九年级英语语法学案(三)

九年级英语语法学案（三）：虚拟语气语气就是说话的口气。在汉语中，语气是由说话人的语调、表情等表现出来的，动词没有任何变化。但在英语中，除了语调之外，最主要的是用动词的变化来表示不同的语气。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、猜测、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。英语中的条件状语从句有两类：一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况有可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况不存在或不大可能发生，只是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等，则是虚拟条件句—非真实条件句。真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或会实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词要用陈述语气。如：（1）Ifhedoesn‘tcomeat8:oo,wewon'twaitforhim.如果他八点钟不来，我们就不等他了。（2）I'llpayyoudoubleifyougettheworkfinishedbyFriday.如果你在星期五之前完工，我会付你双倍的钱。在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成形式有三种：if条件句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反wereWould/could/should/might+dodid与过去事实相反haddoneWould/could/should/might+havedone与将来事实相反did/wereWould/could/should/might+doshoulddoweretodo1.与现在事实相反（1）IfIwereyou,Ishouldgoandtry.我要是你，我就去试试。（2）IwouldcertainlygoifIhadtime.要是有时间，我一定去。（3）Ifhewerenotsobusy,hewouldattendthemeetingthisafternoon.要不是他这么忙，他就会出席今天下午的会议了。注：在第一、第三人称单数后面，be动词可以用were，也可以用was.如：Ifshewas/werehere,youcouldaskher.IfIwas/wereinyourplace,Iwouldthinkdifferently.与过去事实相反（1）Ifhehadn'tbeenill,hemighthavecome.要不是生病，他可能来了。（事实是：他生病了，没有来。）（2）Ifyouhadhadmoretime,Iwouldhaveshownyoumoreplaces.要是你有更多的时间，我会带你参观更多的地方。（事实是：你时间不多，不能带你参观更多的地方）与将来事实相反（1）Ifitrainedtomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.如果明天下雨，我们的野餐就推迟。（事实是：说话人认为“明天下雨”的可能性不大。）（2）IfIshoulddoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.要是我来做这事，我会用另一种方法来做。（说话人认为“做这事”的可能性不是很大。）三、在wish后的虚拟语气宾语从句(可省略它的that)：表示：a.和现在的事实相反；b.和过去的事实相反；c.对将来的主观愿望。1、现在情况的虚拟，从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)：（1）Iwish(that可省略,下同)Iknewtheanswertothequestion.(wish,动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)（2）Iwishitwerespringinmyhometownalltheyeararound.(wish,were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)(3)IwishIwereabird.(wish,were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能,难道是鸟人？呵呵)(4)Whenshewasattheparty,shewishedshewereathome.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)(5)NowthatheisinChina,hewishesheunderstoodChinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)(6)Whenwebeginthetrip,theywillwishtheywerewithus.(willwish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)2、过去情况的虚拟，从句动词用"had+过去分词"（时间上较前):（1）Iwish(that可省略，下同)Ihadn'twastedsomuchtime.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)（2）2.Hewisheshehadn'tlostthechance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)(3)Wewishedhehadspokentous.(wished，had+spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)(4)Iwishyouhadcalledearlier.(wish,had+called)(事实上已迟了)(5)Theywillwishtheyhadlistenedtoussooner.(willwish,had+listened)(事实上并不如此)3、将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)，从句动词用"would/should/could/might+动词原形"(时间上较后):（1）Iwishitwouldstopraining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)（2）Iwishyouwouldbequiet.(would+be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)(3)Youwishedshewouldarrivethenextday.(would+arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)(4)Iwishshewouldchangehermind.(would+change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)（5）Hewillwishwewouldjoinhimthefollowingweek.(would+join)(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)四、除了wish之外，下列各动词(如suggest)的后面的虚拟语气宾语从句，其谓语用："should+动词原形"表示建议(suggest)、坚持(insist)等虚拟语气：*suggest(建议),recommend(推荐),advise(劝告),propose(建议)*insist(坚持),consent(允诺)*decide(决定),order(命令)*request(要求),demand(要求),desire(期望),ask(要求)*maintain(主张),urge(催促)1.Isuggestthatwe(should可省略,下同)startthemeetingatonce.(suggest,should+start)(表示建议立即开会)2.Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytolosehisweight.(suggested,should+try)(表示建议你应该减肥喔)3.Heinsistedthatallofus(should)bethereontimebyanymains.(insisted,should+be)(表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没用哩！)4.Heinsistedthatwe(should)tellhimthenews.(insisted,should+tell)(表示非要你告诉他不可)5.Heorderedthatthestudents(should)washtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.(ordered,should+wash)(表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)五、虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法：下列名词后的表语从句或同位语从句，也用"should+动词原形"表示虚拟语气：*demand(要求),desire(请求),requirment(要求)*advice(劝告),recommendation(建议),suggestion(建议)*order(命令)*necessity(必要地),preference(优先)*proposal(计划),plan(计划),idea(办法)1.Theadviceisthatwe(should可省略，下同)leaveatonce.