2025届高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练典型技巧12段落大意的概括分析含解析

典型技巧12段落大意的概括分析【考情角度】考情分析自然生态类说明文中常包含人与动植物、自然与环境类主题，结构层次清楚，常为总分或总分总结构。考查角度常考查细微环节理解题、写作意图题、主旨大意题或段落大意题。【真题再现】(2024·浙江高考·C)主题语境：自然生态Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawaseq\a\vs4\al(spared)oreq\a\vs4\al(unaffected)，fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterseq\a\vs4\al(targeted)bigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleagueseq\a\vs4\al(documented)awidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatereq\a\vs4\al(shortage).Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingeq\a\vs4\al(incomparisonwith)howmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,eq\a\vs4\al(dampness)ofsoil,andtheeq\a\vs4\al(timing)ofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorseq\a\vs4\al(drivingup)waterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.1.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig­treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.2.Whichofthefollowingiseq\a\vs4\al(well­intentioned)eq\a\vs4\al(butmaybebadforbigtrees)？A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests. B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment. D.Firecontrolmeasures.3.Whatisaeq\a\vs4\al(majorcause)eq\a\vs4\al(ofthewatershortage)accordingtoMcIntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt. B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate. D.Dampnessoftheair.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia答案与解析1.A2.D3.C4.A1.由其次段中关键信息“declinedby50percent,fallenbymorethan55percent,thedeclinewasnearly75percent”可知，该段主要说明树木数量削减的严峻性。2.由题干关键词badforbigtrees，定位原文说明的大树数量锐减的因素。由第三段最终一句过度的野火限制使加州森林长满与大树竞争的小树苗，由此可推断出答案。3.题干关键词majorcause是原文biggestfactors的同义转述，最终一段中提到的气温上升和积雪过早溶化是缺水的主要缘由。由此可推出正确答案。4.依据文章关键词losthalfitsbigtrees，结合对树木削减的缘由分析可确定文章标题。【技巧释义】抓关键词，兼顾段落首尾，定段落大意►提出事实：加州大树数量削减►利用数字说明加州森林树木数量锐减的现状►第3～6段说明树林数量削减的缘由：伐木建房、过度的野火限制、缺水、气候变更。►文章多次出现decline,loss,fall等表“下降”的词汇，文章主题句及标题句应体现“下降”这一点。【词汇积累】targetvt.把……作为攻击目标documentvt.记录unaffectedadj.未受影响的shortagen.短缺dampnessn.潮气timingn.时间sparevt.留出；匀出incomparisonwith与……比较driveup迫使……快速上升【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）1Thinkaboutwhatyoudidthismorning.Yougetoutofbedandgetyourselfreadyfortheday.Manypeopletakeforgrantedthefactthattheyareabletodothisindependently.Imagineforamomentthatyoucouldn'tdressyourselformakeyourownbreakfast.Nowimagineifthisishowyouwillwakeupfortherestofyourlife.ForIvyKrause,thisisherreality.IvyhasamedicalconditionknownasEpidermolysisBullosa(表皮溶解水泡症)，orEB,wheretheslightesttouchcanblisterandevenremoveherskin.IvyhasthemostsevereformofEBwhereherskinisaffectedbothexternallyandinternally.Simpletaskslikegoingtothetoiletandgettingdressedaremadeverydifficult.MobilityislimitedasIvy'sskinhasbecometight,andherfingershavefusedtogether,withtheonlywaytoreversethisbeingsurgery.EBisaverypainfulcondition,andwhatismostheartbreakingisknowingthatthisbeautiful,smiling,littlegirlislivinginconstantextremepain.Thisiswherecarersandtrainedbabysitterscomein.YvonneMcMullanhasbeencaringforIvyforthepast3years,andsaidithasbeenboththeworstandbestexperience."It'shard.Forher,especiallyatthisage,sheneedscontinuityofcare.Byhavingthesamenursestreatingher,Ivyknowsthatweloveandcareaboutherasmuchasshelovesus.Butwithoutbeingthere,youdon'tknowjusthowsorrowfulitistoseeherinpain.It'sheartbreaking."Ivyisafighterinalmosteverysenseoftheword.Shehasencouragedsomanypeopletogivebacktothecommunityanddonatetocharitieswhosupportthefamiliesofyoungchildrenlivingwithdisabilities,evenjusttoshowappreciationtothegiftoflifeandopportunity.Eventhoughsheiscoveredwithbandages,herstrongwillforlifeismovingandinspiring,justlikeabutterfly,facingsomanybarrierswhichstilldoesitsbesttocomeoutofthechrysalis(蝶蛹).1.WhatiswrongwithIvyKrause?A.Shedoesn'tknowhowtocook. B.Shecan'tliveonherown.C.Sheisparticularforfood. D.Sheistoolazy.2.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A.ThereasonforIvy'sillness. B.ThesymptomofIvy'sEB.C.ThecuresoftreatingEB. D.Theresearchonskin.3.WhichwordscandecribeIvy?A.Generousandencouraging. B.Optimisticandgrateful.C.Ambitiousandcaring. D.Independentandunselfish.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Aheartbrokenbabysitter B.AstrangecaseeverfoundC.Abutterflybeneaththebandages D.Theappreciationtothegiftoflife【答案】1.B2.B3.B4.C【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。身患表皮溶解水泡症的Ivy生活不能自理，每天生活在苦痛之中，但也依旧对生活充溢希望，激励他人回报社会。1.细微环节理解题。依据第一段的“Imagineforamomentthatyoucouldn'tdressyourselformakeyourownbreakfast.Nowimagineifthisishowyouwillwakeupfortherestofyourlife.ForIvyKrause,thisisherreality.”（想象一下，你不能自己穿衣，也不能自己做早餐。再想象一下，假如这就是你余生醒来的方式。对IvyKrause来说，这就是她的现实）可知，IvyKrause生活不能自理。故选B。2.主旨大意题。依据其次段的主要内容，尤其“IvyhasthemostsevereformofEBwhereherskinisaffectedbothexternallyandinternally.......MobilityislimitedasIvy'sskinhasbecometight,andherfingershavefusedtogether,”（Ivy患有最严峻的一种表皮溶解水泡症，她的内外皮肤都受到了影响。......行动受到限制，因为Ivy的皮肤已经变得特别紧绷，她的手指也已经融合再一起）可知，本段主要陈述Ivy的表皮溶解水泡症的症状。故选B。3.推理推断题。依据倒数其次段的“Byhavingthesamenursestreatingher,Ivyknowsthatweloveandcareaboutherasmuchasshelovesus.”（通过让相同的护士看护她，Ivy知道我们对她的爱和关切正如她爱我们一样多）可知，虽然身患疾病，但Ivy还是对四周的人表达出爱意，由此可知她很乐观。依据最终一段的“Shehasencouragedsomanypeopletogivebacktothecommunityanddonatetocharitieswhosupportthefamiliesofyoungchildrenlivingwithdisabilities,evenjusttoshowappreciationtothegiftoflifeandopportunity.”（她激励许多人回馈社会，向帮助残疾儿童家庭的慈善机构捐款，即使只是为了表达对生命和机会的感谢）可知，即使身患疾病Ivy仍旧激励他人回馈社会，由此可知，Ivy是一个感恩的人。综上所述，Ivy是一个乐观且知道感恩的人，故选B。4.主旨大意题。依据文章的主要内容可知，本文主要讲解并描述身患表皮溶解水泡症的Ivy生活不能自理，每天生活在苦痛之中，但也依旧对生活充溢希望，病激励他人回报社会。再结合最终一段的“Eventhoughsheiscoveredwithbandages,herstrongwillforlifeismovingandinspiring,justlikeabutterfly,facingsomanybarrierswhichstilldoesitsbesttocomeoutofthechrysalis(蝶蛹).”（尽管身体缠满绷带，但她坚毅的生命意志却令人感动，让人激昂。Ivy就像一只蝴蝶，面对重重阻碍，她仍努力冲破茧的束缚）可知，虽然全身缠满绷带，她就像是裹在茧里的蝴蝶，凭借坚韧的毅力破茧而出。