机械工程专业英语唐一平翻译

机械工程专业英语唐一平翻译第一篇：机械工程专业英语唐一平翻译Unit11.2FerrousMetalsandAlloysByvirtueoftheirwiderangeofmechanical,physical,andchemicalproperties,ferrousmetalsandalloysareamongthemostusefulofallmetals.Ferrousmetalsandalloyscontainironastheirbasemetal:thegeneralcategoriesarecastirons,carbonandalloysteels,stainlesssteels,toolanddiesteels.1.2黑色金属及其合金：由于它们的一系列广泛的机械物理和化学的特征，黑色金属及其合金是所有金属中最有用的铁是黑色金属及其合金中的基本元素主要种类有铸铁，碳钢，合金钢，不锈钢，工具钢和磨具钢Thetermcastironreferstoafamilyofferrousalloyscomposedofiron,carbon(rangingfrom2.11%toabout4.5%),andsilicon(uptoabout3.5%).Castironsareusuallyclassifiedasfollows:1.Graycastiron,orgrayiron;2.Ductilecastiron,nodularcastiron,orsphericalgraphitecastiron;3.Whitecastiron;4.Malleableiron;5.Compactedgraphiteiron。（），它包含铁碳（2.5%—4.5%）和硅（3.5%）铸铁的分类如下1.灰铸铁2.球墨铸铁3.白口铸铁4.可锻铸铁5.如墨铸铁TheequilibriumphasediagramrelevanttocastironsisshowninFig.1.1,inwhichtherightboundaryis100%carbon,thatispuregraphite.Theeutectictemperatureis1154hC(2109hF),andsocastironsarecompletelyliquidattemperatureslowerthanthoserequiredforliquidsteels.Consequently,ironwithhighcarboncontentcanbecastatlowertemperaturesthancansteels.有关铸铁的平衡相图如图1.1所示其右边界是100%的碳那是纯石墨，其共晶温度是1154℃因此铸铁可以在比那些熔化钢更低的温度下完全液化所以含碳量较高的铸铁的浇注温度比钢低。Carbonsteelsaregenerallyclassifiedbytheirproportion(byweight)ofcarboncontent.1.Low-carbonsteel,alsocalledmildsteel,haslessthan1.30%carbon.Itisgenerallyusedforcommonindustrialproducts,suchasbolts,nuts,sheet,plate,andtubes,andformachinecomponentsthatdonotrequirehighstrength.3.碳钢：碳铜大体上是按碳含量的臂力来分类的1）低碳钢又叫做软钢其碳含量小于0.30%它用于普遍的工业产品，例如螺栓，螺母。钢板，港片钢管和那些强度要求不高的机器零件Unit55.1IntroductionConventionalmachiningisthegroupofmachiningoperationsthatusesingle-ormulti-pointtoolstoremovematerialintheformofchips.Metalcuttinginvolvesremovingmetalthroughmachiningoperations.Machiningtraditionallytakesplaceonlathes,drillpresses,andmillingmachineswiththeuseofvariouscuttingtools.Mostmachininghasverylowset-upcostcomparedwithforming,molding,andcastingprocesses.However,machiningismuchmoreexpensiveforhighvolumes.Machiningisnecessarywheretighttolerancesondimensionsandfinishesarerequired.传统机加工是利用单刃或多刃刀具以切削形式去除材料的（一组）加工方法。金属切削就是利用机加工的方法去除材料，传统机加工都是利用不用的刀具在车床，钻床和铣床上进行的，与成型加工，模压制件和铸造工艺相比，机加工的准备成本还是比较低的。然而，如果是大批量生产，其成本要高得多，当对零件的光洁度和尺寸公差要求较高时，机加工是必须的。5.2TurningandLatheTurningisoneofthemostcommonofmetalcuttingoperations.Inturning,aworkpieceisrotatedaboutitsaxisassingle-pointcuttingtoolsarefedintoit,shearingawayexcessmaterialandcreatingthedesiredcylindricalsurface.Turningcanoccuronbothexternalandinternalsurfacestoproduceanaxially-symmetricalcontouredpart.Partsrangingfrompocketwatchcomponentstolargediametermarinepropellershaftscanbeturnedonalathe.5.1车削与车床沿工件进给，切掉多余的材料，最后形成要求的圆柱型表面，车削可以加工外表面以形成轴对称的成型零件，从怀表的零件到大型螺旋角零件轴都可以在车床上加工。车削是金属切削加工中最常用的方法之一。在车削过程中，一个工件绕其轴线回转，单刃车刀Apartfromturning,severalotheroperationscanalsobeperformedonalathe.除了车削，一些其它的操作也可以在车床上完成。