(名词advice，should+leave)(表示加以劝告)2.Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.(idea,should+get)(表示做出主意)3.Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.(proposal,should+hold)(表示做出计划)六、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法句型：Itis(或was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……+should+动词原形……句子：Itisnaturalthatsheshoulddoso.(形容词natural,should+动词原形do)常用的形容词：*natural(自然的),appropriate(适当的),advisable(合适的),preferable(更可取的),better(更好的)*necessary(必须的),important(重要的),imperative(急需的),urgent(急迫的),essential(本质的),vital(必不可少的)*probable(很可能的),possible(可能的)*desirable(极好的)常用的过去分词(PastParticiple):*required(需要的),demanded(要求),requested(被请求的),desired(要求)*suggested(建议),recommended(推荐)*orderd(命令)1.Itisnecessarythatwe(should可省略,下同）haveawalknow.(necessary,should+have)(表示有需要去散步)2.Itwasnecessarythatwe(should)makeeverythingreadyaheadoftime.(necessary,should+make)(表示有必要事先做好准备)3.Itisrequiredthatnobody(should)smokehere.(required,should+smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽烟)4.Itisimportantthateverypupil(should)beabletounderstandtheruleofschool.(important,should+be)(表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)5.It'simportantthatwe(should)takegoodcareofthepatient.(important,should+take)(表示重要的是照顾好病人)虚拟语气训练题1.IfI____wherehelived，I____anotetohim.A.knew，wouldB.hadknown，wouldhavesentC.know，wouldsendD.knew，wouldhavesent2.Ifthey____earlierthanexpected，they____herenow.A.hadstarted，wouldbeB.started，mightbeC.hadstarted，wouldhavebeenD.willstart，mighthavebeen3.Ididn'tknowhistelephonenumber.____it，I____then.A.HadIknown，wouldringhimupB.ShouldIknow，wouldhaverunghimupC.IfIknew；wouldringhimupD.HadIknown；wouldhaverunghimup4.Maryisilltoday.Ifshe_____，she____absentfromschool.A.werenotill，wouldn'tbeB.hadbeenill，wouldn'thavebeenC.hadbeenill，shouldhavebeenD.hadn'tbeenill，couldbe5.WereItodoit，I________itsomeotherway.A.willdoB.woulddoC.wouldhavedoneD.weretodo6.I________himtheanswer________possible，butIwassobusythen.A.couldtell，ifithadbeenB.musthavetold，wereitC.shouldhavetold，haditbeenD.shouldhavetold，shoulditbe7.withoutyourhelp，we________somuch.A.won'tachieveB.didn'tachieveC.don'tachieveD.wouldn'thaveachieved8.Youdidn'ttakehisadvice.________hisadvice，you________suchamistake.A.Hadyoutaken，wouldn'thavemadeB.Ifyouhadtaken，wouldmakeC.Wereyoulotake，shouldn'thavemadeD.Haveyoutaken，won'thavemade9.Wewishwe____whatyoudidwhenwewereathighschool.A.didB.couldhavedoneC.havedoneD.shoulddo10.Shewishesshe____tothetheatrelastnight.A.wentB.wouldgoC.hadgoneD.weregoing11.Tomisveryshortnow.Hismotherwishesthathe________betallwhenhegrowsup.A.couldB.shouldC.wouldD.wereableto12.MysisteradvisedmethatI________accepttheinvitation.A.couldB.mustC.shouldD.might14.DoyouthinkofWangFang'ssuggestionthathe________Mr.Litotheparty？A.willinviteB.haveinvitedC.isinvitedD.invite15.Iinsistedthathe________atonce.A.begoneB.goC.wouldgoD.mightgo16.LiMinginsistedthathe________anythingatall.A.hadn'tstolenB.shouldn'tstealC.doesn'tstealD.steal18.Heactedasifhe________everythingintheworld.A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.won'tknow20.Theygotupearlyinorderthatthey________theyfirsttrain.A.caughtB.willcatchC.mightcatchD.shallcatch21.Iamsorrythathe________insuchpoorhealth.A.areB.shallbeC.wereD.shouldbe22.Thatisagoodbook.You________ityesterday.A.couldbuyB.shouldbuyC.shouldhaveboughtD.bought23.Itishightimewe________home.A.willgoB.wouldgoC.havegoneD.went24.I'dratherthatyou________home.A.wentB.havegoneC.willgoD.hadgone25.IfonlyI_________tothelecture！A.listenB.willlistenC.amlisteningD.hadlistened26.—Ifhe_____，he______thatfood.—Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.A.waswarned，wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned，wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned，hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned，hadnottaken27.Ididn'tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_________，shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome28.Withoutelectricity，humanlife________quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe29.He________youmorehelp，eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive31.Mike'sfather，aswellashismother，insistedthathe________home.A.stayedB.couldstayC.hasstayedD.stay32.Mr.Smithinsistedthathe________theworkall.A.haddoneB.havedoneC.didD.so33.Janewouldneverhavegonetotheparty________thatMarywouldcometoseeher.A.hassheknownB.hadsheknownC.ifsheknowD.ifshehasknown34.Ifyouhadenoughmoney，what________？A.willyoubuyB.wouldyoubuyC.wouldyouh