由此可知，“绷带下的蝴蝶”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选C。2Fitnessjunkies(上瘾者)lockedoutofgyms,commuters(上班族)fearfulofpublictransport,andfamiliesgoingcrazyinsidetheirhomesduringthecoronaviruspandemic(冠状病毒大流行)havecreatedaboom(旺盛)inbicyclesalesunseenindecades.BicyclesalesoverthepasttwomonthssawtheirbiggestspikeintheU.S.sincetheoilcrisisofthe1970s,saidJayTownley,whoanalyzescyclingindustrytrendsatHumanPoweredSolutions.“Peoplequitefranklyhavepanicked,andthey’rebuyingbikesliketoiletpaper,”Townleysaid,referringtotherushtobuyessentialsliketoiletpaperandhandsanitizer(杀菌剂)thatstoressawatthebeginningofthepandemic.Thetrendismirroredaroundtheglobe,ascitieslikeManilaandRome,setupbikelanes(车道)toaccommodategrowinginterestincyclingwhilepublictransportremainsreduced.InLondon,authoritiesplantogofurtherbybanningcarsfromsomecentralhighways.Therearemultiplereasonsforthepandemicbicycleboom.Aroundtheworld,manyworkerswerelookingforanalternativetobusesandsubways.Peopleunabletogototheirgymslookedforanotherwaytoexercise.Andshut-infamiliestriedtofindawaytokeepkidsactiveduringstay-at-homeorders.Thepandemicisalsodrivingaboominelectric-assistbikes,callede-bikes,whichwereaminorpartoftheoverallmarketuntilnow.SalesatCowboy,aBelgiane-bikemaker,tripled(三倍增长)intheJanuary-Aprilperiodfromlastyear.Notably,theyspikedinBritainandFranceataroundthesametimeinMaythatthosecountriesstartedeasinglockdownrestrictions,saidChiefMarketingOfficerBenoitSimeray.JoeMinutolo,co-ownerofBarHarborBicycleShop,saidhehopesthesalesgrowthtranslatesintolong-termchange.“Peoplearehavingachancetorethinkthings,”hesaid.“Maybewe'llalllearnsomethingoutofthis,andsomethingreallygoodwillhappen.”5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“spike”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Decline. B.Restriction.C.Increase. D.Disappearance.6.WhatcanbeknownaboutManilaandRome?A.BikeLanesaresetupforcyclists.B.Localsstillrushtobuytoiletpaper.C.Carsarebannedfromsomemainroads.D.E-bikessellmuchbetterthanothercategories.7.WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A.Theappearanceofe-bikes.B.Thereasonsforthebicycleboom.C.Thedailyactivitiesofshut-infamilies.D.Thetrafficconditionsaroundtheworld.8.Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A.Toencouragereaderstobuybicycles.B.Toinformreadersofthebicycleboom.C.Topresentattitudestowardsthebicycleboom.D.Tointroducethenewdevelopmentofbicycles.【答案】5.C6.A7.B8.B【分析】本文是说明文。在冠状病毒大流行期间催生了几十年来未见的自行车销售热潮。5.词句揣测题。依据其次段的“BicyclesalesoverthepasttwomonthssawtheirbiggestspikeintheU.S.sincetheoilcrisisofthe1970s(在美国，过去两个月里自行车销售见证了自20世纪70年头石油危机以来的巨大spike)”和““Peoplequitefranklyhavepanicked,andthey’rebuyingbikesliketoiletpaper,”Townleysaid,referringtotherushtobuyessentialsliketoiletpaperandhandsanitizer(杀菌剂).(Townleysaid说：“坦白说，人们已经恐慌了，他们像买厕纸一样购买自行车”，他的意思是人们争相抢购生活必需品，例如厕纸、杀菌剂)”可知，在冠状病毒大流行期间人们感到恐慌，像抢购生活必需品一样争相抢购自行车。由此可知，在过去的两个月里自行车销量大涨，即划线词的意思是“上涨”。故选C。6.