印度尼西亚2023世行营商环境企业调查问卷国别报告（英文）

ENTERPRISESURVEYS

WHATBUSINESSESEXPERIENCE

ENTERPRISESURVEYS

Indonesia2023CountryProfile

2

Contents

Introduction 3

FirmsCharacteristics 4

Workforce 5

FirmPerformance 5

PhysicalInfrastructure 6

InternationalTrade 6

AccesstoFinance 7

ManagementPractices 8

Informality 8

Regulations,Permits,andTaxes 8

Corruption 9

BusinessEnvironmentObstacles 9

Appendix 11

TheCountryProfilesproducedbytheEnterpriseAnalysisUnitoftheWorldBankprovideanoverviewofkeybusinessenvironmentindicatorsineacheconomy,comparingthemtotheirrespectivegeographicregionandgroupofcountrieswithsimilarincomelevels.Thesametopicsarecoveredforallcountrieswithslightvariationsofindicators.Allindicatorsarebasedontheresponsesoffirms.TolearnmoreabouttheEnterpriseAnalysisUnitandtoobtainCountryProfilesforothercountries,pleasevisit

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PleaseciteEnterpriseSurveysdataasfollows:EnterpriseSurveysTheWorldBank.

TheEnterpriseSurveysteamcanbecontactedat:TheWorldBank

2121PennsylvaniaAvenue,NWWashingtonDC,20433USA

Tel.(202)479-3800

3

EconomyOverview

Indonesia2023

Region:EastAsia&Pacific

IncomeGroup:UpperMiddleIncome

Introduction

TheEnterpriseSurveys(ES)focusonmanyaspectsofthebusinessenvironment.Thesefactorscanbeaccommodatingorconstrainingforfirmsandplayanimportantroleinwhetheraneconomy’sprivatesectorwillthriveornot.Anaccommodatingbusinessenvironmentisonethatencouragesfirmstooperateefficiently.Suchconditionsstrengthenincentivesforfirmstoinnovateandtoincreaseproductivity—keyfactorsforsustainabledevelopment.Amoreproductiveprivatesector,inturn,expandsemploymentandcontributestaxesnecessaryforpublicinvestmentinhealth,education,andotherservices.QuestionscontainedintheESaimatcoveringmostofthetopicsmentionedabove.Thetopicsincludeinfrastructure,trade,finance,regulations,taxesandbusinesslicensing,corruption,managementpractices,andinformality,accesstofinance,innovation,labor,andperceptionsaboutobstaclestodoingbusiness.

TheESareconductedbytheWorldBankanditspartnersacrossallgeographicregionsandcoversmall,medium,andlargefirms.Thesizeofthefirmisdeterminedbythenumberofemployees:5to19(small),20to99(medium),and100ormore(large).Firmswithlessthanfiveemployeesareineligibleforthesurvey.Firmsthatare100%state-ownedarealsoineligible.

Thesurveysareadministeredtoarepresentativesample1offirmsinthenon-agricultural,formal,privateeconomy.Sectorcoverageisdefinedconsistentlyacrossalleconomiesandincludestheentiremanufacturingsectorandmostservicessectors:retail,wholesale,automotiverepair,hotelsandrestaurants,transportation,storage,

communications,construction,andIT.Publicutilities,governmentservices,healthcare,andfinancialservicessectorsarenotincludedinthesample(Figure1).TheESinterviewtakesplacewithtopmanagersandbusinessowners.

TheESarerepeatedeverythreeyearsforaparticulareconomy.Bytrackingchangesinthebusinessenvironment,policymakersandresearcherscanlookattheeffectsofpolicyandregulatoryreformsonfirmperformance.Repeatedsurveysaidinstudyingtheevolutionofthebusinessenvironmentandhowitaffectsthedynamicsoftheprivatesector.

ThisdocumentsummarizestheresultsoftheEnterpriseSurveyforIndonesia.Businessownersandtopmanagersin2955firmswereinterviewedbetweenDecember2022andSeptember2023.Figure2providesadescriptionofthesamplebreakdownacrossthethreesurveydesigncategories:businesssector,firmsize,andlocation.

