《中西文化比较（英文版）（第2版）》unit 7 The Chinese and Western Literature

中西文化比较TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit7TheChineseandWesternLiterature图片BackgroundLiteraturerepresentsthecultureandtraditionofalanguage,soitisnotjustthehistoricalorculturaltreasure,butcanserveasanintroductiontoanewworld.Literatureworks,attheirbest,provideakindofblueprintofhumancivilization.FromthewritingsofancientcivilizationlikeEgyptandChina,toGreekphilosophyandpoetry,fromtheepicsofHomertotheplaysofShakespeare,fromJaneAustenandCharlotteBronte,toMayaAngelou,worksofliteraturegiveinsightandcontexttoallsocieties.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.crystallizev.

tobecomeclearandfixed;tomakethoughts,beliefs,etc.clearandfixed①Ourideasbegantocrystallizeintoadefiniteplan.我们的想法开始形成了一个明确的计划。

②Thesaltcrystallizesasthewaterevaporates.盐在水分蒸发时结晶。TextA

Notes2.compactnessn.

①Thesoilsettlesandiscompactedbythewinterrain.土壤沉积下来，然后在冬雨的作用下变得坚实。②Theverycompactnessofthecottagemadeitallthemoresnugandappealing.正是村舍的小巧紧凑让其更为温暖舒适，也更有吸引力。①theconsistencyofacompactsolid②thespatialpropertyofbeingcrowdedtogetherTextA

Notes3.ecstasyn.

afeelingorstateofverygreathappiness①Onewonderedwhatheightsofecstasythewinnerreached.人们想知道胜者欣喜若狂到了什么程度。②MyfatherwasinecstasywhenIwonmyscholarship.我获得奖学金时父亲欣喜若狂。TextA

Notes4.alludev.

makeamoreorlessdisguisedreference①Thestoryalludestoherpastthatshewouldn’tliketodiscusswithothers.这个故事影射她不愿和别人谈论的过去。②Theproblemhadbeenalludedtobrieflyinearlierdiscussions.这个问题在以往的讨论中已经间接提及。TextA

Notes5.demarcationn.

aborderorlinethatseparatestwothings,suchastypesofwork,groupsofpeopleorareasofland①Itwashardtodrawclearlinesofdemarcationbetweenworkandleisure.在工作和闲暇之间很难划出明确的界限。②Talkswerecontinuingaboutthedemarcationoftheborderbetweenthetwocountries.关于两国之间边界划定问题的谈判仍在继续。TextA

Notes6.antitheticadj.

sharplycontrastedincharacterorpurpose①Hopeisantithetictodespair.希望是与绝望对立的。②Thecoupletsarecomposedofneatandantitheticwordstodescribesocietyandexpressgoodwishes.春联以工整、对偶的文字描绘时代背景，抒发美好愿望。TextA

Notes7.paralleladj./n.

①twoormorelinesthatareparalleltoeachotherarethesamedistanceapartateverypoint②aperson,asituation,anevent,etc.thatisverysimilartoanother,especiallyoneinadifferentplaceortime①Theroadandthecanalareparalleltoeachother.道路与运河平行。②Thistraditionhasnoparallelinourculture.这种传统在我们的文化中是没有的。TextA

Notes8.inexplicableadj.

incapableofbeingexplainedoraccountedfor①Hisbehaviourwasextraordinaryandinexplicable.他的行为不同寻常，让人费解。

②Therearemanythingswhichareinexplicablebyscience.有很多事科学还无法解释。TextANotes9.vernacularn.

①ParaphrasetheancientChineseproseinvernacularlanguage.把这篇古文译成白话文。

②MostofthesenewbookswererecordedinliterarySanskritratherthaninvernacularlanguage.这些新书大部分是用书面梵语而不是方言记载的。①theeverydayspeechofthepeople(asdistinguishedfromliterarylanguage)②thelanguagespokeninaparticularareaorbyaparticulargroupTextA

Notes10.proliferatev.toincreaserapidlyinnumberoramount①Computerizeddatabasesareproliferatingfast.计算机数据库正在迅速激增。②Inrecentyearscommercial,cultural,travelandothercontactshaveproliferatedbetweenEuropeandChina.近年来，中欧之间的商业、文化、旅游及其他交往发展迅猛。TextA

KeySentences1.Inadditiontophilosophical,religious,andhistoricalwritings,Chinaalsoproducedpoetry,novels,anddramaticwritingsfromanearlydate.TheprincipalgenreofChineseliteraturewaspoetry.Culturaltip:四大文学体裁：小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧TextA

KeySentences2.Anothergenrebelongingtothiscategoryis“parallelprose”,whichischaracterizedbyantitheticconstructionandbalancedsoundpatternswithouttheuseofrhyme...Anothergenreis“stereotypedwriting”.Culturaltip:①骈文起源于汉代，盛行于南北朝。全篇字句两两相对而成篇章，常用四字句、六字句，讲究对仗的工整和声律的铿锵。②八股文是明清科举考试的一种文体。八股文有固定格式，由破题、承题、起讲、入题、起股、中股、后股、束股八部分组成八股文章，句子的长短、字的繁简、声调的高低等都要相对成文，字数也有限制。TextA

KeySentences3.Theshortstory,whichbegantodevelopduringtheTangDynasty,atfirstemphasizedeitherhistoricaleventsorsupernaturalhappeningswhichcouldnotberelatedinaformalhistoricalwork.relatev.togiveaspokenorwrittenreportofsomething;totellastory①Herelatedthefactsofthecasetojournalists.他给记者们讲述了这件事的实际情况。②Sherelatesherchildhoodexperiencesinthefirstchapters.在前几章中，她描述了自己童年的经历。TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListoneortwofamousChinesewritersandtheirworks.①TaoYuanmingwasapoetfromtheschoolofpastoralpoetry.HismasterpieceisPeachBlossomSpring.②SuDongpowasaChinesewriter,poet,painter,andcalligrapheroftheSongDynasty.SomeofhisnotableworksincludeTheRedCliffs,RememberingtheRedCliffs,TotheTuneofNianNuJiao,andShuiDiaoGeTou.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutthestoryofChineseclassicalliteraryworkRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms.

RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsisthefirstChinesemagnificenthistoricalnovel.ItfeaturedLiuBeiastheprotagonistandthedepictionofthepeopleinShu-Hanregionwasglorified.Theantagonists,CaoCao,SunQuan,andtheirkingdomswereoftendenigrated.TextA3.WhatistheroleofLiBaiandDuFuinChinesepoetry?LiBai,theImmortalofPoems,wasaChinesepoetacclaimedasageniusandaromanticfigurewhotooktraditionalpoeticformstonewheights.HeandhisfriendDuFu,theSageofPoems,werethetwomostprominentfiguresintheflourishingofChinesepoetryinthe“GoldenAgeofChina”.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.genreAgenreisacategoryofliterarycomposition.Themostgeneralgenresinliteratureareepic,tragedy,comedy,andcreativenonfiction.Theycanallbeintheformofproseorpoetry.Additionally,agenresuchassatire,allegory,orpastoralmightappear.TextA2.narrativepoemNarrativepoemisaformofpoetrythattellsastory,oftenmakinguseofthevoicesofanarratorandcharactersaswell.Theentirestoryisusuallywritteninmetreverse.Narrativepoemsdonothavetofollowrhythmicpatterns.Thepoemsthatmakeupthisgenremaybeshortorlongandthestoryitrelatestomaybecomplex.TextA3.rhymeArhymeisarepetitionofsimilarsoundsintwoormorewords,mostofteninthefinalsyllablesoflinesinpoemsandsongs.Thewordrhymealsomeansashortpoemsuchasarhymingcoupletorotherbriefrhymingpoemsuchasnurseryrhymes.TextA4.toneToneplaysaveryimportantroleinthemeaningofthecharacters.DifferenttonesinPinyinleadtodifferentcharactersanddifferentmeanings.TheChineselanguagehasfourpronouncedtones,whicharemarkedwithalittlesymbolabovethevoweltowhichtheyrelate.Inaddition,there’salsoashort,lesspronouncedtonecalledthelighttone,whichisgivennotonalmarker.TextA5.autobiographyTheterm“autobiography”meansthatthecharacteristhefirst-personnarratorandthatthenoveladdressesbothinternalandexternalexperiencesofthecharacter.Autobiographicalworksarebynaturesubjective.CharlesDickens’DavidCopperfieldisaclassicandCharlotteBronte’sJaneEyreisyetanotherexampleoffictionalautobiography.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.

