprovalbecauseitissimple,

becauseitisenforceable,andbecauseitisjust.排比的语义特征23.按由短到长排列e.g.Isawfinsparrying,abulldogjawchamping,andtwo

bulgingeyesglaringupward.也可使用渐降法（anti-climax），即故意将按常理不太重要的意思放在最后的重要位置，以达到讽刺、幽默的修辞效果，如“Heoweshissuccesstohardwork,perseverance,andhisfather-in-law.”。提示遵循“句尾重心”原则，根据音节、单词的多寡，按从少到多的顺序排列。提示

WhichoftheitalicizedpartsindicatesCONTRAST?

A.B.C.D.Sheopenedthedoorandquietlywentin.Thinkitoveragainandyou’llgetananswer.VictorialikesmusicandSamisfondofsports.Heissomewhatarrogant,andIdon’tlikethis.该题考查并列连词and的意义和用法。并列连词and最一般的意义为表语义增补，此外还可以表示顺序、转折、因果、结果、对比、评注等含义。A项意为“她打开门，悄悄走了进去”，and连接两个连续的动作，表顺序；B项意为“再想想，你就会得到答案了”，and表结果；C项意为“维多利亚喜欢听音乐，而山姆则爱好运动”，and连接两个相互对照的分句，即维多利亚和山姆各不相同的爱好，表对比，因此C为正确答案；D项意为“他有些傲慢，我不喜欢这一点”，and表评注。下列哪个句子中的斜体部分表示对比意义？Dr.Johnsonisheadofthedepartment,______anexpertintranslation.A.B.C.D.oreitherbutand该题考查并列连词and的用法。名词词组anexpertintranslation是对headofthedepartment的补充和引申，需要用表语义引申的并列连词，and即表语义引申，因此D为正确答案。A、B项表语义选择，C项表语义转折，均不正确。约翰逊博士是系主任，同时也是一位翻译方面的专家。Evenasagirl,______tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteachers.A.B.C.D.performingbyMelissawereitwasknownthatMelissa’sperformanceswereknowingthatMelissa’sperformanceswereMelissaknewthatperformingwas该题考查句子结构及并列连词and的用法。根据句首状语asagirl可知，空白处分句需要有专有名词或人称代词作主语的选项，只有D项有主语Melissa，that引导的从句作knew的宾语，该宾语从句是由并列连词and连接的并列结构，表语义引申，因此D为正确答案。即使还是个小姑娘，梅丽莎也知道表演将成为她的生活，剧院的观众将成为她最好的老师。Thecentralprovinceshavefloodsinsomeyears,and_____.

A.B.C.D.droughtinothersdroughtsareotherswhileotherdroughtsothersindrought该题考查并列结构及省略的用法。根据句意，and前后构成并列结构，and后的完整结构是andtheyhavedroughtinothers，others指otheryears，相同部分可以省略，因此A为正确答案。中部省份在有些年份会遭水灾，在另一些年份会遭旱灾。Heisnotunderarrest,______anyrestrictiononhim.

A.B.C.D.orthepolicehaveplacedorhavethepoliceplacednorthepolicehaveplacednorhavethepoliceplaced该题考查表否定意义的关联并列结构not…nor，nor前置引起倒装的用法。根据句意，not…nor构成并列结构，意为“既没…也没…”。句首状语nor为否定副词，需使用局部倒装，因此D为正确答案。他既没有被捕，警察也没对他采取限制措施。Shesaidshewouldworkitoutherself,______askmeforhelp.A.B.C.D.andnottobutnotandprefernotratherthan该题考查边际并列连词ratherthan的用法。边际并列连词ratherthan所连接的两端通常是对等成分，与前面的助动词构成woulddosth.ratherthandosth.结构，意为“宁愿…而不…”，A项and之后的带to不定式不能和workout构成并列结构，B项but表转折，与句意不符，C项prefernotask的搭配不对，因此D为正确答案。她说她宁愿自己做出来，也不愿向我求助。本讲主要介绍了并列结构的形式，并列句的类型，三类并列连词的意义及用法，排比结构的句法功能及语义特征。学习中首先要理解并列结构的概念，语法结构“意义相关”是构成并列结构的前提。并列结构分为不同的层次，其中分句和分句的并列构成并列句。并列连接手段是学习和辨识并列结构的关键，并列连接手段包括并列连词、连接性状语、标点符号（逗号、分号、冒号），熟悉并列结构中并列连接手段的常见用法。重点掌握并列句的四种类型，注意中英两种语言使用并列句的差异，表达中避免run-onsentence的典型错误。熟悉并列连词的分类以及并列连词的几个句法特征，重点掌握以and、or、but引导的并列结构的意义和用法，以及关联并列连词both…and，notonly…but(also)，neither…nor，either...or在用法上的异同。排比是一种作为修辞手法的并列结构，排比结构能在句中作主语、宾语、补语、状语等多种句子成分，排比结构中排比项的排列在语义上通常是由轻到重，将说话人认为最重要的信息放在末端，以达到加强语气的修辞效果。阅读中可以利用并列结构帮助猜测词义，提高阅读理解能力，写作中可以学习使用排比结构增强表达效果。1.02.03.0ThestudentsstudycurrenteventsonFridayafternoon.If