Figure1:SectorsoftheeconomycoveredbytheEnterpriseSurveys

Excluded

Included

SECTORS

Agriculture

Fishing

Mining

Publicutilities

FinancialintermediationPublicadministration

Education,healthandsocialwork

SECTORS

Manufacturing(allsubsectors)Construction

Motorvehiclessalesand

repair

WholesaleRetail

Hotelsandrestaurants

Storage,transportation,andcommunications

IT

ADDITIONALCRITERIA

•<5employees

•Informalfirms

•100%state-ownedfirms

ADDITIONALCRITERIA

•5+employees

•Formal(registered)firms

•Minimumof1%privateownership

4

Figure2:CharacteristicsoffirmssurveyedSector

Food[168]

Garments[148]

Chemicals&ChemicalProducts[97]Non-MetallicMineralProducts[127]

Machinery&Equipment[67]OtherManufacturing[257]Construction[142]

Hotels[155]

Publishing,Telecommunications&IT[75]OtherServices[259]

Textiles[108]

LeatherProducts[98]

Rubber&PlasticsProducts[125]FabricatedMetalProducts[118]MotorVehicles[72]

Retail[488]

Transport[136]Restaurants[216]

ProfessionalActivities[99]

Size

481

822

1,652

Small(5-19)[1652]

Medium(20-99)[822]

Large(100+)[481]

Location

WestJava[231]

TheBangkaBelitungIslands,theRiauIslands[147]SouthSumatra,Bengkulu,Jambi[142]

EastJava[140]

NorthSumatra[135]WestKalimantan[132]

SouthKalimantan,CentralKalimantan[125]

WestNusaTenggara[124]EastNusaTenggara[122]Lampung[121]

Aceh[117]

SpecialCapitalRegionofJakarta[172]Banten[145]

CentralJava[141]

MalukuIslands(MalukuandNorthMaluku)[136]Sulawesi[134]

Bali[131]Riau[125]

SpecialRegionofYogyakarta[122]WestSumatra[121]

Papua[119]

EastKalimantan,NorthKalimantan[73]

FirmsCharacteristics

Inadditiontocollectinginformationonthebusinessenvironmentandfirmperformance,theESalsocollectinformationoncharacteristicsofprivatefirms.Figure3showsthedistributionoffirmsintheprivatesectoraccordingtotheirage,measuredbythenumberofyearstheyhavebeeninoperation.Theeffectofthebusinessenvironmentonfirmperformancemaydependonfirms’experienceandlongevity.Also,olderfirmsandyoungfirmsmaydifferintheirabilitytosuccessfullynavigatethebusinessenvironment.

Figure3:Agedistributionoffirms

40

32

30

30

%ofFirms

24

20

10

5

1

1

2

0i

0-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6060+

FirmAge(Years)

5

Figure4exhibitsthepercentageoffemaleparticipationinemployment,intopmanagementandinfirmownership,comparedtotheequivalentpercentagesfortheregionandforeconomieswithsimilarincomelevels.Femaleinclusionineconomicactivityisnecessaryforpromotingsharedprosperity,oneofthetwindevelopmentgoalsoftheWorldBank.

Figure4:Femaleparticipationinemployment,topmanagementandownership

Percentage

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

59

47

36

32

21

4039

37

36

%Employeesthatarefemale

%Firmsw/a

femaletop

manager

%Firmsw/

female

participationin

ownership

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddleIncome

Workforce

TheEScollectworkforceinformationsuchasthenumberofpermanentfull-timeemployees,thenumberoftemporaryemployees,employeesbygender,whetherformaltrainingisoffered,andthetopmanager’sexperienceworkinginthefirm’ssector.Inaddition,formanufacturingfirms,theESalsocollectsthebreakdownoftheworkforcebetweenproductionandnon-productionworkersandbetweenskilledandunskilledproductionworkers.Figures5and6highlightfirms’investmentintheskillsandcapabilitiesoftheirworkforce.

Figure5:Percentageoffirmsofferingformaltraining

40

%ofFirms

30

20

10

0

3132

8

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PaciiperMiddleIncome

Theincidenceoftrainingismeasuredbythepercentoffirmsthatofferformaltrainingandtheintensityoftrainingismeasuredbytheshareofworkersreceivingtraininginthemanufacturingsector.

