上海市宝山区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末考试英语

2023学年第二学期期末高二年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷（本试卷满分140分，考试时间120分钟）Ⅰ．ListeningprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1．A．Blueberry.B．Applepie.C．Chocolatecake.D．Strawberry.2．A．Themoviewillnotbeshown.B．Theywanttoseethemovie.C．Alltheticketsweresoldout.D．Themovieishighlyrated.3．A．Totheschool.B．Tohishome.C．Tothesupermarket.D．Totheplacethewomanstays.4．A．Boring.B．Entertaining.C．Touching.D．Encouraging.5．A．TeacherandstudentB．Husbandandwife.C．Bossandsecretary.D．Motherandson.6．A．Inarestaurant.B．Inahotel.C．Inamuseum.D．Inatheater.7．A.7:30.B．7:45.C．7:15.D．7:00.8．A．Shedidn’tcatchthebus.B．Shehappenedtomeetafriend.C．ShewaspreventedfromcatchingthebusD．Hercarbrokedown.9．A．Rickistheman’scousin.B．Themanhasgraduatedfromatechnicalschool.C．It’shardtolandasuitablejob.D．Rickgotadecentjob.10．A．Driveonthroughthenight.B．Checkoutofthehotel.C．Canceltheirmotelreservation.D．Stopdrivingfortherestoftheday.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11．A．Bybus.B．Bytrain.C．Bycar.D．Byship.12．A．Becausetheysawthefirstkangaroo.B．BecausetheysawanAustraliantailedeagle.C．Becausethey’dneverbeenherebefore.D．Becausetheysawafewwildhorses.13．A．Wildhorses.B．Kangaroos.C．Largebirds.D．Somespiders.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14．A．Internetuseisincreasingfastinruralandurbanareas.B．MoreandmoreruralresidentshaveInternetaccess.C．PeoplehavealimitedchoiceofInternetproviders.D．CityresidentsusetheirownInternetfrequently.15．A．Over2million.B．Around6million.C.23million.D.17million.16．A．Moregirlshavetheirownwebsitesthanboys.B．OneinfourkidshaveInternetaccessfromhome.C．Mostkidsthinkthattheygetlesstimeonlineatschoolthanthatathome.D．MostkidsthinkInternetconnectionathomeisquickerthanthatatschoolQuestions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17．A．Hishealthisgettingworse.B．Hecannolongerworkatsea.C．Hispastlifeupsetshimagooddeal.D．Hehasn’tgotanyretirementpay.18．A．Shepassedawayyearsago.B．Sheusedtoworkasamodel.C．Shehasbeenworkingataclinic.D．Shehasbeenseriouslyillforyears.19．A．ShehasmadelotsofmoneyasadoctorB．Sheisgoingtotakecareofherolddad.C．Shehasnevergotonwithherfather.D．Sheiskindandgenerousbynature.20．A．Hedinesoutwithhiswifeeveryweekend.B．Heisexcellentbutlooksbadtempered.C．Hedoesnotcareabouthisappearance.D．Heisnotquitepopularwithhispatients.Ⅱ．GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.FirstpublishedonOctober15,1952,“Charlotte’sWeb”isapopularchildren’sbookwrittenbywellknownAmericanauthorE.B.Whiteand____1____（illustrate）byGarthWilliamsthatdealswiththemesofthenatureoffriendship,loss,fate,acceptance,andrenewal.ThestorycentersonapignamedWilburandtheunlikelybutdeepfriendship____2____shareswithanunmonlytalentedspidernamedCharlotte.Whileit’snormalinthecourseofeventsonafarmforpigs____3____（kill）whentheyreachacertainsizeandage,cleverCharlotteworksoutaschemetokeepWilburfromhisfatebyweavingwordsintoherwebtocreatewhatamountstoaonepigpublicitycampaign.BypromotingWilburtocelebritystatus,Charlotteultimatelysaveshim____4____hisdatewiththebutcher’sknife.Theendingofthe“Charlotte’sWeb”isbittersweet,however,____5____whileWilbursurvives,Charlottedoesnot.ButevenCharlotte’spassingisalessonforWilburandthosereadinghisstoryaboutthenatureofdeathandrenewal.Deathanddestinyareboththemesthatthebookexplores.WhileCharlotteiswillingtohelpWilburavoidadestinythat’sbeingimposedonhimbyoutsideforcesbeyondhiscontrol,shealsounderstandsthatsomefatesareinevitable:Alllivingcreaturesareborn,____6____（have）alifecycle,anddie.Charlotteacceptsherroleinthisnaturalcirclewithoutregret.CharlottehelpsWilburrealizethatimmortalityisnotaboutlivingforever,butrather,____7____（ensure）thatnewgenerationswillfollow.Shealsohelpshimunderstandthatloveandfriendshiparenotfixedinquantity.Whilewemayloseafriend,newfriendshipscanealong,notasreplacementsfor____8____we’velost,butasblessingstobuildonwhatwe’velearned.