Boringandinternalturning.Boringandinternalturningareperformedontheinternalsurfacesbyaboringbarorsuitableinternalcuttingtools.Iftheinitialworkpieceissolid,adrillingoperationmustbeperformedfirst.Thedrillingtoolisheldinthetailstock,andthelatteristhenfedagainsttheworkpiece.Whenboringisdoneinalathe,theworkusuallyisheldinachuckoronafaceplate.Holesmaybeboredstraight,tapered,ortoirregularcontours.Boringisessentiallyinternalturningwhilefeedingthetoolparalleltotherotationaxisoftheworkpiece.镗削和车内圆：利用镗杆或合适的内圆车刀可以进行镗削和车内圆。工件毛坯如果是实心的，首先要钻孔，钻头安装在尾架上，后者向工件进给，如果在车床上进行镗削，工件一般安装在卡盘活花盘上。镗出的孔可以是盲孔、锥孔或者不规则的轮廓，当工具与回转轴平行进给时，镗削实际上是车削。Unit7Qualityandaccuracyaremajorconsiderationsinmakingpartsorstructures.Interchangeablepartsrequireahighdegreeofaccuracytofittogether.Withincreasingaccuracyorlessvariationinthedimension,thelaborandmachineryrequiredtomanufactureapartismorecostintensive.Anymanufacturershouldhaveathoroughknowledgeofthetolerancestoincreasethequalityandreliabilityofamanufacturedpartwiththeleastexpense.在制造机器零件和结构的过程中，质量和精度是最重要的因素。互换性零件需要有高精度以实现相互配合。随着精度的增加和尺寸变化的减小，制造零件所需的劳动力和机器更趋于成本密集型，制造商应该对公差有全面的了解，并以最小的成本提高加工零件的质量和可靠性。Anengineeringdrawingmustbeproperlydimensionedinordertoconveythedesigner’sintenttotheenduser.Dimensionsofpartsgivenonblueprintsandmanufacturedtothosedimensionsshouldbeexactlyalikeandfitproperly.Unfortunately,itisimpossibletomakethingstoanexactordimension.Mostdimensionshaveavaryingdegreeofaccuracyandameansodspecifyingacceptablelimitationsindimensionalvariancesothatamanufacturedpartwillbeacceptedandstillfunction.Itisnecessarythatthedimensions,shapesandmutualpositionofsurfacesofindividualpartsarekeptwithinacertainaccuracytoachievetheircorrectandreliablefunctioning.Routineprocessesdonotallowmaintenance(ormeasurement)ofthegivengeometricalpropertieswithabsoluteaccuracy.Actualsurfacesoftheproducedpartsthereforedifferfromidealsurfacesprescribedindrawings.Deviationsofactualsurfacesaredividedintofourgroupstoenableassessment,prescriptionandcheckingofthepermittedinaccuracyduringproduction:1:Dimensionaldeviations;2:Shapedeviations;3:Positiondeviations;4:Surfaceroughnessdeviations.一张工程图应有恰当的尺寸标注，来把设计师的想法传递给用户，加工出的零件尺寸应与图纸上所标注的零件尺寸完全一致并匹配，但是加工零件的尺寸不可能是精确的尺寸，大多数的尺寸都有一个加工范围，这是可接受的规定尺寸变化极限的一种方法，以至于可以接受并使用这一加工零件，各个零件的尺寸精度，形状精度，互换位置精度必须保持在一个精度范围以内，以便正确可靠的实现他们的功能，常规的加工过程不允许对具有绝对精度的给点的几何特性进行维修和测量，因此实际零件加工表面不同于图纸中规定的理想零件表面，实际加工表面的偏差在进行评估说明和允许误差的检查过程中被分为四类：1.尺寸偏差，2.形状偏差，3.位置偏差，4.表面粗糙度。第二篇：机械工程专业英语_翻译spark-ignitonengine电火花式发动机acceptancesampling认可采样accessing访问accurate准确的acoustic声学的actuator作动器alternator交流发动机analogsensor模拟传感器analog-to-digitalconverter模数转换器armature电枢Artificialintelligence人工智能artificialneuralnetworks神经网络asageneralruleofthumb按惯例assumption假设asynchronousACmotors异步交流电动机asynchronous不同时的，异步的bargains讨价还价bearon生成binomial二项的Brakesystem制动系统brushed/brushlessmotors有刷/无刷电机builtinto内建Bythesametoken出于同样的原因capacitorStart电容器启动（电动机）catastrophically毁灭性地chargingcircuit充电电路Chargingsystem供电系统chassis车身底盘compression-ignitionengine压然式发动机coilhigh-tensioncables线圈高压电缆compartment间隔间，车厢Compoundwound复励concernedwith与有关concise简洁conductivity传导率constantload定常负载contracts合同Converter转换器corporateactivities公司的行为creditedletters对账单cylinder汽缸dataacquisition数据拾取defectives缺陷产品derivedfrom起源于destructiveinspection有损检测Detect检测diesel/compression-ignitionengine柴油机Differential差速器dimensionsofparts零件的尺寸dissipate耗尽，用完distribution分发distributor分电器downgradetoalowerqualitylevel信用等级下调dynamicbraking动态制动Electricalsystem电气系统electricalequipment电气装置electricalschematics电气原理图electricalsystem供电系统electromechanicalsystem机电系统electromechanical机电的eliminate排除emphasison强调equivalent相等的Essential基本的establish建立expertsystem专家系统fiber-opticsensor光纤传感器fiber-opticsensors光纤传感器Fiber-optic光纤fieldservice现场服务flaws有缺点的flux通量flywheel飞轮fractionalhorsepower(rating)小功率电动机fractional部分的，分数的functional功能的gasoline/spark-ignitionengine汽油机Gas-turbineengine汽轮机generate产生geographic地理的Grossdomesticproduct总产值heatengines热机high-tension高压的hood（发动机）罩humidity湿度hyperbolic双曲线的hysteresismotors磁滞式电动机hysteresis滞后作用，磁滞式hysteresis:磁滞现象ignitioncoil点火线圈Ignitionsystem点火系统imbalance不平衡，不均衡imperfect不合格的impetus推动，激励intermsof根据increaseordecreasetheslipspeedoftherotor增减转子的滑动速率inductionmotor感应式电机induction电磁感应informationtechnologies信息技术inherent固有的initialimpetus最初的发展Inorganicmaterials无机材料inspect检查Instrumentservomotor仪表伺服电机internalcombustionengine内燃机internalcombustion内燃机invoices发票irreversible不可逆转的leadingpowerfactor超前功率因数loadtorque负载扭矩Logicfunction逻辑功能logisticsupport后勤保障log-normal对数正态的low-tension低压的Magneticslip电磁转差率maintained保留makesupfor弥补manipulate操纵marginalcost边际成本medium中间，媒介mercurythermometer水银温度计Missileflighttracking导弹飞性追踪momentofinertia转动惯量monitoring监视motorwinding电机绕组：nationalcodesandstandards国标negotiate谈判nondestructiveinspection无损检测nondestructive无损检测Nonmentallicmaterials非金属材料operatingpractice实际操作permanentmagnet永磁permanentsplitcapacitor固定分相的电容器permeability渗透性placestheorder下订单Poissondistributions泊松分布Polarinertia极惯性矩poly-phaseACmotors多相交流电动机polyphase多相的Powerfactor功率因数Price-performanceratio性价比Principalcomponent主要部件proximitysensor接近传感器purchaseorder订单qualityassurance质量保证qualityinconformance产品移植性rawmaterials原材料Rearwheeldrive后轮驱动regenerativebraking再生制动，反馈制动regenerative再生的，反馈的reluctance磁阻repulsioninduction推斥式感应repulsionstart推斥式启动reversible可逆的Rotationalspeed转速rotormagneticfieldrotate转子磁场运动sampling采样scheme安排schemes方案scrapped抛弃semi-finishedparts半成品sensorfusion传感器融合Serieswound串励shadedpole屏蔽极式Sheetmetalshell金属板壳Shuntwound并励Shut-off关断signstheagreement签合同singlephase单相的smartsensor智能传感器somewhat稍微，有点sophistication复杂性，完善化，采用先进技术sparkplugcables火花塞电缆sparkplug火花塞specifications指标speedtransducer速度传感器splitphase分相式squirrelcage鼠笼式Startingsystem启动系统statistical统计的统计学统计学的steeringsystems方向系统steering转向器steppermotors步进电机strain应变sufficient足够的surfacetreatment表面处理surroundings环境Suspensionsystem悬挂系统suspension悬架switch开关，转换器synchronousACmotors同步交流电动机synchronous同时的Tactilesensing触觉传感技术technique-baseddecision技术决策tendsto倾向于tenet原则tensiletests拉伸实验tensile可拉长的tensile张力，拉力theinductionmotoroperatesneartheferquencyoftheinputsource：感应式电动机在接近输入电源频率下运行。