中国减少一氧化二氮的努力和前景（英文版）

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1.NitrousOxide:TheThirdLargestGreenhouseGasinTheWorld

Emissionsofnitrousoxide(N₂O),amajorGHG,aregainingincreasedattention.DatafromtheGlobalAtmosphericResearchEmissionsDatabase(EDGAR)indicatesthatglobalN₂Oemissionsin2023reachedapproximately2.5billiontonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(CO2e),accountingfor5%ofglobalGHGemissions.ThismakesN₂OthethirdlargestGHGaftercarbondioxideandmethane.1AlthoughN₂Oemissionsarerelativelylowercomparedtocarbondioxide,ithasastrongwarmingeffect,withawarmingpotentialofabout273timesgreaterthancarbondioxideovera100-yearperiod—andlongatmosphericlifespanofaround120years.2The2024globalN₂ObudgetalsorevealsthatN₂Oemissionsfromhumanactivitieshaveincreasedby40%between1980and2020.3Inaddition,researchshowsthat,withoutadditionalmeasures,N₂Oemissionsareexpectedtorisebyapproximately30%by2050comparedto2020.4Therefore,takingearlyactiontoreduceN₂Oemissionsisessentialtomitigateclimatechange.

Inadditiontocontributingtoglobalwarming,N₂Oemissionssignificantlydepletetheozonelayer,increasinghumanexposuretoharmfulradiation.WhiletheMontrealProtocolhasmadesubstantialprogressinrestoringtheozonelayerbyregulatingmajorozone-depletingsubstances,N₂Oemissionsremainoutsideitsscope.Asaresult,N₂Ohasbecometheprimarygasesdepletingtheozonelayer.5TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)highlightedthisissueinits2022scientificassessmentofozonedepletion.ThereportfoundthatN₂Oemissions(usingCFC-11equivalent)fromhumanactivitiesbetween2016and2020weretwiceashighasglobalemissionsofCFCsin2020.6Furthermore,theseN₂Oemissionsareexpectedtodelaytheozonelayer’srecovery,underscoringtheneedfortargetedmitigationefforts.

1Crippa,M.,Guizzardi,D.,Pagani,F.,Banja,M.,Muntean,M.,Schaaf,E.,Monforti-Ferrario,F.,Becker,W.E.,Quadrelli,R.,RisquezMartin,A.,Taghavi-Moharamli,P.,Köykkä,J.,Grassi,G.,Rossi,S.,Melo,J.,Oom,D.,Branco,A.,San-Miguel,J.,Manca,G.,Pisoni,E.,Vignati,E.,&Pekar,F.(2024).GHGemissionsofallworldcountries.PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion.

/10.2760/4002897

2TheGWPvaluesusedintheIPCCSixthAssessmentReportareusedhere

3Tian,H.,Pan,N.,Thompson,R.L.,Canadell,J.G.,Suntharalingam,P.,Regnier,P.,...&Zhu,Q.(2023).Globalnitrousoxidebudget1980–2020.EarthSystemScienceDataDiscussions,2023,1-98.

4ValerieVolcovici.(October31,2024).WorldwillmissParisclimatetargetasnitrousoxiderises,reportsays.Reuters.

/business/environment/world-will-miss-paris-climate-target-nitrous-oxide-rises-report-says-2024-10-31/

5Alcamo,J.,&Bouwman,L.(2013).DrawingdownN₂Otoprotectclimateandtheozonelayer.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.

6UNEP.(2023).ScientificAssessmentoftheOzoneLayerDepletion:2022.

/system/files/documents/Scientific-Assessment-of-Ozone-Depletion-2022.pdf

ReducingN₂Oemissionscanalsoofferadditionalenvironmentalbenefits,asnitrogenoxides(NOx),acommonairpollutantfromstationarysources,containsmallamountsofN₂O.LoweringN₂Oemissionsnotonlyhelpswithclimatemitigationbutalsocontributestoimprovingairqualitybyreducingphotochemicalsmogandminimizingsoilacidification.