“Charlotte’sWeb”gotitsinspirationfromtrueexperiencesthatauthorE.B.WhitehadonhisfarminMaine,____9____hepennedthebookandliveduntilhisdeathin1985．Whiletheauthorclaimsthatthebook_____10_____neverbeconsideredamoraltale,certainmessagesrelatedtomoralprinciples,orrightsandwrongs,areobviouslyestablishedin“Charlotte’sWeb”.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A．applyB．broadlyC．plicatedD．downsideE．hardlyF．neighborsG．overburdenedH．pillsI．relabelingJ．turningK．worseBritainappearstobeinamentalhealthcrisis.InthepastdecadenoEuropeancountryhasseenagreaterincreaseintheuseofantidepressants(抗抑郁药);nowonlythePortugueseandIcelandersarepoppingmoreofthe____11____.Around4.5mBritonswereincontactwithmentalhealthservicesin202122,ariseofalmostlminfiveyears.ThereareafewreasonswhyBritonsmightbeunhappierthantheir____12____.OneglobalpollfoundthatteenagersinBritainweresomeoftheloneliestintheworld,withfewsupportiverelationshipsandalowsenseofpurposeandmeaning:allriskfactorsforpoormentalhealth.Britain’spooresthouseholdsarealso____13____offthantheirequivalentsinFranceandGermany,forexample,whichmakesthemmorevulnerabletoconditionssuchasanxietyanddepression.AndBritain’shealthsystemcanseemmore____14____thanthoseinmostotherrichcountries.InEnglandalone,some3.8marewaitingformentalhealthtreatment.Thosefactorsmightexplainwhymorepeopleare____15____tomedication.Anotherreasonisincreasedawareness.CampaignsarounddepressionandanxietyhavebeenparticularlysuccessfulinBritain.Thatis____16____agoodthing.Areductioninhumiliation(蒙羞)hasencouragedmorepeopletoseekhelp.Takingantidepressants–orusingmentalhealthservices—hasbeemuchmoreacceptable.Butthereisa____17____tothis,asTheEconomistrecentlyreported.SurveyssuggestthatBritonsareincreasingly____18____monhumanemotions,suchasstressandgrief,asmentalillnesses.“You’regoingtoloseanysenseofwhatmentalillnessisifyoustartto____19____itto30%,50%ofthepopulation,”saysAdrianMassey,authorofabookcalled“SickNoteBritain”.Forallthefocusonanxietyanddepressionincampaigns,severementalillnessesstillreceivetoolittleattention.Thisisaproblem:accordingtotheGBD,BritainhasthehighestratesofseverementalillnessinEurope.Thecausesofsuchconditionsareunclear,butseemtoinvolvea____20____interplayofgeneticandenvironmentalfactors.Illegaldrugmisuse,forwhichBritainhasamongthehighestratesintheregion,alsoplaysarole.Ⅲ．ReadingprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Methane(甲烷)isagreenhousegas.Over20yearsithasover80timestheplanetcookingpowerofcarbondioxide,andis____21____fornearly45%ofwarmingtoday.Becausemethaneisthemain____22____ofnaturalgas,muchofmanmadeemissionsesfromtheenergyindustry.Yetbecauseitisshortlived,controllingmethaneofferstheworlditsbestpossiblechancefor____23____progressagainstclimatechange.AsCOP28,theUN’sclimatesummit,gets____24____inDubai,itisgreatlyencouraging,therefore,thatthechancesofsuchadealonmethanearegood.Negotiatorsmust____25____atarareopportunitytostrikeone.Thereasonadeallookspossibleisthatthepoliticsarepromisinginallthebiggestmarkets.Chinahasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillstartincludingmethaneinitsnationalclimateplans.Americawillsoonfinalizeregulationsto____26____methaneemissionsfromitshugeoilandgassector,includingmeasuresthatcoverleakypipelinesandstorage.AndtheEuropeanUnionhasalsoagreedontoughmethanestandards,coveringbothdomesticsourcesand____27____fossilfuels.