Theinternalcombustionengine内燃机Tolerancelevels公差等级Torque扭矩torque-speedcurves转矩-速度曲线traceability可描绘traditionalbusiness传统商务transmissionsystems传动系统transmission变速器trunkdeck行李箱盖two-valuecapacitorstart两价电容器启动ubiquitous普遍存在的ultrasonic超声的，超声波universalmotor交直流两用电动机utilize利用variability可变的可变性vehicle车辆Visualsensing视觉传感技术voltageregulator电压调整器Weightdistribution质量分配Windingcurrent绕住电流withtheemergenceofdigitalsignalprocessorsandmicrocontrollers随着数字信号处理器和控制器的出现woundrotorinductionmotor绕线转子电动机woundrotor绕线转子第三篇：机械工程专业英语文章翻译机械题目：学号：班级：数控姓名：康振平工程专业英语Computer-AidedDesignandManufacturing20110334304121Computer-AidedDesignandManufacturing计算机辅助设计与制造Computer-aideddesign（CAD）involvestheuseofcomputerstocreatedesigndrawingsandproductmodels.Computer-aideddesignisusuallyassociatedwithinteractivecomputergraphics（knownasaCADsystem）.Computer-aideddesignsystemsarepowerfultoolsandareusedinthemechanicaldesignandgeometricmodelingofproductsandcomponents.计算机辅助设计（CAD）是指用计算机来创造设计图纸和产品模型。计算机辅助设计通常是与交互式计算机图形学（称为CAD系统）有关系的。计算机辅助设计系统是功能强大的工具，被用于在机械设计以及产品和零件的几何建模。InCAD，thedrawingboardisreplacedbyelectronicinputandoutputdevices.WhenusingaCADsystem，thedesignercanconceptualizetheobjecttobedesignedmoreeasilyontheGraphicsscreenandcanconsideralternativedesignsormodifyaparticulardesignquicklytomeetthenecessarydesignrequirementsorchanges.Thedesignercanthensubjectthedesigntoavarietyofengineeringanalysesandcanidentifypotentialproblems（suchasanexcessiveloadordeflection）.Thespeedandaccuracyofsuchanalysesfarsurpasswhatisavailablefromtraditionalmethods.在CAD（计算机辅助设计）中，传统的画图板被电子输入和输出设备所替换。当使用CAD系统时，设计者可以使对象概念化以便更容易在图形屏幕上设计，并且可以考虑替代设计或快速地修改一个特定的设计来达到必要的设计要求或变化。因而设计者可以提供多种工程分析并且可以识别潜在的问题（如过负荷或变形）。这些分析的速度和准确性都远远超过了传统的方法。Draftproductivityrisesdramatically.Whensomethingisdrawnonce，itneverhastobedrawnagain.itcanberetrievedfromalibrary,andcanbeduplicated,stretched,sized,andchangedinmanywayswithouthavingtoberedrawn。Cutandpastetechniquesareusedaslabor-savingaids.设计生产率的提高是显著的。当某些图形被绘制一次后，就没必要再画第二次。它可以从图形库中恢复，可以被复制，拉伸，改变大小，和其他许多方面的改变而无需重新绘制。剪切和粘贴技巧作为节省劳力的助手被使用。CADmakespossiblemultiview2Ddrawings，andthedrawingscanbereproducedindifferentlevelsofreductionandenlargement.Itgivesthemechanicalengineertheabilitytomagnifyeventhesmallestofcomponentstoascertainifassembledcomponentsfitproperly.Partswithdifferentcharacteristics，suchasmovableorstationary，canbeassigneddifferentcolorsonthedisplay.CAD使二维图纸多重视图变为可能，并且图形可以在大小不同的图层里重生。它使机械工程师有能力放大甚至最小的部件来确定构件是否装配合适。对于具有不同特性的零部件，如移动或静止，可以指定不同的颜色在显示屏上标示。haveevenmorefreedomwiththeadventof3-Dpartsandmanipulatetheminendlessvariationstoachievethedesiredresults.Throughfiniteelementanalysis，stressescanbeappliedtobeacomputermodelandtheresultsgraphicallydisplayed，givingthedesignerquickfeedbackonanyinherentproblemsinadesignbeforethecreationofaphysicalprototype.随着三维建模的出现设计师有了更多自由和无限制的修改它们以实现所期望的结果。通过有限元分析，应力加到计算机模型上并且以图形化的方式显示其结果，在产品物理原型生产之前，对设计中的任何内在问题给设计者一个快速的反馈。DesignersInadditiontothedesign’sgeometricanddimensionalfeatures，otherinformation（suchasalistofmaterials，specification，andmanufacturinginstructions）isstoredintheCADdatabase.Usingsuchinformation,thedesignercanthenanalyzetheeconomicsofalternativedesigns.除了设计的几何和尺寸特性之外，其他信息(比如材料清单、规格、和制造说明)都存储在CAD数据库里。利用这些信息，设计师可以分析备选设计的经济性。Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)involvestheusesofcomputersandcomputertechnologytoassistinallthephasesofmanufacturingaproduct，includingprocessandproductionplanning，machining，scheduling，management，andqualitycontrol.Computer-aideddesignandcomputer-aidedmanufacturingareoftencombinedintoCAD/CAMsystems.