阅读理解之说明文-2023年中考英语高频考点专项突破

专项39阅读理解之说明文

备战2023年中考英语精选考点专项突破

考点详解

1一■一

"英语说明文"，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事

物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文

那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐

明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特

点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔

人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、

自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性

的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构

特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。

说明文阅读理解的特征

一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即WhoTwhat-

when—where—how—>why。

l.who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）

2.what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）

3.when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）

4.how：通过什么方式表现出来的？

5.why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么?

做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的whword。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。

真题再现

A

（2022・西藏・中考真题）

TheFuxingtrainhasstartedrunninginsouthwestChina9sTibetalongtheLhasa-Nyingchi（拉萨一

林芝铁路）.

The435kilometerrailwaylinksLhasaandNyingchi.ItisChina5sfirstelectrified（电气化的）railroadonthe

“RoofoftheWorld^^.ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.

Thenewrailwaycoversanareaof226,000squarekilometers.Itgoesthrough47tunnels（隧道）andcrosses

121bridges.Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butifsabit

slowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.Therailwaynotonly

makeslocalpeople'slifeeasier,butalsobringsmoretouriststothearea.

“Therailwaytripissorelaxingandfast.Thenewtrainhasbroughtourfamilymemberscloserthanever

before,9,saidateacherwholivesinNyingchi.SheusedtodrivemorethanfivehoursfromNyingchitoLhasato

visitherparentsduringthesummervacation.

Besidescarryingpassengers,therailwayalsoprovidesgoodchancesforfarmerstoselllocalproductstomore

places.IfssuretoputnewenergyintoTibefseco〃。加2。（经济的）development.

1.HowmanyhoursdoesthejourneytakebetweenLhasaandNyingchibyFuxingtrain?

A.About5hours.B.About4hours.C.About3.5hours.D.About1.5hours.

2.WhafsthetopspeedofFuxingtrainfromLhasatoNyingchi?

A.160kilometersperhour.B.121kilometersperhour.

C.47kilometersperhour.D.160metersperhour.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shortens“meaninChinese?

A.克扣B.下降C.缩短D.缺少

4.WhafsspecialabouttheLhasa-NyingchiRailway?

A.Itcoversalargearea.

B.Itcancarrypassengers.

C.Thetraingoesthroughlotsoftunnelsandbridges.

D.IfsChina9sfirstelectrifiedrailwayonthe"RoofoftheWorld^^.

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Therailwaytripisnotrelaxingorfast.

B.Therailwaydoesnotbringmoretouriststothearea.

C.Thetraingoesthrough121tunnelsand47bridges.

D.IfsabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountry.

【答案】1.C2.A3.C4.D5.D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍拉萨一林芝铁路的相关信息。

1.细节理解题。根据"ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.95

可知，它将拉萨和林芝之间的路程从5个多小时缩短到约3.5小时。所以是3.5小时，故选C。

2.细节理解题。根据“Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.”可知，这列火车的最高时速为160

公里。故选A。

3.词句猜测题。分析“ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.”

可知，它将拉萨和林芝之间的路程从5个多小时缩短到约3.5小时。所以shortens的意思是“缩短”，故选C。

4.细节理解题。根据“ItisChina'sfirstelectrified（电气化的）railroadonthe"RoofoftheWorld’.”可知，它是中

国第一条在“世界屋脊”上的电气化铁路。故选D。

5.细节理解题。根据“Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butit'sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsin

ourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.“可知，它是高原上最快的火车，但由于特殊的环境，它比我们

国家的一些其他复兴列车要慢一些。故选D。

B

（2022•江苏南京•中考真题）

SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.Thenoneday,Sue

sawJim'smusiccollection.ShenoticedararepunkrockCDthatshealsoowned.Atthatmoment,sherealizedthat

theybothhadthesameinterestinmusicandtheystartedtalking.Suesaid,“Ithoughtwehadnothinginmon（相同）

untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls."Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

Somepsychologists（心理学家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有联系的）yourpersonality.As

partofatestattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,USA,volunteerscreatedaCDoftheirfavouritesongs.The

volunteersthenlistenedtoeachother5sCDsandmadeguessesabouttheCDcreator'spersonalityoutgoing,

adventurous,happy,andsoon.Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers9personalities

throughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.Forexample,SueandJimlovepunkmusic,which

meanstheyhaveoutgoingpersonalities.

ThepsychologistswhodidthetestfoundSnoopDogg(hiphop)fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.

PeoplewholikeU2(rock/popmusic)aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.

ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong(jazz)fanstendto(倾向于)beseriousandintelligent.