唐诗宋词被称为中国文学的精华，是中国最具代表性的古典文学之一，短小精悍又意境深远优美。宋词分为多个流派。它们为中国文学添上了浓墨重彩的一笔。1.PoetryintheTangandSongDynastiesiscalledtheessenceofChineseliteratureandoneofthemostrepresentativetypesofChineseclassics.Theycanbuildprofoundandelegantartisticconceptionwithshortandconcisewords.ThereweremanyschoolsofpoetryintheSongDynasty.TheyhadbrightenedtheChineseclassicliteraturewithvibrantcolors.TextA2.先秦文学是我国古代文学发生发展的最早阶段，奠定了我国两千多年文学发展的坚实基础。它主要由上古歌谣神话、《诗经》、先秦散文和《楚辞》组成。2.Thepre-QinliteratureistheearlieststageoftheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofancientChineseliterature,whichhaslaidasolidfoundationforthedevelopmentofChineseliteratureinmorethan2,000years.Itismainlycomposedofancientballadsandmythology,TheBookofSongs,thepre-Qinprose,andTheSongsofChu.TextA

Notes1.aspirationn.

astrongdesiretohaveordosomething①YoungAddisonhadastrongaspirationtobeaninventor.年幼的爱迪生渴望成为一名发明家。②Thecollege’saimistohelpstudentsachievetheiraspirations.大学的目标是帮助学生实现他们的抱负。TextA

Notes2.manifestv.

①toshowsomethingclearly,especiallyafeeling,anattitudeoraquality②toappearorbecomenoticeable①Hemanifestedapleasingpersonalityonstage.在台上他表现出惹人喜爱的个性。

②Thesymptomsofthediseasemanifestedthemselvestendayslater.十天后，这种病的症状显现出来。TextA

Notes3.prophetn.

apersonwhoclaimstoknowwhatwillhappeninthefuture①Heholdsthebeliefthatheisalatter-dayprophet.他深信自己是当代先知。②Thepityisthatyouarenotaprophet.可惜你不能未卜先知。TextA

Notes4.pastoraladj.

showingcountrylifeorthecountryside,especiallyinaromanticway①Thevasewaspaintedwithpastoralscenes.花瓶上绘饰着田园景色。②Whenshefirstcametothispastoralarea,shefoundlifehereabitdifficulttogetusedto.她刚来牧区的时候，生活上感到有点别扭。TextA

Notes5.fluxn.

continuousmovementandchange①Oursocietyisinastateofflux.我们的社会在不断演变。②Educationremainsinastateoffluxwhichwilltakesometimetosettledown.教育还处于不断变化中，需要一段时间才能稳定下来。TextA

Notes6.illustratedadj.

withpictures,photographsordiagrams①Thebookisbeautifullyillustratedthroughout.这本书从头到尾都有精美的插图。②He’sjustwrittenabook,nicelyillustratedandnottootechnical.他刚写完一本书，插图精美，内容也并不艰涩。

TextA

Notes7.redemptionn.

theactofsavingorstateofbeingsavedfromthepowerofevil;theactofredeeming①Inthe1994movieTheShawshankRedemption,themaincharacterneedstocrawlthroughasewerpipe.在1994年的电影《肖申克的救赎》中，主角需要爬过下水道。

②Ihavenodoubtthatwearepollutingtheenvironmentbeyondredemption.我丝毫都不怀疑我们对环境的污染是不可挽回的。TextA

Notes8.backstoryn.

thethingsthataresupposedtohavehappenedbeforetheeventsinafilm/movie,novel,etc.①RowlinghashintedthatshehasideasforatotaloffiveFantasticBeastsfilmstofillinthePotterversebackstory,sothiscouldbejustthebeginning.罗琳暗示说，她已经构思出了五部《神奇动物》电影，来填补哈利•波特系列的背景故事，所以这只是个开始。②Ironically,however,thebackstorymaybemorepositivethannegative.但具有讽刺意味的是，背后故事的积极因素可能大过消极因素。TextA

Notes9.defiantv.

openlyrefusingtoobeysomebodyorsomething,sometimesinanaggressiveway①Rooseveltwasdefiantinthefaceofthebadnews.对这个坏消息，罗斯福毫不理会。②Shestoodthere,muteanddefiant.她站在那儿不说话，一副挑衅的样子。TextA

Notes10.prodigyn.

ayoungpersonwhoisunusuallyintelligentorskillfulfortheirage①Shewasachildprodigy,givingconcertsbeforeshewasateenager.她是个神童，十来岁不到就举办音乐会了。