Figure6:Withinfirmsofferingtraining,proportionofworkerstrained*

%ofFirms

80

60

40

20

0

6770

53

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddle

Income

*onlyformanufacturingfirms

FirmPerformance

Ifaneconomy’sbusinessenvironmentissupportiveandcompetitive,resourcesareoftenchanneledtothemostproductiveusesandfirmsinvesttofurtherincreasetheirproductivity.Usingtheresponsestoquestionsonannualsalesandthetotalnumberofpermanentfull-timeemployees,bothinthelastfiscalyearandthreefiscalyearsearlier,growthmeasurescanbecomputedforeachfirm.Figure7displaystheresultingannualgrowthrateinemploymentandinrealsales.Bylookingatbusinessenvironmentmeasuresinconjunctionwithavailableperformancemeasures,policymakerscandeterminewhichaspectsofthebusinessenvironmentmaybeimpedingorenablingthegrowthoftheprivatesector.

Figure7:Annualemploymentandsalesgrowth

5.8

7

4.7

6

%Annual

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

3.4

1.9

-0.3

-2

-1.7

-3

Realannualsalesgrowth(%)

Annualemploymentgrowth

(%)

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddleIncome

6

PhysicalInfrastructure

Awell-developedphysicalinfrastructure,includingroads,electricity,waterandtelecommunications,iscentraltocompetitivenessandgrowthofaneconomy.Qualityinfrastructureefficientlyconnectsfirmstomarketsforinputs,products,andtechnologies.Itreducesthecostofproductionandenhancesthecompetitivenessoffirmsindomesticandinternationalmarkets.

TheEScapturethedualchallengeofprovidingastronginfrastructureforelectricity,watersupplyandtelecommunicationsinadditiontoinformationonthedevelopmentofinstitutionsthateffectivelyprovideandmaintainthesepublicservices.

Efficiencyintheoperationoftheprivatesectorrequiresareliablesupplyofelectricity.Figure8showstheextenttowhichfirmsfacefailuresintheprovisionofelectricityasmeasuredbythepercentoffirmsexperiencingelectricaloutagesandbythenumberofpoweroutages.Inadequateelectricityprovisionsupplycanincreasecosts,disruptproduction,andreduceprofitability.

Figure8:Reliabilityofelectricitysupplyandrelatedlosses

%ofFirms

No.ofPowerOutages

4644

13

50

40

30

20

10

0

%offirmsexperiencingelectricaloutages

5.2

2.1

0.2

No.ofpoweroutages

4

0

6

2

aIndonesia2023EastAsia&PacificuUpperMiddleIncome

Figure9displaystheefficiencyofinfrastructureservicesbyquantifyingthenumberofdaysittakestoobtainanelectricityconnection.Servicedelaysimposeadditionalcostsonfirmsandmayactasbarrierstoentryandinvestment.

Figure9:Daystoobtainanelectricalconnection

Days

50

40

30

20

10

0

19

5

Indonesia2023EastAsia&

Pacific

UpperMiddleIncome

39

Formanyindustriesinthemanufacturingsectorwaterisalsoanimportantinputinthemanufacturingprocess.Figure10presentsthenumberofdaysittakestoobtainawaterconnection.Theseservicedelaysalsoimposeadditionalcostsonfirmsandmayactasbarrierstoentryandinvestment.

Figure10:Daystoobtainawaterconnection

30

26

25

21

Days

20

15

10

5

5

0

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddle

Income

InternationalTrade

Participationininternationaltradeallowsfirmstoexpand,raisestandardsforefficiency,importmaterialsatlowercost,andacquireupdatedandbettertechnologies.However,tradingalsorequiresthatfirmsdealwithcustomsandtraderegulations,andoftenfirmsarealsorequiredtoobtainexportandimportlicenses.

TheESquantifythetradeactivityoffirmsandcollectsinformationontheoperationalconstraintsfacedwhenexportingandimporting.Figure11providesameasureoftheintensityofforeigntradeintheprivatesector,capturedbythepercentageoffirmsthatexportdirectlyatleast10%oftheirtotalannualsales.Figure11alsoshowsthepercentageofmanufacturingfirmsthatuseinputsorsuppliesofforeignorigin.