计算机辅助制造(CAM)包括使用计算机和计算机技术来协助制造产品的所有阶段，包括工艺和生产计划，加工，调度，管理，和质量控制。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造常常是和CAD/CAM系统相结合的。Thiscombinationallowthetransferofinformationfromthedesignstageintothestageofplanningforthemanufactureofaproduct，withouttheneedtoreenterthedataonpartgeometrymanually.ThedatabasedevelopedduringCADisstored；thenitisprocessedfurther，byCAM，intothenecessarydataandinstructionsforoperatingandcontrollingproductionmachinery，material-handlingequipment，andautomatedtestingandinspectionforproductquality.这种组合允许一个产品的信息从设计阶段传递到加工规划阶段，而不需要手动重新输入几何部件的数据。计算机辅助设计研发期间存储在数据库，然后通过计算机辅助制造进一步处理，一直到必要的数据和指令的操作和控制生产机械、物料搬运设备，自动化测试和检验产品质量。Inmachiningoperations，animportantfeatureofCAD/CAMisitscapabilitytodescribethetoolpathforvariousoperations，suchasNCturning，milling，anddrilling.Theinstructions（programs）arecomputergenerated，andtheycanbemodifiedbytheprogrammertooptimizethetoolpath.Theengineerortechniciancanthendisplayandvisuallycheckthetoolpathforpossibletoolcollisionswithfixturesorotherinterferences.Thetoolpathcanbemodifiedatanytime，toaccommodateotherpartshapestobemachined.在机械加工中，CAD/CAM的一个重要特征是它有可以描述刀具运动轨迹的能力，如数控车削，铣削，钻孔。指令（程序）是计算机生成的，它们可以由程序员修改优化刀具路径。工程师或技术员可以显示和检查刀具路径可能与夹具或其他干扰工具碰撞。刀具路径可以随时修改，以适应其他部分的形状被加工。SometypicalapplicationsofCAD/CAMare：（a）programmingforNC，CNC，andindustrialrobots；（b）designoftoolsandfixturesandEDMelectodes；（c）qualitycontrolandinspection，forinstance，coordinate-measuringmachinesprogrammedonaCAD/CAMworkstation；（d）processplanningandscheduling；and（e）plantlayout.CAD/CAM的一些典型应用是：（a）数控编程，计算机数控编程和工业机器人；（b）工具和夹具以及电火花电极的设计；（c）质量控制和检查，例如，在CAD/CAM工作站上的坐标测量机编程；（d）工艺规划与调度；和（e）工厂布局。TheemergenceofCAD/CAMhashadamajorimpactonmanufacturing，bystandardizingproductdevelopmentandbyreducingdesigneffort，tryout，andprototypework；ithasmadepossiblesignificantlyreducedcostsandimprovedproductivity.Thetwo-engineBoeing777passengerairplane，forexample,wasdesignedcompletedbycomputer（paperlessdesign）.TheplaneisconstructeddirectlyfromtheCAD/CAMsoftwaredeveloped（anenhancedCATIAsystem）andnoprototypesormockupswerebuilt，suchaswererequiredforpreviousmodels.CAD/CAM的出现对制造业产生了重大影响，通过产品开发的标准化和减少设计工作量，试用，和原型的工作；它有可能大大降低成本和提高生产力。例如双引擎的波音777客机就是由计算机设计完成（无纸化设计）。这架飞机直接从CAD/CAM软件开发（增强CATIA系统）并没有建立原型或实物模型的情况下制造出来，如以前所需要的的模型。第四篇：机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)1.Withlow-powermachineryorvehiclestheoperatorcanusuallyapplysufficientforcethroughasimplemechanicallinkagefromthepedleorhandletothestationarypartofthebrake.Inmanycases,however,thisforcemustbemultipliedbyusinganelaboratebrakingsystem.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。2.Thefundamentalprincipleinvolvedistheuseofcompressedairactingthroughapistoninacylindertosetblockbrakesonthewheels.Theactionissimultaneousonthewheelsofallthecarsinthetrain.Thecompressedairiscarriedthroughastronghosefromcartocarwithcouplingsbetweencars;itsreleasetoalltheseparateblockbrakeunits,atthesametime,iscontrolledbytheengineer.(BrakingSystems)（P5）相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输；工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。