2.CurrentStatusandTrendsofN₂OEmissions

2.1.GlobalN₂OEmissions:HumanActivitiesDrivetheIncrease

Whilenaturalsourcessuchassoil,oceans,andtheatmospherecontributetoglobalN₂Oemissions,thesedonotresultinsignificantatmosphericaccumulation,asnaturalsystemscangraduallybalancethemovertime.7ThecurrentriseinN₂Oemissionsisprimarilydrivenbyhumanactivities.

In2019,agriculturewasthelargestcontributor,responsiblefor76%ofanthropogenicN₂Oemissions,followedbyenergy-relatedactivities(10%),industrialprocesses(8%),andwastemanagement(5%).8

7Alcamo,J.,&Bouwman,L.(2013).DrawingdownN₂Otoprotectclimateandtheozonelayer.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.

8ClimateWatch.(2019).

/

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Agriculture

N₂Oemissionsprimarilyarisefromagriculturallandandmanuremanagement.Whenfarmersusenitrogen-basedfertilizers,N₂Oisreleasedintothesoil.Additionally,manurefromlivestockandpoultrystoredortreatedcanalsoproduceN₂Othroughnaturalchemicalprocesses.

Energyactivities

Emissionsaremainlyfromthecombustionoffossilfuelsandbiomass.

Industrialprocess

Majorsourcesincludetheproductionofadipicandnitricacid.Adipicacidisprimarilyusedinnylonandpolyurethane.Nitricacidisessentialforthemanufactureofsyntheticfertilizers,pesticides,andrubber.

Wastemanagement

N₂Oemissionsmainlycomefromdomesticsewageandindustrialwastewatertreatment.

2.2.China’sN₂OEmissions:AgricultureandIndustryAreKeyContributors

AccordingtotheThirdBiennialUpdateReportonClimateChangeofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(Figure2),China'sN₂Oemissionsin2018reached1.915milliontons,accountingfor5%ofthenation'stotalGHGemissions(excludingLULUCF).Thelargestsourcewasagriculture(943,000tonsor49.2%),followedbyindustrialprocesses(441,000tonsor23%),energyactivities(411,000tonsor21.5%),andwastemanagement(119,000tonsor6.2%).

HistoricaldatafromChina’snationalgreenhousegasinventoryrevealsthatN₂Oemissionsrosesharplyby36%from2005to2014butstabilizedbetween2014and2018(Figure1).However,projectionsindicatethatwithoutstrongerpolicyintervention,emissionscouldcontinuetorise,potentiallyreachingbetween620and790milliontonsofCO2eby2050(Figure3).

waste

wastewater

treatment

Energy

Energy

Industry

Chemica

Industry

Industry

Agricutura

Land

Manure

Management

Figure1：China'sN₂Oemissions(10,000tons)Figure2：China'sN₂OemissionsbySector(2018)

Agricuture

Agricuture

Source:NationalCommunicationonClimateChangeandtheSecondandThirdBiennialUpdatesofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonClimateChange

Industry

Energy

waste

Figure1:ProjectedN₂OemissiontrendsinChinaacrossdifferentstudies(MMTCO2e,GWP=298)

Source:Tengetal,(2019),9WRIdatafromSong,R.(2019),10EPAdatafromUSEPA.(2019),11iGDPdataisbasedon

EPSmodelanalysis.

9Teng,F.,Su,X.,&Wang,X.(2019).CanChinapeakitsnon-CO2GHGemissionsbefore2030byimplementingitsnationallydeterminedcontribution?EnvironmentalScience&Technology,53(21),12168–12176

10Song,R.(2019).OpportunitiestoAdvanceMitigationAmbitioninChina:Non-CO2GreenhouseGasEmissions.WorldResourcesInstitute.

11USEPA.(2019).GlobalNon-CO2GreenhouseGasEmissionProjections&MitigationPotential2015–2050.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.