7

Figure11:Percentageofexportingandimportingfirms

%ofFirms

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

60

43

11

7

5

5

%offirmsexportingdirectly%Usinginputsofforeign

origin*

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddleIncome

*onlyformanufacturingfirms

Efficientcustomsproceduresenablebusinessestodirectlyexportandimportgoods.Figure12displaystheaveragenumberofdaystoclearcustomsforexportsandimports.Delaysinclearingcustomsforexportsandimportscreateadditionalcoststothefirm,caninterruptproduction,interferewithsales,andmayresultindamagedsuppliesormerchandise.

Figure12:Averagedaystoclearexportsandimportsthroughcustoms

15

12

11

10

8

10

Days

7

6

5

0

ExportsatcustomsImportsatcustoms

aIndonesia2023EastAsia&PacificuUpperMiddleIncome

Figure13comparesthevarioussourcesusedtofinancepurchasesoffixedassets(investments).Investmentpurchasescanbefinancedbyinternalsources,banks,inputs’suppliercredit,orothersources,includingnon-bankfinancialinstitutionsorpersonalnetworks.Excessiverelianceoninternalfundsmayindicatepotentiallyinefficientfinancialintermediation.

Figure14displaystwoindicatorsoftheuseoffinancialservicesbyprivatefirms:thepercentageoffirmswithacheckingorsavingsaccountandthepercentageoffirmswithabankloan.Theformerindicatormeasurestheuseofdepositmobilizationserviceswhichhelpsfirmstomanagetheirliquidityandpayments.Thesecondindicatormeasurestheuseoffinancialservicesonthecreditside.Availabilityofcreditpermitsfundingprojectsthatotherwisewouldbeconstrainedbyeachfirm’slimitedpooloffunds.

Figure13:Sourcesoffinancingforpurchasesoffixedassets

Indonesia2023

EastAsia&Pacific

UpperMiddleIncome

1442

1332

1855

79

80

69

3

3

1

020406080100

%ofInvestment

Financedbybanks

FinancedbysuppliercreditOther

FinancedbyequityFinancedinternally

AccesstoFinance

Well-developedfinancialmarketsprovidepaymentservices,mobilizedeposits,andfacilitatefundingforthepurchaseoffixedassets–suchasbuildings,land,machinery,andequipment–aswellasworkingcapital.Efficientfinancialmarketsreducetherelianceoninternalfundsorinformalsourcessuchasfamilyandfriendsbyconnectingfirmsthatarecreditworthytoabroadrangeoflendersandinvestors.

TheESprovideindicatorsonthesourcesoffirmsfinancingandonthecharacteristicsoftheirfinancialtransactions.

Figure14:Useoffinancialservices

%ofFirms

100

80

60

40

20

0

92

89

76

192220

Small(5-19)Medium(20-99)Large(100+)Withchecking/savingsaccountWithbankloan

8

ManagementPractices

Soundmanagementpracticeshavebeenshowntobeakeyelementinfirms’productivityandtheiroverallperformance.TheESindicatorsonmanagementpracticescovereightimportantaspectsrangingfromtakinglong-termactionstofixandavoidproblemsinproductionorservice-delivery;number,time-horizon,andotherfeaturesofproductionorservice-provisiontargets;totheuseofbonusesorpromotionstorewardbetterperformance,andactionstolimitunder-performance.

Figure15illustratesthecompositemanagementpracticesindex,whichcombinesinformationfromalleightcomponents,eachisalsoavailableasaseparateESindicatorintheAppendix.Theeightindividualcomponentsandthiscompositeindexareusefulwhencomparingacountrywithpeersorcomparatorgroups.Thecompositemanagementpracticesindexvariesfrom0to100,with100denotinganideal,mostwell-structuredmanagementpractice,wherebyalleightsubcomponentsarehandledmosteffectively.TheESindicatorsonmanagementpracticesarecalculatedforfirmswithatleast20workers.

Figure15:Managementpracticesindex

53

60

Index(highermeansbetter)

49

49

50

40

30

20

10

0

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddle

Income

Informality

Whenfirmsareformallyregistered,theyarerequiredtoabidebyrulesandregulations,whicharecommonlysetbygovernments.Payingtaxesisusuallythemosttangibleconsequenceofbecomingpartoftheformalprivatesector.Somefirmstrytoavoidtheseconsequencesbynotregisteringtheirbusinessandtherebyremainingintheinformalsector.Alargeinformalsectormayrepresentachallengetocompetingformalfirmsasinformalfirmsareabletoengageinpracticesthatcangiveanunfair

advantageoverformalfirmsthatmustcomplywiththeprevailingrulesandregulations.