3.Whenthebrakepedalofanautomobileisdepressed,aforceisappliedtoapistoninamastercylinder.Thepistonforceshydraulicfluidthroughmetaltubingintoacylinderineachwheelwherethefluid’spressuremovestwopistonsthatpressthebrakeshoesagainstthedrum.(BrakingSystems)（P5）当踩下汽车刹车的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸，在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。4.Machineryontologyincludingmechanicalrack,mechanicalconnectionsandmechanicaltransmission,whichisthebasisofmechanical-electricalintegration,playsaroleinsupportingtheotherfunctionalunitsofthesystemandtransmittingmotionandpower.Comparedtopurelymechanicalproducts,theperformanceandfunctionalityofintegrationtechnologyinelectricalandmechanicalsystemshavebeenimprovedalot,whichrequiresmechanicalontologytoadaptitsnewstatusinmechanicalstructure,materials,processingtechnology,aswellastheareasofgeometry.Accordingly,thenewontologyiswithhighefficient,multi-functional,reliableandenergy-saving,small,light-weightedandaestheticallypleasingcharacteristics.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动，它是机电一体化的基础，作用是支撑系统其他功能单元，传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比，一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高，它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的，新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。5.Detectingsensordetectingsensorpartincludesavarietyofsensorsandsignaldetectioncircuit,anditsfunctionistodetecttheprocessofmechatronicsystemsintheworkitselfandthechangesofrelevantparametersinexternalenvironmentandtransmittheinformationtotheelectroniccontrolunit.Electroniccontrolunitchecktheinformationandsendsthecorrespondingcontrolissuestotheactuator.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路，它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程，在外部环境下的相关参数的改变，将其信息传给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息，送出相应的指令到执行机构。6.Electroniccontrolunit,alsoknownasECU,isthecoreofmechatronicsystems,responsiblefortheexternalcommandsandthesignalsoutputbysensors.Itcentralizesstores,computesandanalyzestheinformation.Basedontheresultsofinformationprocessing,instructionareissuedaccordingtoacertainextentandpacetocontrolthedestinationfortheentiresystem.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）电子控制单元，也被称为控制单元（ECU）控制，是机电系统的核心，负责外部命令和传感器的信号输出。它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。基于信息处理的结果，按照一定的范围和步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统的目标。7.Itisputintoafairlystandardmachinetoolthathashadpositionsensingandmotorsonthecontrolknobsinstalled.Thisisbasicallyjustarobotmachinist.Youusearotatingcuttingtooltocutawayallthemetalthatisn’tyourcrank.3Dmetaletch-a-sketch,withthecomputerinterpolating,sothecirclescomeouttobeprettysmooth.(CNCMachining)（P9）将数控系统装入一个非常标准的机床，它在控制手柄上有位置感应和马达。这基本上是一个机械师。你能使用一个旋转切削刀具切掉不是你设计的所有金属。具有计算内插的三维金属蚀刻成型可以使得圆被加工得更光滑。8.They(CNCmachine)arecomplicatedmachines,fullofservomechanisms,andmeasuringtechnologythatcanmeasureto0.005mm(0.0001”)whilecoveredinoil.ACNCmachinehasaminimumof6motors(includingsometochangetools,andoneormoretopumpoilandcoolantvariousplaces).Thistranslatestorunningcoststhatmaybewellover$1/minute.