Whilefansofclassicalmusicarealsolikelytoenjoyjazzmusicandtendtobeshy.Thepsychologistswere

surprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.

Title:Musicand6

Anopinion♦Your7inmusicisrelatedtoyourpersonality.

♦One'sclothesortasteinfilmsis8importantthanhis/herCDsinatestofguessing

aboutone'spersonality.

♦Itis9thathiphopfansareenergeticandtalkative.

Findings♦Peoplewho10rockorpopmusicareusuallyindependentandadventurous.

♦Jazzfanstendtobe11andintelligent.

♦it's12thatrapandheavymetalfansareshierandquieterthanmanyothermusic

lovers.

♦14SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyears,theywereneverinterestedineach

An

other.

13

♦AfterSuenoticedtheybothhadrarepunkrockCDs,shefoundtheyhad15inmon.

♦Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

【答案】

6.Personality7.taste8.less9.likely10.like11.serious

12.surprising13.example14.Though##Although15.something

【导语】本文主要通过一个事例和一个实验介绍了音乐和个性之间的关系。

6.根据第二段“Somepsychologists（心理学家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有联系的）your

personality.”可知，本文主要谈论的是音乐和个性的关系，personality“个性”，名词，与名词“Music”构成并列

关系。标题首字母要大写，故填Personality。

7.根据第二段“Somepsychologists（心理学家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有联系的）your

personality.”可知，一些心理学家认为你对音乐的品味与你的个性有关。形容词性物主代词“Your”修饰名词，

taste46品味”,名词。故填taste。

8.根据第二段“Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers5personalitiesthroughtheirCDs

thanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.”这些陌生人通过CD更能正确地猜测了彼此的个性，而不是通过衣

服或在电影中的品味。可知在猜测一个人的个性时，一个人的衣服或品味不如她的CD重要。根据空后的比

较词“than”，所以用“important”的比较级lessimportant“较不重要的故填less。

9.根据第三段“SnoopDogg（hiphop）fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.”可矢口，嘻哈音乐的粉丝们可能

精力充沛且健谈。belikelytodo“可能做某事"，和likelythat...”是可能的”为同义句。本小题为主语

从句，系动词后跟形容词作表语。故填likely。

10.根据第三段“PeoplewholikeU2（rock/popmusic）aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.”可矢口，喜欢摇

滚和流行音乐的人通常是独立和冒险的。故填like。

11.根据最后一段“ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong（jazz）fanstendto（倾向于）beseriousand

intelligent.”可知，心理学家还发现，路易斯・阿姆斯特朗（爵士乐）迷们倾向于严肃和聪明。故填serious。

12.根据最后一段“Thepsychologistsweresurprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfenswerealsoshierand

quieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.“可知，说唱乐和重金属音乐爱好者也比许多其他音乐爱好者更害羞、更

安静，这个发现是令人惊奇的，系动词后跟形容词作表语，surprising“令人惊奇的”，形容词。填surprising。

13.根据右栏的内容可知，此处以“SueandJim”的这一事例举例说明，example“例子”，名词。根据“An”，

可知填名称单数修饰，故填exampleo

14.根据第——段“SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.“可知，

尽管苏和吉姆五年来一直是邻居，但他们从来没有对彼此感兴趣。though/although”虽然，尽管"，引导让步

状语从句。故填Though/Although。

15.根据第一段“Ithoughtwehadnothinginmon（相同）untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.“可知，直至U

Sue看到他的CD,她才认为他们有共同之处。固定搭配havesomethinginmon意为“有一些共同之处”。故

填somethingo

模拟检测,

c

（2022•重庆璧山•一模）

Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.Manypeopledieasa

resultofbreathingsmokeorfromcookingoverwoodpoweredorcoalpoweredstoves.

Onewaytoreducethenumberofdeathsisthroughcookingequipment（设备）poweredbythesun.Crosby

Menzies,asolarpowerexpertinaSouthAfricanpany,describedhislatestsolarcookercalledthe"Sol4”."Itis

foursquaremetersofmirrors,sixtoeightmetersinlength.Itisquitealargecooker.^^

The“Sol4"worksbyreflecting（反射）lightfromthesunofflargemirrors.Themirrorsdirect（把...对准）

thelightatacookingpan.Thenthelightheatsthepanwithsolarenergy.Withintwominutes,thepanishotenough

tocooksausagesandonions.Injustfourminutes,watercanbeboiled.Thatisasfastascookingwithnaturalgasor

electricity.

Thecookerisalsomuch“fHendlier“thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.

Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswould

belesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.