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3.ProgressonN₂OEmissionReductionPolicies

3.1.ProgressinGlobalN₂OEmissionsReduction

CountriesandregionsareincreasinglytakingproactivestepstoreduceN₂Oemissions.IntheEuropeanUnion(EU),theFarmtoForkStrategyaimstoenhancesoilhealthandcutnitrogenfertilizeruseby20%by2030,aspartoftheGreenNewDeal.12AustraliaisprovidingfinancialincentivesthroughtheEmissionsReductionFundtoencouragebusinessesandindividualstodecreaseN₂Oemissionsinagriculture.13Since2013,theEUhasincludedtheregulationofN₂Oemissionsfromnitricacidandadipicacidproductioninitscarbonmarket.14Additionally,theUnitedStatesrecentlyannouncedthatmajorchemicalcompanieswillaimtoreduceN₂Oemissionsfromtheindustrialsectorbyabout50%by2025,relativeto2020levels.15

InternationalcollaborationonN₂Oreductionisalsogainingmomentum.DuringCOP21in2015,GermanylaunchedtheNitricAcidClimateActionGroup(NACAG)topromotetheinstallationofN₂Oemissionreductiontechnologiesatnitricacidandureaplantsglobally,providingtechnicalandfinancialsupporttoparticipatingcountries.Sixteencountries,includingArgentina,Indonesia,Mexico,andThailand,havejoinedthisinitiative.16In2023,ArgentinabeganinstallingN₂OemissionreductiondevicesandmonitoringequipmentinnitricacidproductionfacilitieswithNACAG'ssupport.17

TheUnitedStatesandBrazilalsolaunchedaresearchcollaborationcalled"Fertilize4Life"in2023,focusingonimprovingfertilizerapplicationefficiencyandreducingGHGemissionsfromfertilizers.ThisinitiativeispartoftheGlobalFertilizerChallengeinitiatedbytheU.S.18Furthermore,inthe2023SunnylandsStatement

12EuropeanCommision.(2020).FarmtoForkStrategy:

https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-05/f2f_action-

plan_2020_strategy-info_en.pdf

13AustraliaGovernment:EmissionsReductionFund.

.au/agriculture-land/farm-food-

drought/climatechange/mitigation/cfi

14Oeko-Institut.(2021).N₂Omitigationpotentialsandcostsinthenitricacidsector:A2020assessmentfortheNitricAcidClimateActionGroup(NACAG).Oeko-Institut.

15TheWhiteHouse.(July23,2024)

./briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/23/fact-sheet-

biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-detect-and-reduce-climate-super-

pollutants/#:~:text=New%20Industry%20Leadership%20to%20Reduce,by%20over%2050%25%20since%202020.

16NACAG.IntroducingNitricAcidClimateActionGroup:

/

17NACAG.(2023).ArgentinatakesfurtherstepstowardsmitigatingN₂OemissionsintheNitricAcidSector.

/argentina-takes-further-steps-towards-mitigating-N₂O-emissions-in-the-nitric-acid-sector/

18Ibid.

onEnhancingCooperationtoAddresstheClimateCrisis,ChinaandtheU.S.expressedplanstocollaborateonmanagingN₂Oemissions.19

3.2.China'sN₂OEmissionReductionActions

WhileChinahasnotyetintroducedadedicatedplanforN₂Oemissioncontrol,ithasprioritizedthemitigationofnon-CO₂GHGs,includingN₂O,withinitsdualcarbonpolicies.Inits2021report,China’sAchievements,NewGoalsandNewMeasuresforNationallyDeterminedContributions,ChinahighlightedtheimportanceofdevelopingtargetedN₂Oreductionstrategiesforkeyindustries.

Inaddition,sector-specificpoliciesunderthedualcarbonpolicyframeworkareadvancingeffortstoreduceN₂Oemissions.Forexample,the14thFive-YearPlanforGreenAgriculturalDevelopment(2021)promotesreducedchemicalfertilizeruse,increasedefficiency,andbetterutilizationoflivestockmanure.The2022ActionPlanforCarbonSequestrationinAgricultureandRuralAreasaimstoenhancenitrogenfertilizerefficiencyandcutN₂Oemissions.Table1outlineskeypolicymeasuresdrivingN₂OmitigationeffortsinChina.

19Xinhua.(2023).ChinaandtheUnitedStatesreleaseasunnylandstatementonstrengtheningcooperationtoaddresstheclimatecrisis.

