语法(七)-形容词副词

词类（七）——形容词、副词一、形容词、副词的用法：1．形容词：用来修饰和描述名词、代词，位于名词、代词之前（修饰不定代词时，应放在不定代词之后）作定语；位于系动词（be、seem、feel、smell、sound、look、taste、get、turn、become等）之后作表语；作宾语补足语（动词+宾语+形容词）。e.g.Maryisagoodstudent.Didthemanagersayanythingimportantatthemeeting?Helooksquitehealthy.Therainmadethegroundwet.2．副词：用来修饰动词，位于动词之后；用来修饰形容词、副词，强调程度，位于形容词、副词之前。e.g.Thecatrunsveryfast.Heisalittlefat.△多数形容词+ly可以构成副词；反之，多数副词去掉词末的ly可构成形容词。e.g.quick→quickly；careful→carefully△貌似副词的形容词有：lovely、friendly、lively、lonely△既是形容词又是副词的有：hard、late、early、fast、loude.g.Thegroundisveryhard.Heworkshard.△某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连用。e.g.thedead;theliving;therich;thepoor;theblind;thehungry△常见的用作形容词的现在分词和过去分词有：现在分词：rising;living;boring;interesting;surprising;amazing;exciting;tiring;relaxing过去分词：worried;closed;lost;married;relaxed(过去分词一般用来表示人的感觉，现在分词一般用来表示主语的性质和特点)e.g.Theywererelaxedonthebeach.Wewantarelaxingvacation.△else“别的，其它的”，只用来修饰疑问代词what、which、who、whom及不定代词，位于疑问代词及不定代词之后。e.g.---Whatelsedoyouwant?---Nothingelse.△enough“足够的/地”，作形容词时可放在名词前面或后面；作副词修饰形容词、副词时，必须放在形容词、副词之后。e.g.Ihaveenoughmoney.=Ihavemoneyenough.Heisstrongenoughtocarrytheheavybox.△always、usually、often、sometimes、already、ever、never等表示频率的副词，通常放在行为动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。e.g.Heisalwayslateforschool.Hedoesn’toftengotoschoolbycar.二、形容词、副词的原级、比较级、最高级的基本用法：1．构成1）规则变化：a.一般在词尾+er/est。如cold——colder/coldestb.以字母e结尾的，只+r/st。如large——larger/largestc.以辅音字母+y结尾，去y为i+er/est。如easy——easier/easiestd.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，双写辅音字母，再+er/est。如wet——wetter/wetteste.部分双音节词和多音节词在词前+more/themost。如careful——morecareful——themostcarefulf.特殊：tired——moretired/themosttiredfriendly——morefriendly(friendlier)clearly——moreclearly/mostclearly2）不规则变化：good/well——better——bestmany/much——more——mostill/bad/badly——worse——worstlittle——less——leastold——older/elder——oldest/eldestfar——farther/further——farthest/furthest（注：elder/eldest表示辈分，older/oldest表示年龄；farther/farthest表示距离，further/furthest表示程度。如：Myelderbrotherisolderthanme.“我哥哥比我大。”）2．用法：原级：用于两个人或物之间同种级别的比较，常用as…as…（和……一样）、notas/so…as…（和……不一样）。e.g.Hismotherisasoldasmymother.Hismotherisnotas/sooldasmymother.（只有否定时，第一个as才可以改用so）比较级：用来把彼此独立的两个人或物进行比较，比较的两个个体之间没有相互包含的关系，通常由than（比）来连接两个比较的个体。e.g.Iamolderthanyou.Tomistallerthananyotherboy/theotherboysinhisclass.最高级：在一个范围内，把群体中的一员与整体进行比较，个体包含在整体之中，常用in、of来表示范围。e.g.LiLeiisthetallestboyinhisclass.LiLeiisthetallestboyofthethreeboys.（注：当个体与整体属于同个范畴时，用介词of；当个体与整体不属于同个范畴时，用介词in）3．如何选用正确的级别：1）句子中有very、too、quite、more、most、so等词修饰时，用原级。e.g.Sheisaverygoodstudent.2)句子中有much、far、alot、alittle、abit、even、still等词修饰时，用比较级。e.g.LiLeiisfar/muchclevererthanbefore.3）两者间同级别的比较，用原级，常用句型as…as…/notas(so)…as…4）句子中有连词than时，用比较级。5）句子中有表示范围的of/in短语时，用最高级。6）形容词前面有序数词时，用最高级。e.g.TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.△形容词的最高级前必须+the，但当形容词最高级前有代词修饰时，则需把the去掉；副词的最高级前则可加可不加。e.g.Heisthebestfriendofmine.Heisoneofmybestfriends.