(Thecomputerisnotasignificantpartofthecostanymore.)(CNCMachining)（P10）数控机床是复杂的机器，具有伺服机构和检测技术，它能在覆盖油膜状态下检测到0.005mm。数控机床至少有6个马达（包括一些用来换刀具，一个或多个用来泵油和冷却液的各地方）。这些化成运行成本可能大大超过1美元/分钟。（电脑不再是成本的一个重要部分.）9.Thesmaller,denserchipscanalsoprovidespeedbenefits,becauseinhigh-speeddevices,thelengthoftimeittakesasignaltotravelagivendistancecanbecomeafactor.(IntegratedCircuit(IC))（P57）小而密的芯片能提供速度优势，因为高速装置中，信号传输给定距离所需时间长度是一个因素。10．ICshaveconsistentlymigratedtosmallerfeaturesizesovertheyears,allowingmorecircuitrytobepackedoneachchip.Thisincreasedcapacityperunitareacanbeusedtodecreasecostand/orincreasefunctionality-seeMoore’slawwhich,initsmoderninterpretation,statesthatthenumberoftransistorsinanintegratedcircuitdoubleseverytwoyears。（P58）多年来集成电路持续向更小的外观尺寸发展，允许每个芯片封装更多的电路，这增加了单位面积的容量，可以被用于降低成本和/或增加功能。由Moore法则，用现代的解释来说，集成电路中晶体管的数量每两年涨一倍。11.Ingeneral,asthefeaturesizeshrinks,almosteverythingimprovesthecostperunitandtheswitchingpowerconsumptiongoesdown,andthespeedgoesup.However,ICswithnanometer-scaledevicesarenotwithouttheirproblems,principalamongwhichisleakagecurrent,althoughtheseproblemsarenotinsurmountableandwilllikelybesolvedoratleastamelioratedbytheintroductionofhigh-kdielectrics.(IntegratedCircuit(IC))（P58）一般随着外观尺寸的减小，几乎任何物品的单位成本会改善（降低），转换能源消耗会降低，速度提高。然而，纳米级设备所用的IC芯片不是没有问题，其中最基本的是漏电流，尽管这些问题不是不可克服的，它可被解决，或至少可通过引入高k值绝缘体被改善。12.Themajorfabricatingstepsforintegratedcircuitsincludefilmformation,impuritydoping,photolithography,etching,andpackaging.（P58）集成电路的主要的制造步骤包括薄膜形成、掺杂杂质、微影技术、蚀刻、包装。13.FactoryassemblylinemachineryisactivatedandmonitoredbyasinglePLC,whereinthepasthundredsoftimersandrelayswouldhavebeenrequiredtodothetask.Themachineorsystemuserrarely,ifever,interactsdirectlywiththePLC’sprogram.WhenitisnecessarytoeithereditorcreatethePLCprogram,apersonalcomputerisusually(butnotalways)connectedtoit.(WhatisaPLC?)（P61）工厂的装配线机械用一个PLC就能操纵和监控，过去需要数百的计时器和继电器才能完成这项工作。这台机器或系统用户，如果有的话，很少直接与PLC的程序交互。当有必要编辑或创建PLC程序时仅需将个人计算机（但不总是）连到PLC上。14.Theprocessesofsequencingcontrolandinterlocklogicneededforautomobilemanufacturingwasatimeconsumingandarduoustask,whichrequiredmanualupdatingofrelays,timersanddedicatedclosed-loopcontrollers.Whenanewyear’smodelwascomingoffthedrawingboard,skilledelectricianswerecalledontoresettheproductionline.(WhatisaPLC?)（P61）汽车制造所需的时序控制、互锁逻辑的处理是一项耗时、费劲的工作，它需要手工更新继电器、计时器和特定的闭环控制器。当一个新模型脱离制图板，熟练的电工被要求从装生产线。15.PLCs,inessence,monitorexternalsensoryactivityfromadditionaldevices.Theytakeinthedatawhichreportsonawidevarietyofactivity,suchasmachineperformance,energyoutput,andprocessimpediment.Theyalsocontrolattachedmotorstarters,pilotlights,valuesandmanyotherdevices.Bothfunctionsrespondtoacustom,user-createdprogram.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）PLC，本质上是监控附加装置的外部传感活动，他们接受数据，这些数据提供广泛的活动，如机器性能、能量输出和加工障碍。它们也控制相连的马达启动器、导航灯、阀门和许多其他装置。所有的功能都对应一个惯例，实用程序。16.They(PLCs)aredesignedforreal-timeuse,andoftenmustwithstandharshenvironmentsontheshopfloor.Theprogrammablelogiccontrollercircuitrymonitorsthestatusofmultiplesensorinput,whichcontroloutputactuators,whichmaybethingslikemotorstarters,solenoid,lightsanddisplays,orvalves.