/2023-11/15/c_1129976165.htm

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Table1:China'skeypolicyactionsforN₂Oemissionreduction

ExistingEmissionReductionActions

PolicySources

TargetingGHGs,includingN₂O

•StrengthenthecontrolofotherGHGssuchasmethane,hydrofluorocarbons,and

perfluorocarbons

•Studyandimplementactionplansforcontrollingnon-carbondioxidegreenhousegas(non-CO₂

GHGs)emissions,continuetoimprovethe

technicalsystemformonitoring,reportingand

evaluatingnon-CO2GHGs,andgraduallyestablishandimprovethestatisticalaccountingsystem,

policysystemandmanagementsystemfornon-CO₂GHGsemissions

•IncorporateGHGscontrolintoEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)management

•Strengthenthecontrolofnon-CO₂GHGs,and

studyandformulateGHGsemissionstandardsforkeyindustries

•Outlineofthe14thFive-YearPlanfor

NationalEconomicandSocial

DevelopmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheLong-RangeObjectivesThroughtheYear2035

•WorkingGuidanceforCarbonDioxidePeakingandCarbonNeutralityinFullandFaithfulImplementationoftheNewDevelopmentPhilosophy

•China'sLong-termDevelopment

StrategyforLowGreenhouseGas

EmissionsintheMiddleofthisCentury

•OpinionsoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncilonDeepeningtheBattleofPollutionPreventionand

Control

•ImplementationPlanforSynergyinPollutionReductionandCarbon

Reduction

Mainemissionsources

ExistingEmissionReductionActions

PolicySources

Agriculturalactivities

Nitrogenfertilizeruse

•ReduceN₂OemissionsfromfarmlandandpeakN₂Oemissionsfromfarmlandby2020

•Improvenitrogenfertilizeruseefficiencyandreducenitrousoxideemissions

•Promotesoiltestingandformulatedfertilization,promotenitrogenfertilizerreductionandefficiencyimprovement,andorganicfertilizersubstitution

•Subsidiesforthepurchaseanduseoforganicfertilizers

•Constructalong-termmechanismforreplacing

chemicalfertilizerswithorganicfertilizersforfruits,vegetables,andtea

•Demonstrateandpromotenewfertilizerssuchasslow-releasefertilizersandwater-solublefertilizersandcreateagreencrop-livestockintegrated

system.

•13thFive-YearPlanforControllingGreenhouseGasEmissions,

•NationalAgriculturalSustainableDevelopmentPlan(2015-2030),

•14thFive-YearNationalAgriculturalGreenDevelopmentPlan,

•ImplementationPlanforAgriculturalandRuralCarbonEmissionReductionand

Sequestration,

•ImplementationPlanforBuildinga

NationalAgriculturalGreen

DevelopmentPilotZoneandPromotingComprehensiveGreenTransformationofAgriculturalModernization

DemonstrationZone,

•The14thFive-YearPlanforPromotingAgriculturalandRuralModernization

Livestockandpoultrymanure

•Resourceutilizationtargetsoflivestockandpoultrymanure

•Providefinancialsubsidiesfortheresourceutilizationoflivestockandpoultrymanure

Industrialsector

Nitricacidandadipicacid

•Improvetheproductionprocessofchemical

fertilizers,adipicacid,nitricacid,andcaprolactam,etc.

•Controlnon-CO₂GHGssuchasN₂Oinanorderly

manner

•Strengthenthemonitoring,research&

developmentofreductionalternative

technologies,andstandardsettingfornon-CO₂GHGs,includingN₂O

•IndustrialGreenDevelopmentPlan(2016-2020),

•14thFive-YearPlanforIndustrialGreenDevelopment,

•ImplementationPlanforScienceand

TechnologytoSupportCarbonPeakandCarbonNeutrality(2022-2030)

Waste

Sewagetreatment

•Strengthentheapplicationoflow-carbon

technologiessuchashigh-efficiencynitrogenandphosphorusremovaltoreducetheescapeofN₂Ointhedenitrificationprocess

•ImplementationOpinionsonPromotingtheSynergyofSewageTreatment,

PollutionReduction,andCarbonReduction

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Energyactivities

Fossilfuelandbiomassfuelcombustion

processes

•Duringthe14thFive-YearPlanperiod,thegrowthofcoalconsumptionhasbeenstrictlyand

reasonablycontrolled,andwillgraduallydecreaseduringthe15thFive-YearPlanperiod

•Promotethesubstitutionofcoalwithnaturalgasinindustrialandagriculturalapplications

