高中英语语法复习学案教师版情态动词

高中英语语法复习学案教师版——情态动词一、语法特征【题组训练】改正下列句子中的错误1.Simplemeasuressuchashandwashingcantolimitthespreadofdisease.[删去to]2.Expertshavewarnedthatmanypeoplemayaren’tgettingenoughVitaminD.[mayaren’tgetting改为maynotbe或maynotget]3.Thenationmustslimitlanddevelopment.[musts改为must]4.Withherhelp,heoughtnothaveanyproblem.[not后加to]5.Iwonderedhowhedaredtosaythattotheteacher.[去掉dared后的to;或者把dared改为didn’tdare]【总结】1.情态动词+动词原形一起构成句子的谓语，不能单独使用2.情态动词后直接加not构成否定式3.情态动词没有人称和数的变化4.有些情态动词具有特殊性：oughtto;haveto;dare;need等二、用法要点（一）表示能力现在或一般的能力过去的能力将来的能力can(更普遍)couldwillbeabletobeabletowas/wereableto【题组训练】1.HeisanativespeakerofEnglish,sohecanofcoursespeakEnglishquitewell.2.Iamstarvingtodeath.Ican/amabletoeattwobowlsofricenow.3.Ifyouhaveagoodsleep,youwillbeabletoworkoutthisproblemtomorrow.4.Shecould/wasabletosinglikeananglewhenshewasachild.5.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.【注意】表示过去某一次的能力，即过去某时刻具有做某事的能力并施展了能力的时候，只能用was/wereableto(二)表示可能性（推测）【观察】1)Accidentscanhappenonsuchrainytonight.1.客观或理论上的可能性：can用于肯定句中。不涉及具体某事是否会发生，常用于说明人或事物的特征2.具体事情事件发生的可能性（从可能性大到小）情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式must一定；必定；必然//should=oughtto理应；很可能表示确定或期待“按理说应该”应该不会/can/不可能有可能吗？could有可能（微弱的可能）不可能比can语气弱may或许；说不定；也许可能不/might比may语气弱比maynot语气弱/【注意】1.表示推测时，may;must常用肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句中(maynot的意思是“可能不”)；can常用于否定句、疑问句、感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思(could也可以用于肯定句中)。2.should表示推测，表示的是确定或可能有的未来或期望，即合乎理想的情况或结果Weshouldarrivebeforedark.Theroadshouldbelesscrowdedtoday.3.should;might;could并不一定与过去时间有关，而表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在时形式Thismay/mightbedonebyhim.【题组训练】1.Helenmaygotothetripwithus,butsheisn’tquitesureyet.2.Thereshouldn’tbeanydifficultyaboutpassingtheroadtestsinceyouhavepracticedalotinthedrivingschool.3.Mr.Bushisontimeforeverything.Howcanitbethathewaslatefortheopeningceremony?4.---Shelooksveryhappy.Shemustpasstheexam.---Iguessso.It’snotdifficultafterall.5.---Iheardtheywentskiinginthemountainslastwinter.---Itcouldn’tbetruebecausetherewaslittlesnowthere.6.---IsJohncomingbytrain?---Heshould,buthemaynot.Helikesdrivinghiscar.(三)情态动词+havedone的用法1.表示对过去已经发生动作的推测（可能性从大到小）情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式musthavedone想必、一定做了某事//canhavedone/不可能已经做了某事有可能做了某事吗？couldhavedone可能已经做了某事不可能已经做了某事有可能做了某事吗？mayhavedone或许已经做了某事可能不是已经做了某事/mighthavedone比may语气弱比maynot语气弱/2.表示对过去已经发生行为的责备、遗憾情态动词含义couldhavedone“本来可能”，表示过去没有实现的可能性mighthavedone“本来可以”，而实际上没有做shouldhavedoneoughttohavedone本应该做而实际上未做shouldn’thavedoneoughtn’ttohavedone本不应该做二实际上却做了needn’thavedone做了本来不必做的事【注意】didn’tneedtodo---没必要做而事实上没有做hadbetterhavedone当时最好做了某事而实际上没做，表示事后的建议wouldratherhavedone当时宁愿做了某事而实际上没有做，表示后悔wouldlike/lovehavedone过去愿意做某事但未做成【辨析】1.Shedidn’tneedtocometoseemeyesterday.[不需要]2.Sheneedn’thavecometoseemeyesterday.[本可不必]【题组训练】1.Tomoughtnottohavetold(tell)meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.2.ItoldSallyhowtogethere,butperhapsIshould/oughttohavewritten(write)itoutforher.3.