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）PLC被设计为实时应用，常常必须经受车间恶劣环境。PLC的电路检测很多传感器输入的状态，控制输出执行机构，如马达启动器、螺线管、灯、显示屏和阀门。17.LadderlogicisessentiallyaBooleanlogic-solvingprogramwithagraphicaluserinterfacedesignedtolooklikeanelementarywiringdiagram,familiartoallindustrialelectricians.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）梯形逻辑本质是一个具有图形用户界面的布尔逻辑处理程序，设计成一个所有的工业电气师都熟悉的基本电气线图。18.PIDcanbedescribedasasetofruleswithwhichpreciseregulationofaclosed-loopcontrolsystemisobtained.Closedloopcontrolmeansamethodinwhichareal-timemeasurementoftheprocessbeingcontrolledisconstantlyfedbacktothecontrollingdevicetoensurethatthevaluewhichisdesiredis,infact,beingrealized.(WhatisPIDControl)（P63）PID可以用一组规则描述，通过这组规则可获得闭环控制系统的精密调控。闭环控制是一种方法，用这种方法可将被控过程的实时检测持续地反馈给控制设备以确保期望值被实现。19.Themostimportantofthese(PIDs),ProportionalControl,determinesthemagnitudeofthedifferencebetweentheSETPOINTandthePROCESSVARIABLE(knownasERROR),andthenappliesappropriateproportionalchangestotheCONTROLVARIABLEtoeliminateERROR.(WhatisPIDControl)（P63）PID中最重要的是比例控制，它决定了设定值和过程变量间的差值，然后对控制变量使用合适的比例变量以消除误差。20.Shaftingisthemachineelementthatsupportsarollerandwheelsothattheycanperformtheirbasicfunctionsofrotation.Shafting,madefromroundmetalbarsofvariouslengthsandmachinedtodimensionthesurface,isusedinagreatvarietyofshapesandapplications.Becauseshaftscarryloadsandtransmitpower,theyaresubjecttothestressesandstrainsofoperatingmachineparts.Standardizedprocedureshavebeenevolvedfordeterminingthematerialcharacteristicsandsizerequirementsforsafeandeconomicalconstructionandoperation.(Shafting)（P67）轴是能支撑滚子和轮子以完成最基本的旋转运动的机械元件。轴，由各类长度的圆形金属棒料制成，被加工成各类的表面尺寸，以各种形状用于各种用途。轴因为承载和传动必经受在工作的机器零件的应力和应变。已演化出的标准流程确定安全经济结构操作所需的材料特性和尺寸要求。21.Particularlyinsolidshafting,theshaftissteppedtoallowgreaterstrengthinthemiddleportionwithminimumdiameterontheendsatthebearings.Thestepsallowshouldersforpositioningthevariouspartspressedontotheshaftduringtherotorassembly.(Shafting)（P67）特别是实心轴，阶梯轴允许中部有更大的强度，端部轴承处直径最小。阶梯允许轴肩在转子装置期间，通过靠在轴上来定位各类零件。22.Oneormorepiecesofshaftingjoinedbycouplingsisusedtotransmitpowerfrom,forexample,anenginetoaremotelylocatedmachine.Asingleenginecandrivemanylinesofshafting,which,inturn,connectinmultiplefashionstoprocessequipmentmachines.Beltsoperateonpulleystotransmitthetorquefromonelinetoanotherandfromtheshaftingtothemachines.Clutchesandcouplingscontrolthetransferofpowerfromtheshafting.Thedeliveryofpowertothemachinesinashophasgenerallybeenconvertedfromlineshaftingtoindividualelectricmotordrivesforeachmachine.Thus,inamodernprocessingplant,lineshaftingisobsolete.（P68）一个或多个传动轴件，由联轴节接合，用来传送能量形式，例如，一个引擎到远程机器。一个单一的引擎可以驱动许多轴系，反过来，以多种形式连接到加工设备机器。皮带在滑轮上运行，从一个轴系向另一个轴系传递扭矩，并从轴系传递给机器。离合器和联轴器控制来自轴系的动力传递。把动力传递给车间里的机器一般已从用传动轴系变成了用独立的电动马达驱动每台机器。因此，在一个现代化的加工厂里，传动轴系已过时。23.Differingwidelyinviscosity,specificgravity,vaporpressure,boilingpoint,andotherproperties,lubricantsalsoofferawiderangeofselectionfortheincreasinglyvariedneedsofmodernindustry.Butwhatevertheirderivationorproperties,thepur