发育生物学(含实验)学习通超星期末考试答案章节答案2024年

发育生物学(含实验)学习通超星期末考试章节答案2024年Brieflydescribethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenovum卵子andsperm精子.

答案:相同点:均具有增殖期、生长期和成熟期;发生过程都受到激素和基因的双重调控。不同点:•精子发生:单倍体;一个“能运动的细胞核”;两次减数分裂为均等分裂;同源群现象。•卵子发生:成熟的卵子所处的细胞周期时相与物种有关，卵子可能处于初级卵母细胞前间期、第一次减数分裂中期(四倍体)、第二次减数分裂中期(二倍体)或者完成减数分裂(单倍体);含有启动发育和维持代谢所需要的全部元件;需建立由酶、mRNA、细胞器和代谢产物等组成的细胞质库，十分复杂;卵母细胞有很长的减数分裂前期，充分生长;两次减数分裂为不均等分裂。等等Amongdifferenttypesofeggsshowingbelow,whicharedividedaccordingtotheamountanddistributionofyolk(

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答案:isolecithalegg均黄卵;telolecithalegg端黄卵;centrolecithalegg中黄卵;centrolecithalegg中央卵黄Whichofthefollowingsbelongtotheeggmembrane卵膜ofbirds(

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答案:Vitellinemembrane卵黄膜;eggwhite卵白;eggshellmembrane蛋壳膜;eggshell蛋壳Whatkindsoffolliclesorcellsarepresentinhumanovaries(卵巢)duringpuberty(青春期)(

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答案:Primordialfollicle原始滤泡;Primaryfollicle初级滤泡;Secondfollicle次级滤泡Spermatogenesisreferstotheprocessbywhichspermundergoaseriesofchangestoformsperm.Whatarethechangesthatoccurinspermformation?(

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答案:Chromatin染色质thickensandthenucleusbecomesstreamlined流线型;Acrosome顶体formation;Formingaxialfilaments轴丝andmitochondrialsheaths粒体鞘;DiscardmostofthecytoplasmThehomologousgroupinspermformationbeginsinwhichofthefollowingcells(

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答案:TypeA1spermatogonium(A1型精原细胞)WhichofthefollowingstatementisFALSE?(

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答案:Inmammals(哺乳动物)andamphibians(两栖动物),theoocyteproliferationphasestopsattheembryonicstage胚胎阶段Insperm,whichofthefollowingstructurehasamitochondrialsheath(

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答案:Midpiece中段Whichofthefollowingcellsisacellwiththeabilitytoself-renew(stemcells)(

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答案:TypeA1spermatogonium(A1型精原细胞)Whichofthefollowingistheearliestgermcellformedduringdevelopment(

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答案:Primordialgermcell(原生殖细胞)Brieflylistthesignificanceofgastrulaformation.

答案:(1)建立三个胚层，为以后分化为复杂的组织、器官打下基础。(5分)(2)使未来器官在胚胎内部位于正确位置。(5分)(3)使一些原来不相邻的细胞发生接触,为胚胎诱导做准备。(5分)(4)原肠胚在动物发生过程中有重要意义。海绵、腔肠动物是比较低级的多细胞动物，相当于二胚层的胎;从扁形动物开始有中胚层，更高等的动物都是由三个胚层的胚胎发育而来的。(5分)DuringtheformationofgastrulainC.elegans,therearesomecellmovementssuchasinvaginationandinvolution

答案:对Inamphibiangastrulaformation,thepresumptivenotodermofthemarginalzoneisinvolutionandlocatedonthebackofthegutcavity.

答案:对Intheformationofgastrulainseaurchins,thefirstcellstomigrateintotheblastocoelaresecondarymesenchymalcells.

答案:错Intheformationofgastrulaofseaurchins,theinvaginationofplantplateisrelatedtothechangeofhyalinelayer.

答案:对Ininsectgastrulaformation,theposteriormidgutinvaginationbrieflymovestothebackoftheembryoduetotheextensionoftheembryonicband.()

答案:对Thepresumptivenotochordmesodermenters()afterrollingfromtheprimitivepit.

答案:blastocoel囊胚腔Howdoestheendodermentertheembryoduringgastrulaformationofseaurchins?

答案:Invagination内陷Theprimitivestreakofbirdsareformedin().

