城市经济学课件：Urban Growth

UrbanGrowth

SourcesofEconomicGrowthCapitaldeepeningIncreaseinhumancapitalTechnologicalprogressAgglomerationeconomies:Localizationandurbanizationeconomies5-25-35-45-5RegionwideInnovationandIncomeBothcitiesexperienceupwardshiftofutilitycurveNoutilitygapatoriginalpopulations,sonomigrationIncreaseinutilityinbothcities5-6HumanCapitalandEconomicGrowthIncreaseinhumancapitalincreasesper-capitaincomeWorkersaremoreproductiveIncreaseinrateoftechnologicalprogressExternalbenefitsfromincreaseinhumancapitalLaboriscomplementaryacrossskilllevelsWagebenefitsfrom1%increaseincity'scollegeshare:high-schooldropouts(1.9%);high-schoolgraduates(1.6%);collegegraduates(0.4%)Proximitytostarresearchersanimportantfactorinbirthofbiotechnologyfirms5-7HumanCapitalandEconomicGrowth(continued)ChangesinlevelsofhumancapitalFrom1980-2000,increaseinshareofmetropolitanresidentswithdegreesVariationincollegeshareacrossmetropolitanareasislargeandgrowing5-8UrbanLaborDemandCurve:NegativeSlopeSubstitutioneffectofanincreaseinthewageFirmssubstituteotherinputsforrelativelyexpensivelaborOutputeffectofanincreaseinthewageIncreaseproductioncost=>increaseinprice=>decreaseinoutputDecreaseinoutputdecreasesquantityoflabordemanded5-9ShiftingtheUrbanLaborDemandCurveWhatcausesanincreaseinlabordemand(shiftcurvetoright)?IncreasedemandforexportgoodsDecreaseproductioncost=>decreaseoutputprice=>increaseoutputIncreaseproductivityDecreasetaxIncreasepublicservicesLandusepolicies:accommodatefirmsseekingexpansionorrelocation5-10Figure5.2AgglomerationEconomiesandUrban-LaborDemand5-11ExportversusLocalEmploymentandtheMultiplierExportproduct:soldtopeoplelivingoutsidethecityLocalproduct:soldtolocalresidentsRelatedthroughthemultiplierprocessExportworkersspendportionofincomeonlocalproductsLocalworkersspendportionofincomeonotherlocalproductsEmploymentmultiplier:changeintotalemploymentperadditionalexportjob5-125-135-14UrbanLaborSupplyCurve:PositiveSlopeSimplifyingassumptions:fixedhoursperworker;fixedparticipationratePositiveslope:MigrationinresponsetowagedifferencesIncreaseinwageattractsworkerstothecityAxiom1:GrowingcityofferhigherwagetooffsethighercostoflivingElasticity(livingcost,totalemployment)=0.20Elasticity(wage,totalemployment)=0.20Elasticity(laborsupply,wage)=5.05-15ShiftingtheUrbanLaborSupplyCurveWhatcausesanincreaseinlaborsupply(shiftcurvetoright)?ImproveamenitiessuchasenvironmentalqualityDecreasedisamenitiessuchascrimeDecreaseresidentialtaxessuchaspropertytaxorsalestaxImproveresidentialpublicservices5-165-175-185-19TaxesandFirmLocationChoicesLow-taxcitygrowsfaster,ceterisparibus(publicservices)Elasticity(businessactivity,taxes)Intercitylocation:-0.10to-0.60Intracitylocation:-1.0to-3.0ManufacturersmoresensitivetotaxdifferencesHightaxesoncapitalrepelscapital-intensiveindustries5-20PublicServicesandLocationDecisionsHigh-servicecitygrowsfaster,ceterisparibus(taxes)GrowthpromotedbyHightaxthatsupportspublicservices(infrastructure,education,safety)GrowthinhibitedbyHightaxthatsupportsredistributionalprograms5-21SubsidiesandIncentiveProgramsTaxabatements,guaranteedloans,subsidizedlandandpublicservicesEconomicdevelopmentprogramshavesmalleffects5-22ProfessionalSports,Stadiums,andJobsWhatarethebenefitsofa$150millionstadium?SmallemploymentbenefitsSmallpositiveeffectin1/4ofcases;negativeeffectin1/5ofcasesArizona:340jobsfor$240millionMoneyspentlargelybylocals,replacingotherlocalspendingOtherbenefits--Civic/tribalprideandcohesionworththepricetag?5-23TradeoffsfromEnvironmentalPolicyEnvironmentalpolicydecreaseslabordemandIncreasesproductioncostofpollutinggood=>increasepriceIncreaseinprice=>decreaseoutputandlabordemandImprovementinenvironmentincreaseslaborsupplyNeteffectsontotalemploymentlogicallyindeterminate5-245-25PollutionTaxandtheDistributionofEmploymentBothindustries(steelandclean)experiencelowerwagesSteel:lowerwagesoffsetbypollutiontax,sodecreaseemploymentCleanindustry:lowerwagesincreasetotalemployment5-26ProjectingChangesinTotalEmployment∆Totalemployment=∆Exportemployment•EmploymentmultiplierTable5-1:Employmentmultipliersformetrop