山东省2025届高考英语二轮复习考点透析解密15阅读理解之词义猜测题讲义+分层训练

解密15阅读理解之词义揣测题考点详解考点详解 词义揣测是应用英语的重要实力，也是高考中必考的题型。它不但须要精确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，驾驭或相识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。【命题趋势】1.要求依据阅读材料所供应的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和阅历，正确推断生词词组的含义或成熟词 在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2.要求揣测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词 义的具体内容。3.代词复指理解题也是揣测词义的常考类型。用＂逻辑关系梳理法＂、＂递向寻踪法＂理清人物及事物 之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【设问形式】1.Theunderlinedword＂…＂inthesecond(third…)paragraphrefersto(means)______.2.Bysayingthat＂…＂inthefirst(second…)paragraph,theauthormeansthat______.3.Inparagraph…,＂…＂canbereplacedby＂______＂.4.Themeaningof＂…＂inparagraph…isrelatedto______.5.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto…(paragraph…)?6.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe…paragraphprobablymeansthat_____.对此类试题，考生应当进行大胆揣测，但这种揣测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有确定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的揣测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。一、相像法：利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相像的结构揣测词义。在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟识的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。…Fermat’sLastTheorem（定理）,firstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.…65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家费尽心机（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，依据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。二、对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）揣测词义。对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此依据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hotandcold,perfectandimperfect，甚至前、后句为确定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。表示对比的信号词有yet,but,while,though,however,otherwise,ontheonehand...ontheotherhand,foronething...foranotherthing,insteadof等。…Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.…74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?A.Apartydesignedbyspecialists.B.Aplanrequiringcarefulthought.C.Asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble.D.Ademandmadebyguests.【答案】C【解析】依据前句的否定doesn’t与后句的确定canbe这一对比关系，可以推断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日快乐包。Hassle的意思应当与fun相反，而与difficulty,trouble相近。答案为C。三、释义法：有些文章，特殊是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词赐予定义，我们可以利用定义来揣测这些词的意思。释义法就是依据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以说明说明的方式。常见的词有：mean,thatis,inotherwords,forexample,forinstance,suchas...全国Ⅰ卷B26.WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.词义揣测题。依据最终一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,(虽然金钱的确是奇妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，依据上下文的语境可推知，“rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此推断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项。“Organicproduceisalwaysbetter,”Goldsaid.“Thefoodisfreeofpesticides(农药),andyouaregenerallysupportingfamilyfarmsinsteadoflargefarms.Andmoreoftenthannotitislocally(本地)grownandseasonal,soitismoretasty.”Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingintotheorganictrend,andsupermarketsacrossBritainarecountingonmorelikehimastheygrowtheirorganicfoodbusiness.62.Whatisthemeaningof“theorganictrend”asthewordsareusedinthetext?A.Growinginterestinorganicfood.B.Betterqualityoforganicfood.C.Risingmarketfororganicfood.D.Higherpricesoforganicfood.【答案】A【解析】由Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingsomething可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样起先购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越深厚的爱好。答案为A。四、语境推断法：任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是确定孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文供应的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推想词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。1．依据对比关系揣测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以依据生词的反义词揣测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while引导的并列句。例如：Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂hassle＂(paragraph1)probablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests依据对比关系，这里hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意义，很简洁推断理解题的答案为C。2．依据比较关系揣测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相像关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。例如：Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语lovestotalk和loquacious之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是＂健谈的＂。3．依据因果关系揣测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以依据这种逻辑关系推想生词词义。例如：Ifeelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.Theword＂presumptuous＂inthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto＂__________＂.A．fullofrespectB．tooconfidentandrudeC．lackinginexperienceD．