•Promotetheorderlyreplacementofoldvehicleswithnewenergyvehiclesandtheuseofcleanenergyfornon-roadmobilemachinery

•ImplementationPlanforSynergyinPollutionReductionandCarbon

Reduction

4.OpportunitiesandChallengesforN₂OEmissionReductioninChina

InthecontextofChina’sN₂Oemissionreductionpolicy,thissectionwillidentifykeymeasuresandtechnologiesthatcanenhanceN₂Omitigationefforts,alongwithanoverviewoftheircurrentimplementationstatus.SincepoliciespromotingenergytransitionandairqualityimprovementscanhavesynergisticeffectsonreducingN₂Oemissionswithintheenergysector,thissectionwillprimarilyfocusonthetwolargestsourcesofN₂OemissionsinChina:agricultureandindustry.

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4.1.N₂OEmissionReductioninAgriculture

4.1.1.TechnologiesandPracticesforMitigatingAgriculturalEmissions

Improvingfertilizertypestoenhancenitrogenuseefficiency:

•Organicfertilizers:RegulatingmicrobialactivityinsoilthroughorganicfertilizerscanhelpreduceN₂Oemissions.However,challengessuchashighcosts,lowefficiency,andinsufficientinfrastructurehinderwidespreadadoption.20

•Biocharapplication:Theporousstructureofbiocharisconducivetomicrobialgrowthandaidsinnitrogenfixation,therebyreducingsoilN₂Oemissions.21

•Slow-releasefertilizerandnitrificationinhibitors:Slow-releasefertilizersallowforthegradualreleaseofnitrogen,reducingnitrogenfertilizerloss,loweringusage,andcuttingN₂Oemissions.Nitrificationinhibitorsfurtherdecreaseemissionsbyslowingthenitrificationprocessinthesoil.22

Optimizenitrogenfertilizerapplication:

•Soiltestingandformulation:Fertilizationtailoredtosoilnutrientneedshelpspreventover-fertilizationandimprovesfertilizerefficiency.Since2005,Chinahaspromotedsoiltestingandformulatedfertilizationtechnologies,butthereremainsagapbetweenpromotedareasandactualimplementation.23

•Integratedwaterandfertilizermanagement:Dripirrigationdeliversnutrientsstraighttotherootsofcrops,reducingsoilconditionsthatfavornitrificationanddenitrificationprocessesandtherebyreducingN₂Oemissions.Chinaisgraduallyexpandingtheuseofwater-fertilizerintegrateddripirrigation,especiallyinnorthernandnorthwesternregions.

•Precisionagriculture:Byusingsensorstogatherdataonsoilconditions,crophealth,weather,andtemperature,bigdataanalysiscanprovidefarmerswithtailoredrecommendationsforplanting,irrigation,andfertilization,improvingefficiencyandreducingemissions.

20Xinhua.(2020).Investigationofthedilemmaoforganicfertilizerpromotion

/cysc/sp/info/202010/13/t20201013_35881440.shtml

21Yan,S.,Shang,Z.,Deng,A.,&Zhang,W.(2022).SpatiotemporalcharacteristicsofnitrousoxideemissionsfromfarmlandinChinaandemissionreductionpathways.JournalofCrops,38(3),1–8.

22Zou,X.,Li,Y.,Gao,G.Z.,Wan,Y.,&Shi,S.(2011).ResearchandanalysisofmajorgreenhousegasemissionreductionmeasuresinChina'sagriculturalsector.EcologyandEnvironmentalSciences,20(8/9),1348–1358.

23Zheng,L.,Zhang,X.,&Wang,B.(2018).Preliminarystudyontheevolutionprocessoffertilizerandorganicfertilizersubsidypolicyandsupportingtechnologies.WorldEnvironment,4.