____28____arehelping,too.Arangeofnewtechnologiesformonitoringmethanewillhelp____29____largesourcesofemissionsfromtheenergyindustry.Becauseoilandgasfirmscanoftensellmethane(ratherthanwastefullyburningorreleasingit),manyinvestmentstoavoid_____30_____willpayforthemselves.Mostfirmsdonotinvestbecauseofthetrouble,higherreturnsonotherprojects,orwells’distancefromconsumers.Whateverthereason,theysufferno_____31_____foraddingneedlesslytoglobalwarming.Sincegreenwashing,theprocessofconveyingafalseimpressionabouthowsomeproductsormeasuresareenvironmentallysound,isquitemon,ifaglobalmethanedealistobemorethanthat,_____32_____,itwillneedrigour(缜密).Methanecontrolseemedto_____33_____attheUNclimatesummitinGlasgowtwoyearsago,whennegotiators_____34_____cameupwithaproposaltocutemissionsby30%by2030．Yetthedealwasvoluntary,andhadnoenforcementmechanisms(机制);emissionshavesince_____35_____.Anagreementthistimeroundmustlinkpromisestonationalclimateplansand,crucially,todomesticenforcementmechanisms.21.A.powerful B.noticeable C.responsible D.possible22.A.cause B.ingredient C.agent D.consequence23.A.quick B.economic C.original D.national24.A.underway B.inthemaking C.onboard D.tothepoint25.A.stare B.point C.e D.leap26.A.increase B.stabilize C.reduce D.balance27.A.imported B.localized C.exported D.globalized28.A.Revolutions B.Evolutions C.Resolutions D.Innovations29A.create B.activate C.decrease D.spot30.A.disasters B.delays C.emissions D.examinations31.A.loss B.punishment C.abuse D.defeat32.A.however B.therefore C.further D.once33.A.payoff B.makeout C.runout D.takeoff34.A.noisily B.admittedly C.reluctantly D.accidentally35.A.declined B.disappeared C.swung D.risenSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）ThecoastoftheStateofMaineisoneofthemostirregularintheworld.Astraightlinerunningfromthesouthernmostcoastalcitytothenorthernmostcoastalcitywouldmeasureabout225miles.Ifyoufollowedthecoastlinebetweenthesepoints,youwouldtravelmorethantentimesasfar.Thisirregularityistheresultofwhatiscalledadrownedcoastline.Thetermesfromtheglacial(冰川的)activityoftheIceAge.Atthattime,thewholeareathatisnowMainewaspartofamountainrangethattoweredabovethesea.Astheglacierdeclined,however,itappliedenormousforceonthosemountains,andtheysankintothesea.Asthemountainssank,oceanwaterchargedoverthelowestpartsoftheremainingland.Andthehighestpartsoftheformermountainrange,nearesttheshore,remainedasislands.Marinefossilsfoundhereare225feetabovesealevelindicatingtheleveloftheshorelinepriortotheglacier.The2,500milelongrockyandjagged(锯齿状的)coastlineofMainekeepswatchingovernearly2,000islands.Manyoftheseislandsaretinyanduninhabited,butmanyarehometobloomingmunities.Mt.DesertIslandisoneofthelargest,mostbeautifuloftheMainecoastislandsleftbehindbytheglacier.Measuring16milesby12miles,Mt.Desertwasverynearlyformedastwodistinctislands.ItissplitalmostinhalfbySomesSound,averydeepandverynarrowstretchofwatersevenmileslong.Foryears,Mt.DesertIsland,particularlyitsmajorsettlement,BarHarbor,hasaffordedsummerhomesforthewealthy.Recently,though,BarHarborhasbeeanewartsmunityaswell.ButthebestpartoftheislandistheunspoiledforestlandknownasAcadiaNationalPark.Sincetheislandsitsontheborderbetweentwodifferentgeographicalzones,theparksupportstheplantsandanimalsofbothzones.Italsoliesinamajorbirdmigrationlaneandisarestingspotformanybirds.36.ThelargenumberofsmallislandsalongthecoastofMaineistheresultof______.A.thedrowningoftheMainecoastline B.glacier’sforcingmountainsintotheseaC.theirregularityoftheMainecoastline D.oceanwater’sfloodingthemountainrange37.