△可以用“名词（或数词）词组+形容词或副词的比较级”来表示“比……相差多少”。e.g.SheisaheadshorterthanJohn.她比约翰矮一个头。LiuMeiisfouryearsolderthanZhangJun.刘梅比张军大四岁。△“A+谓语动词+the+比较级+ofthetwo…”，表示“两者中较……的”。e.g.Heisthemorecarefulofthetwoengineers.△“比较级+and+比较级”，表示“越来越……”。e.g.我们的生活变得越来越好。Ourlifeisbecomingbetterandbetter.△“the+比较级……，the+比较级……”，表示“越……，就越……”。e.g.Themore,thebetter.越多越好。Thebusierthefarmersare,thehappiertheywillbe.农民们越忙，就越开心。△“less+原级+than”，表示“……不如……”。e.g.Ithinkpopmusicislessbeautifulthanclassicmusic.△“oneofthe+最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”，表示“……是最……之一”。e.g.USAisoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.△三种级别之间的互相转换：e.g.翻译：莉莉是我们班最高的女孩子。Lilyisthetallestgirlinourclass.→最高级=Lilyistallerthananyothergirlinourclass.→比较级=Lilyistallerthantheothergirlsinourclass.→比较级=NooneinourclassisastallasLily.→原级（注：anyother+单数名词，表示“其他的任何一个”；theother+复数名词，表示“生产剩余的全部。”）比较等级典型试题例析1.Youmustwriteas________asyoucan.A.morecareful B.carefully C.careful D.care2.—InourEnglishstudyreadingismoreimportantthanspeaking,Ithink.—Idon’tagreewithyou.Speakingis________reading.A.asimportantas B.soimportantasC.themostimportant D.thesameas3.Jimisrunning________Bruce.They’reneckandneck.A.fasterthan B.asfastas C.asfasteras D.moreslowlythan［简析］这三道题都是考查“同等比较”的用法，句式中的“as…as…”结构意为“……和……一样”，其中的形容词或副词用原级。4.LessonThreeis________LessonTwo.It’smuchmoredifficult.A.notsoeasyas B.easierthanC.asdifficultas D.lessdifficultthan5.Thisstoryisnot________asthatone.A.moreinteresting B.lessinterestingC.sointerested D.sointeresting6.Theboydoesn’tspeak________hissister,buthiswrittenworkisverygood.A.aswellas B.sogoodasC.morebetterthan D.moreworsethan［简析］这三道题都是考查“同等比较”的否定用法。“notas/so…as…”意为“……不如……”。在“noas/so…as…”之间也用形容词或副词的原级。7.NowHelenworks________thanbefore.A.morecarefully B.morecarefulC.muchcareful D.muchcarefully8.Ittakes________timetogotoBeijingbyplanethanbytrain.A.more B.fewer C.longer D.less9.Itis________todaythanyesterday.Shallwegoswimmingthisafternoon?A.thehottest B.hot C.hottest D.hotter10.ThepopulationofShanghaiis________thanthatofShijiazhuang.A.smaller B.larger C.less D.large［简析］这四道题都是考查形容词或副词“不同等级比较”的用法。句中使用“形容词或副词的比较级…than…”结构。11.Ofthetwopencil-boxes,theboychose_______one.A.lessexpensive B.theleastexpensiveC.thelessexpensive D.themostexpensive12.OfthetwoAustralianstudents,Mashais________one.Ithinkyoucanfindhereasily.A.tallest B.thetaller C.taller D.thetallest［简析］这两道题均考查“of+the+比较范围，…+the+比较级…”结构的用法。13.—Whichisthe________seasonoftheyear?—Summer.A.hot B.hotter C.hottest D.hotest14.Ofallthestars,thesunis________totheearth.A.farthest B.thefarthest C.nearest D.thenearest15.Ofallthesubjects,IlikeChinese________.A.more B.better C.well D.best16.Johnismy________friendofalltheclassmates.A.good B.better C.best D.thebest［简析］这四道题都是考查“形容词或副词最高级”的用法。句中使用“the+最高级…of…”或“of…the+最高级…”的结构，of后面所接的表示人或物的名词与主语属于同类。