答案:epigdermTheblastomere卵裂球ofthefishembryoisconcentratedtowardstheedgeoftheblastodisc胚盘andformsaringstructureontheedgeoftheblastodisc.Thisstructureiscalled().

答案:Germring胚环Intheformationofgastrulainseaurchins,primarymesenchymalcells()entertheembryo.

答案:ingression内移whatisthemechanismofdorso-ventralaxisdifferentiationinDrosophilaembryo?

答案:gurkenmRNA随细胞核移动，最终定位于卵子背部，Gurken蛋白聚集于卵子背侧(3分)。Gurken蛋白扩散能力有限，只有靠近卵子细胞核的背侧滤泡细胞才能捕获Gurken。背侧滤泡细胞更呈柱状，pipe基因关闭(3分)。dpp和zen基因在背侧表达，指导背部结构的发育。(3分)腹侧滤泡细胞表达Pipe蛋白(3分)。腹侧卵周隙三种蛋白水解酶原:GD蛋白、Snake和Easter(3分)。Pipe蛋白激活卵黄膜蛋白(3分)→激活GD蛋白→激活Snake→Easter→Spätzle→Toll→dorsal蛋白进入细胞核(3分)，激活twist和snake基因表达。促进腹部结构的发育(3分)。Whatbodyaxesdobilaterallysymmetricalanimalshave?Whatisthemechanismoftheestablishmentanddifferentiationoftheantero-posterioraxisofDrosophilaembryo?

答案:(1)影响前后轴建立的母体基因有:Bicoid(BCD);Nanos(NOS);Hunchback(HB)和Caudal(CDL);Torso等。(共5分)(2)影响前后轴分化的合子基因有:裂隙基因、配对规则基因、体节极性基因和同源异型基因。(共4分)(3)母体基因主要编码转录因子，其产物形成一种浓度梯度并产生特异的位置信息，进一步激活一系列合子基因的表达。(4分)首先表达的合子基因，为裂隙基因(即缺口基因)。(4分)不同浓度缺口基因的蛋白质产物引起配对规则基因(成对控制基因)的表达，形成与前后轴垂直的7条表达带。(4分)配对规则基因蛋白质产物激活体节极性的转录，进一步将胚胎划分为14个副体节。(4分)裂隙基因、配对规则基因以及体节极性基因共同调节同源异型基因(homeoticgene)的表达，决定每个体节的发育命运。(5分)Theproductionof14parasegmentininsectsisrelatedtotheexpressionofwhichgenes?

答案:pair-rulegeneTheproductofthehunchbackgeneisatranscriptionfactorthatregulatestheexpressionof().

答案:Partofgapgene(crackgene)Theexpressionofthezygoticgenehunchbackisregulatedby().

答案:nanosgeneTheproductofthetorsogene,thetorsoprotein,is().

答案:receptortyrosinekinaseIntheunfertilizedeggsofinsects,themRNAdistributionofthematernalgenehunchbackis().

答案:UniformBicoidproteinsareaclassoftranscriptionfactorsthatpromotedifferencesinembryonic()development.

答案:Anterior-PosterioraxisDorsalproteinsareaclassoftranscriptionfactorsthatenterthe()nucleusoftheinsectembryoandcausetheexpressionofcertaingenes.

答案:Ventral()Distributedinthefrontoftheunfertilizedeggoftheinsect.

答案:bicoidmRNABrieflydescribedthetwoformsofneuraltubeformation

答案:初级神经胚形成和次级神经胚形成。初级神经胚形成的形成过程:神经板形成;神经板隆起，形成神经褶;神经板弯曲,形成神经沟;神经褶靠近融合，神经沟闭合成神经管;神经管形成，神经嵴细胞迁移。次级神经胚形成的形成过程:脊索中胚层诱导覆盖于上面的外胚层细胞分裂、内陷，与表皮脱离形成中空的神经管。Brieflydescribethedevelopmentalfateofthethreegermlayers。

答案:外胚层分化成三个部分:表皮外胚层(参与皮肤的形成)、神经外胚层(形成中枢神经系统)和神经嵴(主要参与周围神经系统形成)。内胚层:形成呼吸系统和消化管的上皮;中胚层:形成结缔组织、血细胞、心脏、泌尿系统以及大部分内脏器官等。Thestructuralchangesofneuroblastdifferentiationintoneuronsare()

答案:Shorterdendrites树突thatgrow;Theaxon轴突extendsfromthecellbodyand