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“charge”meaninparagraph2?A.Toaskanamountofmoney.B.Toaccusesomeonepubliclyofdoingsomethingwrong.C.Torushinaparticulardirection.D.Topasselectricitythroughsomething.38.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofparagraph4oftheselection?A.ThewealthyresidentsofMt.DesertIslandselfishlykeptittothemselves.B.AcadiaNationalParkisoneofthebestnationalparks.C.OnMt.DesertIsland,thereisgreattensionbetweentheresidentsandtourists.D.Mt.DesertIslandsupportsanincrediblydiverseanimalandplantlife.39.Fromthepassage,welearnthat________.A.thecoastlineofMaineistentimeslongeraftertheIceAgeB.therearemorethan2,500islandsalongtheMainecoastlineC.Mt.DesertIslandhasbeenbrokenapartbya7milelongwaterstretchD.anartsmunitygavewaytothesummerhomesonMt.DesertIsland（B）TotheEditors:IamsurprisedtoreadthatDr.Strojnik(“DirectDetectionofExoplanets,”SeptemberOctober2023)statesthatwehavenotyetandcannotdirectlyimageexoplanets(外部行星).Thisisincorrect.NASA/IPAChasalistatOneexampleisanimageof51Eridanib.Theplanetis2.6timesasmassiveasJupiterandhasthesameradius(半径).GerardKrissSpaceTelescopeScienceInstituteDr.Gerard:Iampleasedthatmyarticlebroughtaresponse.Thephrase“planetdetection”arousesinpeople’simaginationsbeautifulimagesofplanetsthatarecreativeartisticrepresentationsofnovelworlds.Butablurofbrightnessisnotanimage.Exoplanetresearchersroutinelycallvideossuchastheonebelowof51Eridanib“directimages”becausetheplanet’slighthasbeenseparatedfromthatofitsstar.“Directlyimaged”isthestandardlanguageofexoplanetastronomy.Buttoanoptical(光学的)scientistsuchasmyself,thereisastrongdistinctionbetweendirectdetection(theplanet’slightseparatedfromthelightofitsstar)anddirectimaging(aprovenpictureoftheexoplanet).Fromanopticalresearcher’sperspective,asinglebrightspotsimplyisnotanimage.Indeed,eventheword“direct”indirectdetectionisdebatablefromanopticalresearcher’spointofview.Thedetectionofthelightoftheexoplanetrequiressignificantprocessing,addingmultipleimagesandremovingstarlightbasedontheoreticalmodelsofthesourcesignal.Buttheinterpretationofabrightspotasaplanetisonlypossibleuponvisualinspectionandoptimisticthinking.Asanopticalscientist,Icannotlookatasinglespotandcallitanimageofexoplanets.Atrajectory(轨迹),oraseriesofbrightpoints,isnotanimageofaplanet,althoughitverylikelyrepresentssomethingthatnowadaysisdescribedasanexoplanet.MarijaStrojnik40.________isthemaindisagreementbetweenMarijaStrojnikandGerardKriss.A.Thedefinitionofaplanet B.TheimportanceofdetectingexoplanetsC.Theartisticrepresentationofexoplanets D.Theuseoftheterm“directimaging”41.HowdoesDr.Strojnikfeelabouttheinterpretationofabrightspotasanexoplanet?A.Shesupportsit,asitisamonpracticeinexoplanetastronomy.B.Sheapprovesofit,althoughitdoesnotprovideaclearpictureoftheexoplanet.C.Shebelievesitisonlypossiblethroughvisualobservationandpositiveassumption.D.Sheconsiderstheinterpretationtobedebatable,asitrequiressignificantprocessing.42.Wherecanyoufindthesetwoletters?A.Inthetextbook. B.Inalocalnewspaper.C.Inapublishedessay. D.Inasciencejournal.