②Mozartwasaninfantprodigy.莫扎特是个神童。TextB

KeySentences1.WilliamWordsworthwasoneofthedomineeringfiguresofBritishRomanticism.HewasagoodfriendofSamuelTaylorColeridge,andthetwoofthemsettledintheLakeDistrictinNorthwesternEngland.Culturaltips:湖区国家公园常被誉为英格兰最美丽的一角，既有灵秀清幽的自然风光，又不乏各种休闲娱乐设施。公园拥有雄伟壮丽的山峰与波光粼粼的湖泊，举世无双的美景激发了许多作家和诗人的创作灵感。TextB

KeySentences2.SamuelTaylorColeridge’sroleinLyricalBalladswasovershadowedbyWordsworth,butColeridge’spoeticskillstoodonitsown.beovershadowedby…使显得逊色;使黯然失色①Hehadalwaysbeenovershadowedbyhiseldersister.他与他姐姐相比总是相形见绌。②AleafbeforetheeyeshutsoutMountTai--haveone’sviewoftheimportantovershadowedbythetrivial.一叶蔽目，不见泰山。TextB

KeySentences3.ThoughnotasprolificasWordsworth,Coleridgehadmanyworkswhichresonatedwithreadersinwaysthatfewotherpoetswereabletomatch.resonatewith引起共鸣①Theroomresonatedwiththechatterof100people.屋里会合着100人唧唧喳喳的声音。②Shemakesasimplestoryresonatewithcomplexthemesandemotions.她使一部情节简单的小说充满了复杂的主题和情感。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousChineseandWesternnovels.TextB2.WriteapassageaboutthedifferencesbetweentheSevenSagesoftheBambooGroveandtheLakePoets.TheSevenSagesoftheBambooGrovewereagroupofChinesescholars,writers,andmusicianswhostressedtheenjoymentofpersonalfreedom,spontaneity,andacelebrationofnature.DifferentfromtheLakePoets,withthetrueenjoymentofnaturalbeauty,theSevenSagesoftheBambooGrovelivedunderabloodyreignofthegovernmentandusedthemethodofsymbolizationandmetaphorofnaturetoexpresstheirrealfeelings.TextB3.WhatistherelationshipbetweenChineseandWesternliteratureinvalues?Chineseliteratureassessesothers’moralbehaviorbystandardofmodestyandcourtesy,inotherterms,collectivism,whiletheWesternliteratureadvocatesself-enterprisingspiritalotanditalwaysassessesindividualvaluebysuccess.Thisiswhatwecalledindividualism.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.theByronicheroTheByronicherofirstappearsinByron’ssemi-autobiographicalepicnarrativepoemChildeHarold’sPilgrimage.HistorianandcriticLordMacaulaydescribedtheByronicheroas“amanproud,moody,andcynical,withdefianceonhisbrow,miseryinhisheart,ascornerofhiskind,implacableinrevenge,yetcapableofdeepandstrongaffection”.TextB2.SongsofInnocenceandofExperience

SongsofInnocenceandofExperienceisanillustratedcollectionofpoemsbyWilliamBlake.Itappearedintwophases.AfewfirstcopieswereprintedandilluminatedbyWilliamBlakehimselfin1789.Fiveyearslater,heboundthesepoemswithasetofnewpoemsinavolumetitledSongsofInnocenceandofExperienceshowingthetwocontrarystatesofthehumansoul.TextB3.theLakePoetsTheLakePoetswereagroupofEnglishpoetswhoalllivedintheLakeDistrictofEnglandattheturnofthe19thcentury.Asagroup,theyfollowednosingleschoolofthoughtorliterarypractice.TheyareconsideredpartoftheRomanticMovement.TextB4.LyricalBallads

LyricalBalladsisacollectionofpoemsbyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgeandgenerallyconsideredasthebeginningoftheEnglishRomanticMovementinliterature.Theimmediateeffectoncriticswasmodest,butitbecomesandremainsalandmark,changingthecourseofEnglishliteratureandpoetry.TextB5.OdetoaNightingale

OdetoaNightingaleisapoembyJohnKeats.AccordingtoBrown,anightingalehadbuiltitsnestnearthehouseofKeats.Inspiredbythebird’ssong,Keatscomposedthepoeminoneday.ItsoonbecameoneofhisfamousodesandwasfirstpublishedinAnnalsoftheFineArtsthefollowingJuly.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.TheattitudesofAmerica’swriterswereshapedbytheirNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEurope.AnewRomanticismappearedinEnglandinthelastyearsofthe18thcentury.1.美国作家的态度是由他们的新世界环境塑造的，这一系列思想继承了欧洲的浪漫主义传统。在十八世纪后期，英国出现了新的浪漫主义。TextB2.Shakespearewasarespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthe19thcentury.TheromanticsacclaimedShakespeare’sgenius.TheVictoriansworshippedShakespearewithareverencethatGeorgeBernardShawcalledas“bardolatry”.2.