17.JinmaoToweris________buildinginShanghai.A.high B.tall C.highest D.thehighest18.LiPingwrites________inhisclass.A.morecareful B.morecarefullyC.mostcareful D.mostcarefully19.Who’s________inyourclass?A.strong B.stronger C.strongest D.thestrongest［简析］这三道题都是考查“在某一范围内形容词或副词最高级”的用法，句中使用“the+最高级+in+范围”结构。20.Thisstreetismuch________thanthatone.A.straight B.straighter C.straightest D.morestraighter21.30,000dollarsisalargeamountofmoney,butit’s________thanweneed.A.farmore B.verymuch C.farless D.verylittle22.Jackisalittle________thanPeter.A.strong B.stronger C.strongest D.thestrongest23.Inourcity,it’s________inJuly,butit’seven________inAugust.A.hotter;hottest B.hot;hotC.hotter;hot D.hot;hotter［简析］这四道题都是考查much，even，still，far，alot，agreatdeal等程度副词（短语）修饰形容词或副词比较级的用法，句中常用“程度副词（短语）+形容词/副词的比较级…(than)…”结构。24.Intheexam,the________youare,the________mistakesyou’llmake.A.careful;little B.morecareful;lessC.morecareful;few D.morecareful;fewer25.Themoreyoulearn,themore________youcangetajob.A.easily B.easier C.easy D.easiest26.________childrenthereareinafamily,________theirlifewillbe.A.Theless;thebetter B.Thefewer;thebetterC.Fewer;richer D.More;poorer27.—Iwillgiveyousomepicturebooks.—The________,the________.A.more;better B.many;betterC.most;best D.much;better［简析］这四道题都是考查“The+比较级…，the+比较级…”结构的用法，表示“越……，就越……”。28.Whichwouldyoulike________,basketballorfootball?A.good B.better C.best D.well29.Whichdoyoulike________,tea,orangeorwater?A.good B.well C.best D.better［简析］第28题是考查两个事物的比较，第29题是考查三个事物的比较。两个人或物进行比较时，形容词或副词用比较级形式；三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较时，形容词或副词用最高级形式。30.MissLiisoneof________inourschool.A.apopularteacher B.morepopularteacherC.mostpopularteacher D.themostpopularteachers31.I’dliketoknowifLiTaois________secondtallestboyinhisclass.A.a B.an C.the D.×［简析］第30题是考查形容词最高级的用法，第31题是考查“序数词加形容词最高级”的用法。在这种情况下，形容词或副词的最高级前面一般有定冠词the。32.Whenwintercomes,thedaysget________.A.shortandshort B.shorterandshorterC.longandlong D.longerandlonger33.—I’mgettingfatterandfatter.WhatshouldIdo,doctor?—You’dbettereat________foodandtake________exercise.A.less;less B.more;moreC.more;less D.less;more［简析］这两道题都是考查形容词或副词比较级的“平行”结构的用法。句中常用“…比较级+and+比较级…”结构，表示“越来越……”。Exercises:09年各地中考真题()1.---HaveyoureadthepopularbookHarryPotter?---Yes,it’sgreat.Nootherbookis________thanthatone.A.betterB.worseC.biggerD.smaller()2.---Howaboutthedishes?---Fantastic!Nothingtastes________.A.niceB.betterC.terribleD.worse()3.---Wheredidyougoonholidaythissummer?England?---Youare________.Wewentona10-daytourtoParis.A.funnyB.rightC.coolD.close()4.---It’svery________ofyoutoworkouttheproblemforme.---That’sallright.A.kindB.cleverC.necessary()5.Ifindthiscomputergame________toplay.A.enougheasyB.easyenoughC.enougheasilyD.easilyenough()6.Aftertheearthquake,weheardofalotof________stories,andallofusweredeeply________.A.moving;movedB.moving;movingC.moved;movingD.moved;moved()7.---Idon’tlikevegetables,soI________eatthem.---Buttheyaregoodforyourhealth.A.alwaysB.usuallyC.oftenD.seldom()8.---Canyouhearme?