（C）TheancientEgyptiansthoughtsolittleofthebrainthatwhenakingdied,theyremovedthebrainfromhisbodyandthrewitaway.TheEgyptiansassumed,likemanypeoplebeforeandafterthem,thatconsciousness—yourmindandyourthoughtsexistedintheheart.Nowweknowthatthemindisaproductofthebrain,buthowexactlydoesthis1.5kilopieceofmattercreateamindthatallowsyoutothinkaboutyourself,experiencehappinessandanger,orremembereventsthathappened20minutesor20yearsago?Thisisn’tanewquestion.Today,however,powerfulnewtechniquesforvisualizingthesourcesofthought,emotion,behavior,andmemoryaretransformingthewayweunderstandthebrainandtheminditcreates.Haveyoueverstoppedandthought,“What’swrongwithmetoday?Ijustdon’tfeellikemyself”?Perhapsyouweremoretiredorworriedthanusual—butsomehow,youknewthatsomethingwasdifferentaboutyou.Thisselfawarenesstheabilitytothinkaboutyourselfandhowyou’refeelingisanimportantpartofbeinghuman.Thispartofofyourmindhasitsoriginsintheprefrontalcortex—aregionofyourbrainjustbehindyourforeheadthatextendstoaboutyourears.Beforethisareabegantofunction(aroundagetwo),youdidn’tunderstandthatyouwereaseparateindividualwithyourownidentity.Asthispartofyourbraindeveloped,youbecamemoreawareofyourselfandyourthoughtsandfeelings.Thoughhumansmaysharecertainemotionsandrecognizetheminothers,wedon’tallhavethesameemotionalresponsetoeverysituation.Infact,mostemotionalresponsesarelearnedandstoredinourmemories.Thesmelloffreshlycutgrass,forexample,willgeneratehappyfeelingsinsomeonewhospentenjoyablechildhoodsummersinthecountryside,butnotinsomeonewhowasforcedtoworklonghoursonafarm.Onceanemotionalassociationlikethisismade,itisverydifficulttoreverseit.“Emotionistheleastflexiblepartofthebrain,”sayspsychologistPaulEkman.Butwecanlearntocontrolouremotionsbybeingconsciouslyawareoftheirunderlyingcausesandbynotreactingautomaticallytothingsinourenvironment.Forcenturies,peoplehavestudiedthebrain,butitisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehavereallystartedtolearnhowitworks.Nevertheless,thereisstillalongwaytogobeforeweunderstandourmind’smanyplexities.43.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Howwecreateandcontrolemotions. B.Howthemindworks.C.Howhumanbeingsaredistinct. D.Howemotionsareprocessed.44.WhydoestheauthormentiontheancientEgyptians’practiceintheverybeginning?A.ToillustratetheimportanceoftheheartinancientEgyptianculture.B.Tointroducethecorethemeofthemindbodyconnectionandevolution.C.Toprovideanexampleofhowthebrainhasbeenmisunderstoodthroughouthistory.D.TocontrasttheancientEgyptians’viewsonthebrainwiththemodernone.45.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?A.Selfawarenessdevelopsbeforetheageoftwo.B.Theprefrontalcortexaffectsaperson’semotions.C.Theprefrontalcortexislocatedatthefrontofthebrain.D.Selfawarenessstrengthenswiththedevelopmentofthebrain.46.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestabouttheflexibilityofemotions?A.Emotionsareuniversalanddonotchangeovertimeorwithindividualexperiences.B.Emotionsaregenerallylearnedandstoredinourmemories,makingthemquiteflexible.C.Emotionsareinfluencedbyourpersonalexperiencesandcanvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Emotionsaretheleastflexiblepartofthemind,andtheycannotbecontrolled.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Itiscertainlydifficulttomakemoney.Butshouldmoneybedifficulttogiveaway?InTheGildedAge,industrialistssuchasAndrewCarnegieandJohnD.Rockefellerworriedaboutwasteandmisuse;Carnegiewrotein1889that$950ofevery$1,000thatwenttocharitywas“unwiselyspent”.____47____Donorsranlengthyapplicationprocesses,providedfundsandfulfilledpainstakingreportingrequirements.In2006TheEconomistcalledit“philanthrocapitalism(慈善资本主义)”.