thereisnothingspecialtostudy,theyhaveLeaguemeetings.Ruelwentintotheforest.Cameronwentintotheforesttoo.Theycollectedalotofinsectspecimens(昆虫标本).OnhiswayupthehillJackfelldown.Hehurthishandsandknees.Jimmygottothetopallright.OnFridayafternoonthestudentsstudycurrentevents,orhaveLeaguemeetingsifthereisnothingspecialtostudy.RuelandCameronwentintotheforestandcollecteda

lotofinsectspecimens.OnhiswayupthehillJackfelldownandhurthishandsandknees,butJimmygottothetopallright.4.5.6.0Thegirlsdecidedtoremainathome.Itwasraininghard.ForthefirsttimeIsawmyfathernotasthegiantofmychildhood.Isawmyfathersimplyasalonelyman.Nomatterhowyoumeasureit,educationisthelargest“industry”inthenation.Youcanmeasureitintermsofdollarsspent.Youcanmeasureitintermsofpeopleinvolved.Thegirlsdecidedtoremainathome,foritwasraininghard./Itwasraininghardandthegirlsdecidedtoremainathome.ForthefirsttimeIsawmyfathernotasthegiantofmychildhoodbutsimplyasalonelyman.Educationisthelargest“industry”inthenationwhetherintermsofdollarsspentorintermsofpeopleinvolved.MrFisherdoesnotlovetheenvironment.Heisnotaccustomedtotheweathereither.MrFisherneitherlovestheenvironment,norisheaccustomedtotheweather.7.1.02.3.4.5.Hishairwaswhiteandstoodupwildlyonhishead()neverthelessIwasstruckbyasingularneatnessinhisappearance.Itwasdue,Isuppose()tohisloftystatureandimmaculatedress()nodoubthehasacarefulwifelookingafterhim.Iwalkeduptohimthen()andstretchedoutmyhand()butheevidentlyfailedtorecognizeme.Whenamanhastheweightofnationsonhisshoulders()hemaybeforgivenforoverlookingindividuals()butIconfessIwasangry.WhenIgotoaplacelikethat()Igogladly()whenIreturn()Icomehomeevenmoregladly.;,:/,,,;,,6.7.Johndemandsthemostfromhimself()Petefromothers.Sportsatanyagearebeneficial()theykeepyourpulseshopping.;:1.02.03.04.Mysummer’sworkprovednotonlyinterestingbutalsoIlearnedmuchfromit.Macyisamiddle-agedwoman,short,stocky,blueeyes,andpartlywithgrayhairs.

Hecanneithersingnorhecancompose(作曲).Eitherheneedssomerestorsomecolddrink.Hecanneithersingnorcanhecompose./Hecanneithersingnorcompose.Heeitherneedssomerestorsomecolddrink./Heneedseithersomerestorsomecolddrink.Mysummer’sworkprovednotonlyinterestingbutalsoinstructive.Macyisamiddle-agedwoman,short,stocky,blue-eyed,andpartlygray-haired.5.06.07.BothPaulineandherhusbanddidnotwanttoattendthemeeting.Donnawassatisfiednotwithherownachievementorwiththeteam’sperformance.

Theboydoesnotsmoke,notdrinkalcohol,andnotidleawayhistime.Donnawassatisfiedneitherwithherownachievementnorwiththeteam’sperformance.NeitherPaulinenorherhusbandwantedtoattendthemeeting.Theboydoesnotsmoke,nordrinkalcohol,noridleawayhistime.8.09.0Weweretoldtowriteinink,thatweshouldusebutonesideofthepaper,andweshouldendorse(在…上签名)ourpapersinthepropermanner.NewHampshireistheonlystatewithoutasalestax(销售税)oranincometax,amajorattractionfortax-wearyresidentsofotherstates.

NewHampshireistheonlystatewithneitherasalestaxnoranincometax,amajorattractionfortax-wearyresidentsofotherstates.Weweretoldtowriteinink,tousebutonesideofthepaper,andtoendorseourpapersinthepropermanner.10.011.12.Theadmen(广告员)notonlyconvincethereaderthattheContinentalisaluxurycarbutalsothatthecarconfersstatusonitsowner.Givehimaninch,orhe’lltakeamile.MrJonesisprincipa