---Therewerealready5peopleinthecarbuttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.---Itcouldn’thavebeen(be)acomfortablejourney.4.Susancan’thavewritten(write)areportlikethis.5.---IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork.---Oh,didyou?youcouldhavestayed(stay)withBarbara.6.Jackcan’thavearrived(arrive)yet,otherwisehewouldhavephonedme.7.Therewasplentyoftime.Sheneedn’thavehurried(hurry).8.Hemighthavegiven(give)youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.9.Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.Youshouldn’thaveleft(leave)homewithoutaword.10.Iwouldlovetohavegone(go)tothepartylastnight,butIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishthereport.11.Iraisedobjectionsatthemeeting,butnowIwouldrathernothavedone(do)yet.12.---Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.---Oh,hemusthavebeen(be)averysmartboythen.(四)表示请求、征求意见第一人称第二人称第三人称ShallMayI/we…?CanMightI/we…?CouldWillyou…?Wouldyou…?(更委婉)Shallhe/she/they…?【题组训练】1.---Theroomissodirty.Shall/May/Can/Might/Couldwecleanitnow?---Ofcourse.2.---Shallhecometoseeyou?---Ofcourse.AndI’dratherhetoldmethetruth.3.Tonight,thelightofloveisinyoureyes,butwillyoulovemetomorrow?(五)情态动词需要注意的用法1.shall用于二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话者许诺、命令、警告、威胁等；用于条约、规章、法令等文件中，表示义务或规定2.should表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、惊异等，意为“竟然”3.will表示意愿、决心、诺言、期望等；意为“会、要、保证”；有感情色彩，自觉的行动和动作4.would表示过去习惯性的动作，不涉及现在，没有与现在对比的意思usedto表示过去常常做二而现在已经不再有的习惯，存在与现在的对比5.must表示“偏要、硬要”做某事【题组训练】1.Idon’tknowwhyyoushouldthinkIdidit.2.Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.3.---Howoldareyou,Madam?---Ifyoumustknow,I’mtwicemyson’sage.4.IhavemadeupmymindtogoandIwill.5.Whenhewasthere,hewouldgotothatcoffeeshopatthecornerafterworkeveryday.6.Youcan’timaginethatawell-behavedgentlemanshouldbesorudetoalady.(六)表示必要性必须不必禁止must主观愿望haveto客观要求don’tneedtodon’thavetomustn’t【题组训练】1.Childrenunder12yearsofageinthatcountrymustbeunderadultsupervisionwhentheyareinapubliclibrary.2.Johnny,youmustn’tpaywiththeknife.Youmayhurtyourself.(七)情态动词的应答1.---ShallItellJohnaboutit?---No,youneedn’t.I’vetoldhimalready.2.---CouldIallyoubythefirstname?---Yes,youmay.3.---Willyoustayforlunch?---Sorry,Ican’t.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.4.---Writetomewhenyougethome.---Iwill.5.---CouldIborrowyourdictionary?---Yes,ofcourse,youcan.6.---Don’tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow.---Iwon’t.7.---MayIuseyourcar?---No,youmustn’t.8.---MustIworkouttheproblemtonight?---No,youneedn’t.9.---Needwedothisjobnow?---Yes,youneed.10.---Willyoustayforlunch?---Sorry,Ican’t.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.(八)need和dare的用法动词类型肯定句否定句疑问句行为动词(有人称和数的变化)needs/daresneed/dare+todoneeded/daredoesn’tdon’t+need/dare+tododidn’tDoes…Do…need/dare+todoDid…情态动词(无人称和数的变化)need/dare+dodaredneedn’t/darenot+dodarenotNeed/Dare…+doDared…【题组训练】1.Shedoesn’tdaretogo(go)intothethickforestaloneonsuchsdarknight.2.Lookingatmydeterminedface,thebigboydarenotpick(pick)upthefight.3.Thehotelisonlyastone’sthrowaway,youneednottake(take)abus.4.