____48____The400richestAmericanshavegivenawayjust6%oftheirbinedfortunes,accordingtoForbes.Atthelastcountin2022,almost$1.2trnwassittinginAmericanprivatefoundationsand$230bnindonoradvisedfunds,asortofsavingsaccountfordonors.Plentyofmoneyisbeingmarkedforcharity.Butitisnotgettingtoworthycausesfastenough.Fortunately,anewgenerationofdonorsisonceagainshakinguptheworldofbigphilanthropy(慈善事业).LeadingthemissionisMacKenzieScott,whosimplifiedtheprocessofgivingandisdonatingbillionsofdollarsayearwithfewconditions.This“nostringsgiving”ischangingmegadonors’longheldassumptions.____49____Oneistherecognitionthatphilanthropistsdonothavetodoeverythingthemselves.____50____Anupsideofadecadeslongtrendforbusinesslikephilanthropyisthatarmiesofconsultantshaveemergedtohelpdonorsdrawupastrategyandconductduediligenceonpotentialrecipients.Donorscanteamupandsharethework,too.Anotherlessonfromthenostringscrowdisthatphilanthropistscantrustrecipientstoputmoneytogooduseoncetheproperduediligenceisinplace.Thatmeansanalyzinganonprofitorganization’sannualreportsandinterviewingitsleadersandotherfunders.A.Itofferslessonsforthosestrugglingtogetmoneyoutofthedoor.B.Inadditiontothat,hercharityworkistoonumeroustomention.C.However,thisideathatcharities’moneyiswastedhasbeenprovenwrongbyevidence.D.Megadonorsnolongerneedtoendurethetroubleofsettingupafoundationandhiringstaff.E.Twodecadeson,however,it’sbeeclearthatallthispaperworkputsthebrakesongiving.F.Aroundtheturnofthemillenniumdonorslookedtodataandrulesasawaytostopwaste.Ⅳ．SummaryWriting51.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Forthousandsofyears,Chinesepeoplehavevaluedthelargefamilywiththree,four,orevenfivegenerationslivingunderthesameroof.That'swhatwecallanextendedfamily.Nowitischanging.paredtoextendedfamilies.nuclearfamilieswhichinvolveonlytwogenerationslivingtogetherarebeingthetrend.Apartfromfamilysize,thesefamiliesarealsofeaturedbyreduceddependenceonthelastgeneration.Youngpeopleareabletomakedecisionsontheirownandchildrenarelesslikelytobebroughtupbytheirgrandparents.Thereasonforthetendencyofnuclearfamiliescanbereflectedasfollows.It'satimewhenyoungpeoplethinkhighlyofindividualfreedom.Youngpeopleliketohavepersonalspacethatwon'tbedisturbedbytheoldgenerations.Inthisway,theyaremorelikelytoavoidconflictscausedbydifferentlivinghabitsfromtheirparents.It'salsoatimewhensocialwelfareinstitutionsarehighlyadvancedforoldpeopletoleadafortablelife.Seniorcitizenscanlivetogetherinsomenursinghomesandbetakengoodcareofbyspecializednursingworkers,whichmaybaseyoungpeople'sheavyburdenofattendingtheiragingparents.However,theproblemconcerningattendingtochildrenturnsupasthenumberofnuclearfamiliesincreases.Youngpeoplearebusywiththeirworkandspendlesstimewiththeirchildren.Asaresult,lackingenoughcarebothfromtheirparentsandgrandparentsduringtheirgrowth,childrenmaydevelopmentalillnesseslikelonelinessanddepression.Manyyoungpeople,therefore,hirebabysitterstolookafterandkeeppanywiththeirchildren,whichaddsafinancialburdentothem.Facingtheproblemabove,youngpeoplecanseekhelpfromoldgenerations,munitiesandgovernment.Oldgenerationsareweledtotakecareoftheirgrandchildren,especiallywhenyoungpeopleareaskedtoworkovertime.munitiesoughttoorganizesomevolunteerstolookafterunattendedkids.Andgovernmentcansetupspecialloadsforyoungpeopletorelievetheirfinancialproblem.Withthejointefforts,nuclearfamiliesareexpectedtofitinwellwiththedevelopmentofthesociety.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅴ．TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordgiveninthebrackets.52.校餐也要以其他食品的推销方法推销给孩子。（thesameway）(汉译英)___________________________________________________________________________________________53.为了培养学生地道的口音，该大学计划从国外聘请一些英文老师。（handful）(汉译英)_______________________________________________