Optimizelivestockandpoultrymanuremanagement

•GHGsemissionsintheprocessoflivestockandpoultrymanurestoragecanbeeffectivelyreducedthroughreasonablemanagement,includingtheuseofsolid-liquidseparationinmanuremanagement,wheretheliquidundergoesanaerobicdigestionforbiogasproduction,whilethesolidiscompostedaerobically,andshorteningthestoragetimeofliquidmanure.

•AddingexcipientssuchasbiocharandbentonitetomanurestoragecanreduceN₂Oemissions.24Intheprocessoffertilizinglivestockandpoultrymanure,N₂Oemissionscanalsobereducedbyturningthepilesandforcedventilationinaerobiccomposting.25

Box2:N₂OemissionreductionpracticeinChina'sagriculture

Sinofert,withthesupportoftheMinistryofAgriculture,haslaunchedanintelligentfertilizerdistributionservicestationbasedonintelligentfertilizerblendingmachinesacrossthecountrysince2014.Theseintelligentfertilizerblendingmachinesenableprecisesoiltestingandfertilizerformulation.Largegrowersandretailfarmerscanbothusecorrespondingapplicationslinkedtotheinternet-enabledfertilizerterminals.Byenteringplantinginformationandprovidingsoiltestingsamples,thefertilizerblendercanquicklytestthesoilandsendtheresultstothecloud.

Accordingtothesoiltestingresults,thecloudservercalculatestheplantingplan,therequiredfertilizerformulaandprice,andultimatelygeneratesafertilizerorderthatissenttothefarmer'ssmartphone.Thefertilizersprovidedthroughthissmartblendingsystemgodirectlyfromthefactorytothefarmers,eliminatingmarkupcostsfromthedistributionchain.Calculationsshowthattheintelligentfertilizerdistributionsystemcanreducefertilizerusageandcostsby10%to30%,whilealsoincreasingcropyieldsbyover5%,resultinginamorethan10%increaseinfarmers'income.

24Lei,M.,Cheng,Y.,Miao,N.,Zhou,J.,&Chen,Z.(2019).Effectsofloessandotheradditivesonammoniaandgreenhousegasemissionsduringpigmanurestorage.JournalofEnvironmentalScience,39(12),4132–4139.

25Zhu,Z.,Dong,H.,Wei,S.,Ma,J.,&Xue,P.(2020).ImpactsofchangesinlivestockandpoultrymanuremanagementongreenhousegasemissionsinChina.JournalofAgro-EnvironmentScience,39(4),743–748.

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4.1.2.ChallengesinReducingN₂OEmissioninAgriculture

NitrogenfertilizerapplicationinagriculturallandistheprimarysourceofN₂OemissionsinChina'sagriculture.Achievingreductionsintheseemissionswhileensuringfoodsecurityandincreasingagriculturalproductionandincomepresentssignificantchallenges.ThemainplanadoptedbyChinaistoreducethequantityofchemicalfertilizersandwhileincreasingtheirefficiency,suchasthezero-growthactionofchemicalfertilizerandpesticideusewaslaunchedin2015.Specificactionsincludesupportingandencouragingtheuseofsoiltestingandformulatedfertilizationtechnology,utilizingorganicfertilizerresources,anddemonstratingnewfertilizers,suchasslow-releasefertilizersandwater-solublefertilizers,toreducetheuseofchemicalfertilizers.

Asintensivepoliciesaimedatreducingandimprovingfertilizerefficiencyhavebeenimplemented,theapplicationofchemicalfertilizersinChinahasslowlydeclinedsince2016,markingthefirstnegativegrowthinfertilizerusesince1974.26Thetargetforzerogrowthinchemicalfertilizerusewasalsoachievedthreeyearsearlyin2017.27Asshowninthefigurebelow,China'sfertilizerapplicationwas59.84milliontonsin2016,adecreaseof380,000tonsfrom2015,anditdecreasedto54.03milliontonsin2019.Atthesametime,N₂Oemissionsfromfertilizerusearedeclining.Despitethedownwardtrendinfertilizeruse,in2021,theintensityoffertilizerapplicationinChinaremainedabout307kg/ha,stillmorethantheinternationallyrecognizedsafetyupperlimitof225kg/ha.28Inthefuture,achievingdeepreductionsinN₂Oemissionstomeetthecarbonneutralitygoalwillrequirefurtherexplorationofdiversetechnologies.