莎士比亚在世时是一位受人尊重的诗人和剧作家，但直到19世纪他的声望才达到今日的高度。浪漫主义者赞颂莎士比亚的才华，维多利亚时代的人敬仰他，萧伯纳把这种现象称为“莎士比亚崇拜”。JuejuSonnetTextCComparison1TangXianzuWilliamShakespeareTextCComparison2TheDreamoftheRedChamberRemembranceofThingsPastTextCComparison3TheMonkeyKingReynardtheFoxTextCComparison4ImagerySymbolismTextCComparison5Case

Study

《赵氏孤儿》与《中国孤儿》

《赵氏孤儿》是中国著名的元杂剧，曾被法国作家伏尔泰改编成话剧《中国孤儿》。伏尔泰改编的原因是，他认为原作“没有时间和剧情的统一、情感的发挥、风俗的描绘，雄辩、理性、热情，这一切都没有”。因此，伏尔泰从时间、人物、情节、结构等方面对其进行改编，以使其符合西方悲剧的“三一律”。Case

Study

分析点评

伏尔泰的改编行为反映了中西文学审美的差异。伏尔泰是欧洲新古典主义戏剧的代表人物，他信奉古典主义美学标准和情趣，并按照法国的文化模式和审美规范要求中国文学作品，忽视了原作中忠义、因果等中国文学主题内核。在欣赏文学作品时，应该以包容、开放的态度，接受并欣赏不同文化产生的文学手法和审美规范。Translation

汉译英

1.四大名著

中国的四大名著(theFourGreatClassicalNovels)创作于明清时期，是最伟大、最有影响力的四部小说。阅读这四大名著，可以了解中国传统文化中的社会、历史、地理、民俗和处世哲学。大多数中国人对这四部小说中的人物、情节和场景都很熟悉，它们已经深深地影响了中国人的思想、观念和价值观。现在，四大名著都已被改编成电影和电视剧，受到很多观众的喜爱。它们都具有很高的艺术水平，是中华民族的宝贵遗产，在中国文学史上也是一大创举。Translation

Keys

1.TheFourGreatClassicalNovels

TheFourGreatClassicalNovelsofChina,the4greatestandmostinfluentialnovels,werewrittenintheMingandQingDynasties.ReadingthemcanacquaintpeoplewithtraditionalChinesesociety,history,geography,folkcustoms,andphilosophyoflife.MostChineseareprettyfamiliarwiththefigures,plots,andscenesinthese4novels.Theyhaveprofoundlyinfluencedthementality,ideas,andvaluesofChinesepeople.Nowadays,theFourGreatClassicalNovelshavealreadybeenadaptedintomoviesandTVseries,favoredbylotsofaudiences.Beinghighinartisticstandard,theyarepreciousheritagesofChinesenationandpioneeringworksinthehistoryofChineseliterature.Translation

汉译英

2.《西游记》

《西游记》是吴承恩写的一部神话小说，讲述的是唐僧在三个徒弟——孙悟空、猪八戒和沙僧的保护下去西天取经(tofindtheBuddhistScriptures)的故事。一路上，唐僧经常被妖怪(demon)捉走，性命垂危，因为它们相信吃了唐僧就可以长生不老，因而他的三个徒弟不得不一次又一次地解救他。在历经了九九八十一难之后，他们终于取得了真经，修炼成佛。1986年，这部小说被改编为电视剧，受到了广大观众的喜爱。Translation

Keys

2.JourneytotheWest

JourneytotheWestisamythologicalnovelwrittenbyWuCheng’enwhichtellsastoryaboutTangseng—theMaster,whowenttotheWesttofindtheBuddhistScripturesundertheprotectionofhis3disciples—MonkeyKing,Pigsy,andSandy.Duringthejourney,Tangsengwasoftencapturedandhadhislifethreatened,becausethedemonswhocapturedhimbelievedthatiftheyateTangsengtheycouldattainimmortality.Asaresult,his3disciplesalwayshadtosavehimtimeandagain.Afterhavingexperienced81difficulties,thefourobtainedth