---No,Ican’t.Wouldyoupleasespeak________?A.clearlyenoughB.clearenoughC.enoughclearD.enoughclearly()9.---CanyoucatchwhattheteachersaidintheEnglishclass?---Sorry,Ican________understandit.A.hardlyB.almostC.nearlyD.never()10.Thisyearthevillagehasproduced________rice________theydidtwoyearsago.A.less;thanB.asless;asC.fewer;thanD.asfew;as()11.---WasHenrylatefortheconcertyesterday?---No.Hegotthereeventenminutes________thanustwo.A.earlierB.earliestC.laterD.latest()12.---Tim,doyouthinktimeismoney?---Yes,butIthinkitis________money.A.moreimportantthanB.veryimportantasC.thesameasD.notimportantas()13.---Whatdoyouthinkis________inventionintheworld?---Computer,Ithink.A.usefulB.moreusefulC.themostuseful()14.TakingbusesinBeijingis________thantakingataxi.A.morecheapB.muchcheaperC.alittlecheapD.lesscheaper()15.---Junkfoodisbadforourhealth.---Yes,the________youeat,thehealthieryouwillbe.A.littleB.fewC.lessD.more精题精练：()1.---WhatkindofcakesdoesMarylikebest?---Shethinksthecakeswithnutsare________ofall.A.deliciousB.moredeliciousC.themostdeliciousD.themoredelicious()2.---Lindaisalwaysreadytohelpothers.---Ithinkso.Sheisvery________.A.usefulB.helpfulC.carefulD.beautiful()3.Heis________ofthetwoboys.A.youngB.youngerC.theyoungerD.theyoungest()4.---LiuDong,wouldyouliketohave________?---No,thanks.I’mfull.A.somethingmoreB.moresomethingC.anythingmoreD.moreanything()5.---WhatisDavelike?---Heisoneofthe________studentsinourclass.A.cleverB.clevererC.mostcleverD.cleverest()6.Thisshirtismadeof________silk.A.trueB.realC.reallyD.truly()7.Shewalkedintotheroom________becauseherbabywassleeping.A.clearlyB.quietlyC.heavilyD.quietly()8.Theoldmanlives________inasmallhouse,butheneverfeels________.A.alone,lonelyB.lonely;aloneC.lonely;lonelyD.alone,along()9.---Theweathertodayis________thanitwasyesterday.---Let’splaygamesoutside.A.fineB.finerC.thefinerD.thefinest()10.Thefarmerscoulddotheworkbetterwith________moneyand________people.A.little;fewerB.fewer;lessC.less;fewerD.few;little()11.---Howdeliciousthebreadis!---Itwouldtaste________withbutter.A.goodB.betterC.badD.well()12.---________doyougocamping?---Twiceamonth.A.HowoftenB.HowoldC.HowfarD.Howlong()13.Couldyoupleasesayit________?Ican’tstillfollowyou.A.loudlyB.slowlyC.moreslowD.moreslowly()14.---CanyoucatchwhatIsaid?---Sorry,Ican________understandit.A.hardlyB.almostC.nearlyD.really()15.Whichdoyoulike________,apples,orangesorgrapes?A.wellB.betterC.bestD.good()16.You’dbetternotgoshoppingnow,forit’sraining________outside.A.hardlyB.heavilyC.loudlyD.strongly()17.---Youshoulddoyourhomeworkabit________nexttime.---Sorry,Mr.Smith.Iwilldobetter.A.carefulB.carefullyC.morecarefulD.morecarefully()18.Shewillwork________shecan.A.ashardasB.sohardasC.ashardlyasD.sohardlyas()19.---Theiceintheriverisaboutonemeter________.It’sstrongenoughtoskateon.---Let’sgoskating.A.longB.highC.thickD.wide()20.Itiswinternow,andtheweatherisgetting________.A.verycolderandcolderB.muchcolderandcolderC.morecoldandcold