26ChineseGovernmentNetwork.(2017).China'sagriculturalfertilizerconsumptionhasachievednegativegrowthforthefirsttimein43years.

/xinwen/2017-12/28/content_5251080.htm

27Xinhua.(2018).MinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs:Thetargetofzerogrowthintheuseofchemicalfertilizersand

pesticideshasbeenachieved3yearsaheadofschedule.

/politics/2018-04/25/c_1122739925.htm

28InstituteforGlobalDecarbonizationProgress.(2024).Chemicalfertilizerreductionandefficiencyimprovementandnitrousoxideemissionreduction:Observationsandprospects.iGDP.

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Figure2:China’sfertilizerapplication(10,000tons)&fertilizer-relatedN₂Oemissions(10,000tonsCO2e,2000-2019)

Source:AgriculturalfertilizerapplicationdatafromtheNationalStatisticalYearbook,fertilizerN₂OemissiondatafromFAO

Figure3:FertilizerapplicationintensityinChina(kg/ha,2000–2021)

Source:NationalStatisticalYearbook

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4.2.N₂OEmissionReductioninIndustry

ThemainemissionsofN₂Ointheindustrialsectorcomefromtheproductionprocessofnitricacidandadipicacidproduction.About90%oftheN₂OemissionsinChina'schemicalindustrycomefromtheproductionofadipicacid,followedbytheemissionofnitricacidproduction.29Atpresent,theprimarymethodforreducingN₂Oemissionsduringtheproductionofnitricacidandadipicacidiscatalyticdecompositiontechnology.

4.2.1.PracticesandTechnologiesforMitigatingIndustrialN2OEmissions

•MeasurestoreduceN₂Oemissionsintheproductionofadipicacidcanbecategorizedintotwomaintypes.Thefirstoneinvolvesdecomposition,whichbreaksdownN₂Ointonitrogenandoxygen.Thisincludesthermaldecompositionwithoutcatalyst,achievingaround88%decomposition,andcatalyticdecompositionusingcatalyst,achieving95%.Thesecondtypeofemissionreductionmeasureistopurifytheexhaustgasintohigh-purityN₂Oproducts.30Atpresent,somedomesticcompanieshavebuiltN₂Odecompositiondevicesintheiradipicacidproductionunits,usingcatalyststotreatN₂Oemissions,butmostcompaniesrelyonimportedcatalysts.Inaddition,afewcompanieshaveadoptedtechnologiestoextractN₂Ofromthetailgas.31

•MeasurestoreduceN₂Oemissionsinnitricacidproductioncanbedividedintoprimary,secondary,andtertiarycontrolmeasures.32TheprimarycontrolmeasuresinvolvereducingN₂Oformationbyimprovingtheammoniaoxidationcatalyst,whichcanreduceN₂Oemissionsby30%-85%,butonlyfornewplants.33ThesecondarycontrolmeasuresinvolveplacingtheN₂OpyrolysiscatalystaftertheammoniaoxidationcatalysttodecomposeN₂Ointhefurnace,withareductionefficiencyofabout80-90%.Thisapproachismorecommonlyappliedduetolower

29Liang,M.,Zhou,Z.,Ren,P.,Xiao,H.,Hu,Z.,Piao,S.,...&Yuan,W.(2024).Fourdecadesoffull-scalenitrousoxideemissioninventoryinChina.NationalScienceReview,11(3),nwad285.

30Jiang,Y.,Xu,Y.,&Ai,X.(2018).ReviewofN₂Oabatementtechnologiesinadipicacidproduction.ChemicalDesignLetters,

(9),56–57.

31Zhang,C.,&Yao,X.(2022).Analysisanddevelopmenttrendofgreenhousegastreatmentinthetailtemperatureofadipicacidindustrialproduction.HenanChemicalIndustry,(9),12–14.

32Jia,L.,Xing,F.,Li,C.,&Jian,L.(2023).ResearchprogressoncombinedremovaltechnologyofNOxandN₂Ofromnitricacidproductiontailgas.ChemicalIndustryandEngineeringProgress,42(7),3770–3779.

33Ibid.

investmentcosts