细微环节理解题。依据第三段的“Thetrendismirroredaroundtheglobe,ascitieslikeManilaandRome,setupbikelanestoaccommodategrowinginterestincyclingwhilepublictransportremainsreduced.(这一趋势在全球各地都得到了反映，例如Manila和罗马等城市建立了自行车道，以满意人们对骑车日益增长的爱好，而公共交通仍旧在削减)”可知，在Manila和Rome建了自行车车道。故选A。7.主旨大意题。分析段落结构可知，本段是总——分结构，即第一句为中心句。依据第一句“Therearemultiplereasonsforthepandemicbicycleboom.(自行车大流行的热潮有多种缘由)”可知，本段主要说明自行车销售热潮的各种缘由。故选B。8.推理推断题。依据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“familiesgoingcrazyinsidetheirhomesduringthecoronaviruspandemic(冠状病毒大流行)havecreatedaboom(旺盛)inbicyclesalesunseenindecades.(冠状病毒大流行在室内待到发疯的家庭创建了几十年来前所未见的自行车销售热潮)”可知，本文是说明文，旨在向读者介绍在冠状病毒大流行期间出现的自行车销售热潮现象。故选B。3Nexttimeyougoonholiday,it'sgoingtofeelprettydifferent.Youmayhavetowearafacemask.Andthatmeansgettingyourpointacrossinanunfamiliarlanguage—allwhilekeepingyourmouthcovered—couldbecomeabitofaproblem.That'swheretheC-mask,byJapanesecompanyDonutRobotics,comesin.It'sasmart,Internet-connectedmouthcoveringthatcanmakecalls,raisethewearer’svoice,andmosthelpfullyfortravelers,translateconversationsintoeightdifferentlanguages.Ifneedbe,yousimplyplaceitoverastandardfacemaskandconnectitviaBluetoothtoasmartphone.Aspecialappwillthenallowyoutorecordliveconversations,turnthemintotextandtranslatethemintoEnglish,Chinese,French,Korean,Thai,Indonesian,SpanishorVietnamese(currentlyonlyfromJapanese)—makingiteasytounderstandwhatpeoplearesaying.Itwon'tactuallyspeakthetranslatedphrasesforyou,butitdoeshaveabuilt-inamplifier（扩音器）tohelpyoumakeyourselfheard.“Weworkedhardforyearstodeveloparobotandwehaveusedwhatwe'veresearchedtocreateaproductthatrespondstohowCOVID-19hasreshapedsociety,''Donut'sCEOrecentlytoldreporters.Thefirmhasalreadyraisedmorethan28millionyenviacrowdfundingtodeveloptheproduct,whichwillgoonsalefor3,980yeninJapan.Thereareallmanneroffashionable,eco-friendlymasksyoucannowgetyourhandson—checkouttheseinLondon,SingaporeandBarcelona.Butincreatinganaffordable,high-techmask,Donutcouldwellbeontosomething.9.TheC-maskisdevelopedto_______.A.seekfashion. B.reshapesociety.C.replacecellphones. D.promotecommunication.10.What’sthemainideaofParagraph3?A.HowtheC-maskspeaks.B.HowtheC-maskworks.C.WhatadvantagestheC-maskbrings.D.WhatlanguagestheC-masktranslates.11.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"beontosomething"inthelastparagraphmean?A.takealook. B.earnaliving.C.makeadifference. D.issueawarning.12.Inwhichcolumnofawebsitedoweprobablyreadthistext?A.Health. B.Tourism. C.Fashion. D.Technology.【答案】9.D10.B11.C12.D【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了日本DonutRobotics研发的一种可以促进沟通的高科技智能口罩，包括它的工作原理和市场等。9.推理推断题。依据一段的“Youmayhavetowearafacemask.Andthatmeansgettingyourpointacrossinanunfamiliarlanguage—allwhilekeepingyourmouthcovered—couldbecomeabitofaproblem.”（你不得不带上口罩。那就意味着要用一种不熟识的语言表达你的观点——同时你的嘴要捂住——这可能是一个问题。）以及其次段的“That'swheretheC-mask,byJapanesecompanyDonutRobotics,comesin.”（这就是日本DonutRobotics公司生产C-mask发挥作用的地方。）