Atpresent,thecookeronlyworkswhenthesunisshining.Butengineersareworkingonawaytomakeit

workwithoutsunlight.

Eachcookercostsabout$2,000,whichisalargeamountofmoneyformostAfricans.Tosolvethatproblem,

CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental俳官方）organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplansto

raisemoneythroughdonations（捐款）toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.

16.Thewriterstartsthepassageby.

A.paringfactsB.sharingexperiencesC.listingnumbersD.givingreasons

7.Theunderlinedword“individuals“mostprobablymeans"

A.cookersB.peopleC.mirrorsD.experts

18.Whichofthefollowingaboutthe"Sol4"isTRUE?

A.Itissixtoeightsquaremetersofmirrors.

B.Itcanworkinanyweatherconditionnow.

C.Itcanalsoheatthepanbylightingfirewood.

D.Itismoreenvironmentfriendlythanothercookers.

19.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat.

A.the"Sol4"willbedesignedinasmallersize

B.moreAfricanscanusethesolarcookersinthefuture

C.the"Sol4"isthefirstproductoftheSouthAfricanpany

D.theAfricangovernmentwillprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcooker

【答案】16.C17.B18.D19.B

【导语】本文主要介绍了一种可以通过太阳能来烹饪的设备及其工作原理。目前，该设备只是在阳光灿烂

的时候工作，但工程师们正在努力工作，使它在没有阳光的情况下也能工作。

16.细节理解题。根据"Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear."（家

庭和其他建筑物内的污染每年导致400多万人死亡。）可知作者以列举数字开始这篇文章。故选C。

17.词义猜测题。根据“Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.”

及“wouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.“可知，这里的individuals是主语，表示

使用这种灶具的people“人”也不太可能因有害烟雾而患呼吸疾病。故选Bo

18.细节理解题。根据"Thecookerisalsomuch'friendlier9thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostand

inthesuntouseit.Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Such

individualswouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke."（这木巾炊具也比其他型号"友好''

得多，因为人们不用站在阳光下使用它。人们可以在不必捡柴火或花钱买煤的情况下做饭。这些人不太可

能因有害烟雾而患上呼吸疾病。）可知，这种新灶具比其他炊具更环保。故选D。

19.推理判断题。根据"Tosolvethatproblem,CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental（非官方）

organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplanstoraisemoneythroughdonations（捐款）toprovidepoor

peoplewithsolarcookingequipment.95（为了解决这个问题，克罗斯比,孟基斯创建了一个名为“非洲太阳能炊

具''的非官方组织。它计划通过捐赠筹集资金，为穷人提供太阳能烹饪设备。）可以推断出未来会有更多的

非洲人用上太阳能炊具。故选B。

D

（2022・重庆开州•二模）

①Facialrecognition（人脸识另U）camerasareeverywhere,eveninyoursmartphone.Manypeopleusethis

technologytounlocktheirphones,opendoors,ormakequickpayments.Butduringthepandemic（疫情）,canitstill

workwhenpeopleputonmasks?

②Theanswerisno.Scientistsaretryingtosolvethisproblem.Forexample,Engineering&Technology（E&T）

magazinereportsthatHanwang,atechpanyinBeijing,hasmadeanewsystem（系统）.Itcanrecognize95percent

ofpeoplewhentheywearmasks.

③What'sthesecret?Ifsallaboutyoureyes.

④MariosSavidesfromCarnegieMellonUniversity,US,studiesfacialrecognition.Aswegetolder,hesays,

ourfaceschangeshape.Buttheareaaroundoureyesdoesn't.Itstaysthesame-evenifweputonweight.Aslong

asthereareenoughdata（数据）fromtheareaofoureyes,thecamerascanrecognizeus.

⑤Tech5isanotherfacialrecognitionpany.TheSwisspany'sproductscans（扫描）theshapeofyourface.It

alsoscansyouriris（虹膜）,whichisthecoloredpartofyoureyes.Tech5hopestoleaveout（忽略）alloftheface

belowthenose.

⑥Thiskindofsoftwareismoreimportantthanjustunlockingyourphone."Itcansearchforcriminals（罪311）

andterrorists（恐，怖分子）evenwhentheywearmasks,saidHuangLeifromHanwang.Hanwang'stechnologyis

usedbyChinesepoliceinplaceslikesubwaystationsandairports.SimilartechnologyisusedbytheUnitedStates

AirForce.

©Huangpointedoutonebigweakness:itfailswhenpeoplewearbothamaskandsunglasses."Inthis

situation,allofthekeyfaci