---Idon’tmindtellingyouwhatIknow.---Youneedn’t.I’mnotaskingyouforit.5.---Excuseme,butIwanttouseyourcomputertotypeareport.---Youshan’thave(have)mycomputerifyoudon’ttakecareofit.6.Iwonderhowhedaredsay(dare)thattotheteacher.7.Youneedn’tcome(come)tothemeetingthisafternoonifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo.8.Youneedn’treturn(return)thebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweekifyoulike.三、其他情态动词的用法1.Icannotbutadmireyourbravery.我不得不钦佩你的勇气。cannotbut+dosth.不得不……;只有做……2.Shemaywellrefusetotalktoyou.她很可能拒绝和你谈话。maywelldosth.=tobeverylikelytodosth.完全可能……;很可能……3.Youmayaswellstayhereoverthenight.你最好留在这里过夜。mayaswelldosth.最好……;满可以……4.Youcan’tbecarefulenough./Youcan’tbetoocareful.你再怎么小心也不为过。cannot/never+be+adj.+enoughtoo+adj.再……也不为过5.Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?你今天怎么来的这么晚？HowshouldIknow?我怎么会知道？why/howshould…“竟会……”表示说话人对某事不理解，感到意外、惊异等TheSubjunctiveMood虚拟语气是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、猜测、要求、命令等。一、用于if引导的虚拟条件状语从句if条件从句的谓语形式主语的谓语形式与现在相反did/werewould/should/could/might+do与过去相反haddonewould/should/could/might+havedone与将来相反didweretodoshoulddowould/should/could/might+do【题组训练】1.IfIwon(win)thelotterynow,Iwouldbuy(buy)anexpensivecar.2.Iftherewere(be)nosubjunctivemood,Englishwouldbe(be)easierforusChinese.部分倒装：Weretherenosubjunctivemood,…3.IfIhadcome(come)hereyesterday,Iwouldhaveseen(see)him.部分倒装：HadIcomehereyesterday,…4.1)Ifitrained(rain)tomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff(putoff).2)Ifitweretorain(rain)tomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff(putoff).部分倒装：Wereittoraintomorrow,…3)Ifitshouldrain(rain)tomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff(putoff).部分倒装：Shoulditraintomorrow,…5.Ifyouhadasked(ask)himyesterday,youwouldknow(know)whattodonow.IfIhad(have)abicycleatpresent,Iwouldhavelent(lend)ittoyouyesterday.6.Iftherehadnotbeen(nobe)foryourhelpyesterday,Iwouldn’thavefinished(notfinish)thework.=Without/Butforyouhelpyesterday,Iwouldn’thavefinished(notfinish)thework.=Thankyouforyourhelpyesterday.Otherwise,Iwouldn’thavefinished(notfinish)thework.=Thankyouforyourhelpyesterday,or/orelseIwouldn’thavefinished(notfinish)thework.7.Ifyouhadcome(come)afewhoursearlier,youwouldhaveseen(see)thefamouswriter.=Afewhoursearlier,youwouldhaveseen(see)thefamouswriter.8.Ifhehadbeenborn(bear)inabetterfamily,hewouldhavebeen(be)aprofessor.=Borninabetterfamily,hewouldhavebeen(be)aprofessor.【总结】1.主从句谓语动词的搭配要记会2.省略if，将had;were;should放在句首构成部分倒装结构需要背3.错综时间条件句中谓语动词各自为准更可贵4.含蓄条件句表达形式要找对1)介词或介词短语：without;butfor2)副词或连词：otherwise;or;orelse3)其他手段：名词短语、非谓语动词等【题组训练】1.---Ifhehavebeenwarned(warn),hewouldnothavetaken(nottake)thatfood.---Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.2.