可推知，研发C-mask主要是为了促进沟通。故选D。10.主旨大意题。依据第三段的“Ifneedbe,yousimplyplaceitoverastandardfacemaskandconnectitviaBluetoothtoasmartphone.Aspecialappwillthenallowyoutorecordliveconversations,turnthemintotextandtranslatethemintoEnglish,Chinese,French,Korean,Thai,Indonesian,SpanishorVietnamese(currentlyonlyfromJapanese)”（假如有须要，你只须要将它戴在标准的口罩上，并通过蓝牙连接到智能手机上。然后，一个特别的应用程序将允许你记录现场对话，把它们转化成文本和翻译成英语、中文、法语、韩语、泰语、印尼语、西班牙语或者越南语（目前只限日语））可知，本段主要讲解并描述了C-mask的工作原理。故选B。11.词句揣测题。依据最终一段的“Thereareallmanneroffashionable,eco-friendlymasksyoucannowgetyourhandson—checkouttheseinLondon,SingaporeandBarcelona.Butincreatinganaffordable,high-techmask,Donutcouldwellbeontosomething.”可知，你可以在伦敦、新加坡和巴塞罗那买到各种时尚、环保的口罩。但开发一个负担得起的、高科技的口罩，Donut可能特别beontosomething。依据句意可知，上下文为转折意义，上文说时尚环保的口罩随处能买，故推想Donut公司研发价格合理的高科技口罩真的是特别了不得的，能给人们带来了很大的影响。即划线部分的意思是“有影响”。故选C。12.推理推断题。依据文章其次段“That'swheretheC-mask,byJapanesecompanyDonutRobotics,comesin.It'sasmart,Internet-connectedmouthcoveringthatcanmakecalls,raisethewearers’voice,andmosthelpfullyfortravelers,translateconversationsintoeightdifferentlanguages.”(这就是日本DonutRobotics公司生产C-mask发挥作用的地方。这种智能联网的口罩可以打电话、提高佩戴者的声音，同时也为旅行者供应了帮助，可以将谈话翻译成八种语言。)可知，文章主要介绍了一种高科技的智能口罩，属于科技范畴，因此本文很有可能出现在网页的科技版面。故选D。4WhatiftheMoonhadneverexisted?ForstartersweknowthatthegeophysicalandclimatologicalhistoryoftheEarthwouldhavebeendifferent.AlthoughthereisstilllargeuncertaintyabouthowtheMoonwasformed,themostcurrentlyfavoredtheorydescribesadisastrouscollisionbetweentheEarthandanotherplanetaryobject.ThateventforeverchangedmanyaspectsoftheEarth'sevolution.Forexample,witharelativelylargenaturalsatelliteputtinggravitationaltidalforces(潮汐力)onit,theEarth'sspinbehaviorhasbeenquitedifferentthanitwouldhavebeenotherwise.Daylengthhasincreasedmorerapidlythanwithoutamoon.AndthenaturalchangesinthedirectionoftheEarth'sspinaxis(轴)-itspoles-havebeenlessthantheywouldhavebeenotherwise.AshorterdaylengthandaxialvariationslikethesewouldhavechangedtheEarth'sclimatehistory,andalmostcertainlyhavechangedthewayanylifeevolved.Butifaspecieslikeushadstillappeared,itslandscapeforspaceexplorationwouldalsohavebeencompletelydifferent.Withoutalargenaturalsatellite,amerequarterofamillionmilesaway,therewouldhavebeenno"easy"triptomaketoanotherworld.Iftherehadbeenafirsthumanmissiontoanotherworld,itwouldlikelyhavebeentoMars.Butthiswouldsurelyhavecalledforfarmoreextensivedesigningofspacecraftandlife-supportsystemsfordeepspace.PerhapsinsteadtheinitialfocuswouldhavebeenentirelyonEarth-orbitingequipmentforpeopleandroboticmissionstootherworlds.Or,maybetheattractionoftheseeminglynearimpossiblewouldstillhaveencouragedthesehumansfromanalternaterealitytotakethegreatleaptoMarsastheirfirststepoutwards.Itisofcourse,impossibletoknowexactlywhatourworldwouldreallybelikewithouttheMoon-bothphysically,andintermsofhumanexploration.Butonethingdoesseemclear:weprobablytakeournaturalsatellite'sexistencefartoomuchforgranted.Noteveryinhabitedplanetintheunivers