tooshyandquiet依据since引导的缘由状语从句的内容（＂既然你是我的上司＂），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：＂冒失的，放纵的＂意思，后半句的意思是：我告知你怎么做会是一种放纵/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.依据缘由状语从句的内容，我们可以推断Pruning的意思是：＂修剪（树枝等）＂的意思。4．依据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系揣测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟识的词语，依据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如：WilliamShakespearesaid.＂Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（纱线），goodandilltogether.＂Theunderlinedword＂mingled＂inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy句中goodandilltogether更具体地说明白amingledyarn的意义，据此我们不难推想mingled的意思是：＂混合的，交织的＂，答案是：B。Isitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris＂yes＂,accordingtotheresearchersatJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.依据andthreeothermedicalcenters这种并列关系，我们很简洁推断出：JohnsHopkins是一家医疗中心。【2024·全国卷=2\*ROMANII，C】Thefurtradekeptnutriacheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed. B.Becamemature. C.Remainedstable. D.Crashed.答案：30.D解析：词义揣测题。依据第五段Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的限制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年头末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，依据but推断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于限制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。五、构词推断法：阅读中经常会遇到一些由熟识的单词派生或合成的新词。驾驭构词法对揣测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以依据构词法把它拆成un,fore,see,able；其中see是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。1．依据前缀揣测词义例如：Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?依据词根educational（教化的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：＂男女同校教化的＂意思。2．依据后缀揣测词义例如：It'saquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking(俯瞰)thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEngland'smostsoutherlypoint．后缀-ise/ize意思是＂使成为…；使…化＂，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出uncommercialized的意思是：＂未被商业化的＂。3．依据复合词的各部分揣测词义例如：Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward（别扭的）handpositions.Well-designed或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推想出其含义。它由well（好，优秀）和design（设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂设计精致的＂意思。Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethatcraft(手艺)nolongerexists.依据合成词中的mass（大量的）和produce（生产），我们可以推想mass-produce的意思是：＂大批量生产；规模生产＂的意思。【2024·山东卷，D】AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.答案：13.D.解析：词义揣测题。依据构词法，bean:指豆子；pole:杆子，合起来，豆杆一样的人，可知，此处指又高又瘦的人。另外结合语境，前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，现有的探讨认为：你应当避开和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应当避开的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推断出，画线词和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故选D。检测训练检测训练题组一真题在线Passage1(2024·全国新课标卷=3\*ROMANIII，D)Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金）(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor)Forweeks,I'vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitforthem?Andhowdowetrainourselvestohelpthemlivewith,need,anduseless?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephisinterest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,tenminutes,max.Ichosearedrubberball-simple,universallyavailable.Wepassedit,hetriedtoputitinhismouth,hetriedbouncingit,rollingit,sittingonit,throwingit.Itwastotally,completelyenoughforhim.BeforeIknewitanhourhadpassedanditwastimetomoveontolunch.Webothbecameabsorbedinthesimplicityofplayingtogether.HehadmyfullattentionandIhadhis.Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.32.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Themore,thebetter. B.Enoughisenough.C.Moremoney,moreworries. D.Earnmoreandspendmore.33.WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.Savingupforherholiday B.RaisingmoneyforapoorgirlC.Addingthemoneytoherfund D.Givingthemoneytoasickmother34.WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.TotryoutanideaB.Toshowaparent'sloveC.TotrainhisattentionD.Tohelphimstartahobby35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeItorLeaveIt B.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLess D.ThePleasureofGiving【语篇解读】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲解并描述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简洁玩具中获得欢乐的做法。32.A【解析】词义揣测题。依据文章第一段最终一句…IcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。33.C【解析】细微环节理解题。依据文章其次段中Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教化基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。34.A【解析】细微环节理解题。依据文章最终一段最终一句Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。35.C【解析】主旨大意题。依据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子howtolivemorewithless，而二三段是作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。Passage2(2024·全国新课标卷=3\*ROMANIII，D)StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneof

Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike

Stein

to

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'argument:manycitieswithbansstillallowshoppers

to

purchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergy

to

produceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeugly

to

lookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofall

garbage

onthegroundtodayTheindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy

to

make.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（质疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshoppers

to

usethesamereusablebagsforyears.24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl【语篇解读】文章分析了几种购物袋的运用状况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋简洁回收，但生产和运输须要更多的能源，希望消费者运用耐用可重复运用的袋子。24.D【解析】细微环节理解题。依据第一段oneof

Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.和其次段plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike

Stein

to

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用StevenStein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的说明和争辩。故选D。25.A【解析】词义揣测题。上文介绍在很多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用StevenStein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bansonplasticbags，故选A。26.D【解析】细微环节理解题。依据第四段However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy

to

make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复运用的袋子须要更多的能量，故选D。27.A【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲解并描述了运用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋简洁回收，但生产和运输须要更多的能源，希望消费者运用耐用可重复运用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。Passage3（2024﹒江苏卷，B）Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有）aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomme.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant. Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食）whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty. Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert. Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces.finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特）.Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草）stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent. Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding,highprices—don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot"beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad'tables,"giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.58.Theunderlinedphrase"nonethewiser"inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere. A.notawareofeatingmorethanusual B.notwillingtosharefoodwithothers C.notconsciousofthefoodquality D.notfondofthefoodprovided59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit? A.playingclassicalmusic. B.Introducinglemonscent. C.Makingthelightbrighter, D.Usingplatesoflargersize.60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout? A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers. B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith. C.Waystoimproverestaurants'reputation. D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.【语篇解读】本文是一篇争论文。论述了现代餐馆面临的经营逆境和解决方案，通过对比快餐店和正规餐馆提出，现代餐饮业可以通过味道（比如薰衣草相比柠檬更能刺激消费者的食欲）、灯光的明暗（比如暗的灯光更能够刺激顾客食欲）等吸引顾客。58.A【解析】词义揣测题。依据该句中“…theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert”可知，他们没有感觉更饱，想要再吃一点甜点；据此可以推断，划线词表示“他们没有意识到比平常吃得多”，故选A项。59.A【解析】细微环节理解题。依据第四段第三、四句“Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.”可知，在餐馆播放古典音乐能延长顾客在餐馆的时间，从而促进餐馆赢得更多的利润，故选A项。60.D【解析】段意归纳题。通读尾段可知，该段第一句“Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“badtables,crowding,highprices—don’tnecessarily”为该段的主题段；结合全段内容可知，该段主要论述了人们对餐馆的常见误会，故选D项。Passage4(2024·新课标卷II，D)Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.Charles

Darwin,

over

150

years

ago,

imagined

a

world

far

busier,

noisier

and

more

intimate(密切的)

than

the

world

we

can

see

and

hear.

Our

senses

are

weak.

There’s

a

whole

lot

going

on.32.

What

does

a

plant

do

when

it

is

under

attack?A.

It

makes

noises.

B.

It

gets

help

from

other

plants.C.

It

stands

quietly

D.

It

sends

out

certain

chemicals.33.

What

does

the

author

mean

by

“the

tables

are

turned”

in

paragraph

3?A.

The

attackers

get

attacked.B.

The

insects

gather

under

the

table.C.

The

plants

get

ready

to

fight

back.D.

The

perfumes

attract

natural

enemies.34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsectsC.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.B.PeoplehavestrongersensesthanbeforeC.TheworldismorecomplexthanitseemsD.PeopleinDarwin’stimewereimaginative.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。探讨发觉，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来爱护自己或者与四周的植物通过化学物质进行沟通。32.D【解析】细微环节理解题。依据“reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm”可知，当植物受到损害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。33.A【解析】词义推想题。依据“Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch”，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。34.B【解析】细微环节理解题，依据“ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked”及“Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway...”可知答案选B。35.C【解析】推理推断题。依据“imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(密切的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更喧闹、更密切，我们认知实力有限，有很多事仍在接着发生，远比我们想象的要困难。故选C。Passage5(2024·新课标III卷，C)Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theGraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstone29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂displaced＂inparagraph2mean?A.Tested. B.Separated. C.Forcedout. D.Trackeddown.30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量渐渐削减，鹿群数量渐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。28.D【解析】主旨大意题。文章开宗明义地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中具体介绍其缘由以及带来的良好的转机，由此推断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。29.C【解析】词义揣测题。依据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼渐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。30.A【解析】推理推断题。依据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的削减造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消逝导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。31.B【解析】推理推断题。依据文章末段的最终一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的试验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持确定的看法。Passage6(2024·天津卷)Thismonth,Germany’stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriver’sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar’smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars.”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithoutoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.46.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredrivers’r