Figure16providestwomeasuresoftheincidenceofinformalityintheprivatesector.Thefirstindicatoristhepercentageoffirmsthatindicatethattheyfacecompetitionfromunregisteredorinformalfirms.Thesecondindicatoristhepercentageofcurrentlyregisteredfirmsthatstartedoperationsbeingformallyregistered.

Figure16:Firmsandinformality

%ofFirms

100

80

60

40

20

0

90

85

66

56

47

42

Registeredwhenstartedoperations

Competewithinformalfirms

aIndonesia2023EastAsia&PacificuUpperMiddleIncome

Regulations,Permits,andTaxes

Goodeconomicgovernanceinareassuchasregulations,businesslicensing,andtaxationisafundamentalpillarofafavorablebusinessenvironment.Registeredfirmspaytaxesandaresupposedtocomplywithregulations.

%ofTime

%ofFirms

0

%offirmsthatmetwithtaxofficials

60

10

8

6

4

2

0

50

42

40

20

8

Figure17:Timetaxandmeetingswithtaxofficials

7.57.7

1.3

Seniormgmttimew/govtregulations

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddleIncome

Permitsandlicensesareusuallyrequiredforbusinesstooperate,buildanewstructure,andtoimportdirectly,amongotheractivities.Ideally,theseregulationsandpermitssafeguardthegeneralpublic’sinterestwhile

9

remainingtransparentandnotimposingheavyburdensontheprivatesector.

TheESprovidequantitativemeasuresofregulationssuchasbusinesslicensingandtaxation.Figure17illustratesthe“timetax”imposedbyregulations,whichisthepercentageoftimespentbyseniormanagementdealingwithregulatorycompliance.Figure17alsopresentsthepercentoffirmsthatwerevistedorrequiredtomeetwithtaxofficials.

Figure18focusesontheefficiencyofbusinesslicensingandpermitservices.Theindicatorsmeasurethetimerequiredtoobtainanimportlicense,aconstructionpermit,andanoperatinglicense.Delaysinobtaininglicensescanbecostlytoentrepreneursastheyadduncertaintyandadditionalcoststomuchneededbusinesstransactions.

Figure18:Numberofdaystoobtainpermits

Days

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

60

33

29

20

7

21

17

9

5

Operatinglicense

ImportlicenseConstruction

permit

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddleIncome

Complyingwithregulationsiscostlyforbusinesses.Excessiveorinefficientregulationscandiscourageprivatesectoractivityandforeigndirectinvestment.

Corruption

Corruptionbypublicofficialscanbeamajoradministrativeandfinancialburdenonfirms.Corruptioncreatesanunfavorablebusinessenvironmentbyunderminingoperationalefficiencyandraisingthecostsandrisksassociatedwithrunningaprivatefirm.

Inefficientregulationsconstrainfirms’operationsastheypresentopportunitiesforsolicitingbribes,wherefirmsarerequiredtomake“unofficial”paymentstopublicofficialstogetthingsdone.Inmanyeconomiesbribesarecommonandquitehighandtheyaddtothebureaucratic

costsinobtainingrequiredpermitsandlicenses.Theycanbeaseriousimpedimentforfirms’growthanddevelopment.

Figure19providesacompositeindexofcorruption,thebriberyincidence,thatreflectsthepercentageoffirmsexperiencingatleastonebribepaymentrequestacrosssixdifferenttransactionsincludingpayingtaxes,obtainingpermitsorlicenses,andobtainingutilityconnections.

TheEScaptureindividualtransactionswherebribesmaybesolicited.Figure20displaystheextenttowhichfirmsarerequestedtopayabribeinordertoreceiveselectedpublicservices.Businessesmaybeaskedtopaybribeswhentheyrequestaconstructionpermit,whiletryingtosecureagovernmentcontract,orduringmeetingswithtaxofficials.Thesethreetypesoftransactionsarecommoninstanceswhereopportunitiesforbriberyoccur.