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbe(be)allrightnow.3.Hehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball.Otherwisehewouldhavescored(score)agoal.4.Whatwouldhavehappened,HadBobwalked(walk)fartherasfarastheriverbank?5.Were(be)Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.6.ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifIhadnotfallen(notfall)inlove,attheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.7.ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegone(go)totheconcertlastSunday.8.Withoutelectroniccomputers,muchoftoday’sadvancedtechnologywouldnothaveachieved(notachieve).9.Iwouldhavecomeearlier,butIdidn’tknow(know)thatyouwerewaitingforme.二、虚拟语气用在名词性从句中（一）wish+宾语从句中的虚拟语气wish+宾语从句中动词形式宾语从句的动作与wish同时did/were宾语从句的动作先于wishhaddone宾语从句的动作后于wishwould/could/might+do【注意】没有shoulddo【题组训练】1.HowIwisheveryfamilyhad/couldhave(have)alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!=Ifonlyeveryfamilyhad/couldhave(have)alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!2.IwishIhadmet(meet)thatfilmstaryesterday.=IfonlyIhadmet(meet)thatfilmstaryesterday.(二)wouldrather+宾语从句中，与现在或将来事实相反，动词用did/were与过去事实相反，动词用haddone1.Iwouldratherhecame(come)tomorrowthantoday.2.Iwouldratherhehadtold(tell)meaboutthatyesterday.3.Mostinsuranceagentswouldratheryoudidn’tdo(notdo)anythingaboutcollectingclaimsuntiltheyinvestigatethesituation.三、虚拟语气用在其他从句中（一）虚拟语气在asif/asthough从句中谓语动词形式于现在事实相反did/were与过去事实相反haddone与将来事实相反would/could/might+do【注意】没有shoulddo【题组训练】1.HespeaksChinesesofluentlyasifhewere(be)aChinese.2.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughhehadbeen(be)awayforages.3.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifitwerebroken(break).4.HelearnsEnglishsohardasifhewouldgo(go)theU.S.A.inthenearfuture.（二）虚拟语气在It’s(high/right)time(that)+定语从句中：谓语动词用did或shoulddo【题组训练】1.It’stimethatthebusarrived/shouldarrive(arrive)topickupallthepassengers.2.Itishightimewestarted/shouldstart(start)out.四、在名词性从句中用(should)do/(should)bedone表示虚拟语气(一)虚拟语气可以用在主语从句中，构成Itis+adj./n./done+that+主语从句1.It’snecessary(必要的)thatwe(should)keep(keep)thebalanceofnature.2.It’snatural(自然的)thatshe(should)do(do)so.3.It’simportant(重要的)thatwe(should)take(take)goodcareofthepatient.4.Itisapity(可惜)he(should)miss(miss)suchagoldenchance.(二)1.坚持：insist2.命令：order;command3.建议：suggest;advise;propose;recommend+宾语从句中4.要求：require;request;demand;desire【注意】suggest作“暗示；表明”讲，insist作“坚持认为；坚持说”讲，宾语从句不用虚拟语气【题组训练】1.Wesuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff(putoff).2.Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathwwas(be)satisfiedwithourwork.3.Theyoungmaninsistedthathehaddone(do)nothingwrongandshouldbeset(set)free.(三)表示坚持、命令、建议、要求+宾语从句可以和相应的主语从句、表语从句、同为语从句转换Wesuggestthatyoushouldbethereontime.=Oursuggestionisthatyoushouldbe(be)thereontime.[表语从句]=Itissuggestedthatyoushouldbe(be)thereontime.[主语从句]=Imakeasuggestionthatyoushouldbe(be)thereontime.[同为语从句]【题组训练】1.Theteacheragreedtothesuggestionthatthestudentsshouldbegiven(give)twoweekstopreparefortheexam