Figure19:Briberyincidence(percentoffirms

experiencingatleastonebribepaymentrequest)

26

30

%ofFirms

20

20

11

10

0

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddle

Income

Figure20:Percentageoffirmsrequestedorexpectedtogivegiftsorinformalpayments

%ofFirms

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

30

28

35

19

14

10

0

13

14

ForgovtcontractInmtgsw/tax

officials

Forconstructionpermit

Indonesia2023EastAsia&PacificUpperMiddleIncome

BusinessEnvironmentObstacles

MostindicatorsintheESarederivedfromsurveyquestionsthataskbusinessesfortheiractualexperiences

10

dealingwiththebusinessenvironment.Forexample,“Howmanydaysdidittaketogetapermit?”or“Howmanyhoursdidthepoweroutagelast?”.Asmallnumberofsurveyquestionsaskbusinessownersortopmanagersfortheirsubjectiveopinionregardingtheimportanceofvariousbusinessenvironmentelements.

Figure21showsthepercentageoffirmsthatconsideraspecificbusinessenvironmentobstacleasthemostimportantone.Therespondentwasaskedtochoosethebiggestobstacletotheirbusinessfromalistof15businessenvironmentobstacles.Thefigurepresentsthe

top10rankingobstaclescomparedtotheregionalaverages.

Figure22displaysthetop3obstaclesforsmall,medium,andlargefirms.Inmanyeconomies,theperceptionsofmanagersoflargefirmsareverydifferentfromtheperceptionsofmanagersofmediumandsmallfirms.Thisisrelatedtothecapacitytonavigatebusinessenvironmentobstacles:largerfirmsmayhavemoreoptionstofaceobstaclesbutatthesametimetheyarealsomorevisibleandmoreexposedtofailuresofthebusinessenvironment.

Figure21:Toptenbusinessenvironmentconstraints

35

30

%ofFirms

25

20

15

10

5

0

Indonesia2023

29oEastAsia&Pacific

15

11

10

7

6

433

3

Accesstofinance

CorruptionPracticesof

theinformalsector

TaxratesLabor

Crime,theftanddisorder

Inadequatelyeducatedworkforce

Politicalinstability

regulations

TransportationBusinesslicensesand

permits

Figure22:Topthreebusinessenvironmentconstraintsbysize

%ofFirms

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Small(5-19Employees)Medium(20-99Employees)

%ofFirms

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

32

23

%ofFirms

25

20

14

15

15

16

10

10

5

0

Accesstofinance

Corruption

Accesstofinance

Crime,theftanddisorder

Politicalinstability

Crime,theftanddisorder

Large(100+Employees)

19

17

15

Crime,theftandPoliticalinstabilityAccesstofinancedisorder

11

Appendix

Thefollowingtablecontainsthevaluesofallindicatorvariablesusedinthecountryprofile.

Indonesia2023

EastAsia&Pacific

UpperMiddleIncome

AllFirmsSmallMediumLarge

FirmCharacteristics

Ageoftheestablishment(years)

16.8

15.5

18.1

28.4

16.9

18.6

Percentoffirmswithatleast10%foreignownership

1.8

1.0

2.8

6.5

15.1

6.0

Percentoffirmswithatleast10%government/stateownership

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.5

Gender

Percentoffirmswithfemaleparticipationinownership

59.4

62.0

54.0

52.2

47.3

35.9

Percentoffirmswithafemaletopmanager

31.8

33.3

29.1

26.9

35.9

20.6

Proportionofpermanentfull-timeworkersthatarefemale(%)

39.7

39.3

39.9

45.9

38.5

37.1

Percentageofpermanentfull-timenon-productionworkersthatarefemale*

61.2

60.5

62.9

60.1

41.3

49.2

Percentageofpermanentfull-timeproductionworkersthatarefemale*

45.0

42.6

48.5

50.1

39.6

34.9

Workforce

Percentoffirmsofferingformaltraining

8.4

3.8

15.5

36.5

31.2

32.1

Proportionofworkersofferedformaltraining(%)*

66.7

78.5

63.3

40.4

69.9

52.9

Yearsofthetopmanager'sexperienceworkinginthefirm