山西中医药大学《大学英语》2017-2018学年期末试卷

您所下载的资料来您所下载的资料来希资料下载中IUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwoTheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticesbecameanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflawpoliticians.Yet,insevebeingindependentandimpartial.kindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothercases8thequTheframersoftheConstTheygavejusticespermanentpositions__11__theywouldbefreepoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely__14Constitutionallawispol Thejusticesmust__18d__19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelfrompoliticsand,__20,convincinga[C]modify您所下载的资料来您所下载的资料来希料下载中SectionⅡReadingComprehensionReadthefollowingfour[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERComeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgrolivesandpossiblythewRosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,setsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeer,lamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaign您所下载的料来希料下载中teenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittinpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,so您所下载的料来希料下载中ButonthegeneraleffectiveClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoubiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcit’spresentedhereisthatitoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethaThere’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormouemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativethroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.groupsandsteertheiracttroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetteworld,asinschool,weins21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureofte[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocates[D]recognizethelimitationsofadverti[A]adequatelyprobesocialandb[B]effectivelyevadetheflaw[C]illustratethefunctions[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffr[D]canproducenega25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis您所下载的料来您所下载的料来希料下载中supplierinNewEngland,provokedjuwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregInstead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’sVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’snuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreeVermontlegislature’sapprovEitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidwhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutboth26to4lastyearagainstallowiNowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreeme2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorThelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereasprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.thatithasnotinglefttolosebygoStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafehasappliedforfederalpermipromisesfromEntergyarewo26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestin27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyinten您所下载的料来您所下载的料来希料下载中[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusines[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveprobl[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregula[C]thefederalauthorityo[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclear30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastpara[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawIntheidealizedversionofhowscobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearchwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofsccomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjectiexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsandself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoustakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotenttransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.ThisisthecredibiliObjectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,tunlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingothersciediscoveryandpossiblyaccomcommunity’scredibleTwoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscreonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeipotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequently您所下载的料来希料下载中provokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gydiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheirviews.Sometimes您所下载的料来希料下载中philosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsoftchallenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessre33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescr[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromed[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquote34.AlbertSzent-Györgyiwouldmostli[A]scientificclaim[B]discoveriestodayinspiref[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejus35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevel[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilIfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.workersbelongedtoaunion;now36%dotheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalf您所下载的资料来希资料下载中public-sectorworkersbutonlyabout您所下载的资料来希资料下载中Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthiwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.well-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Soasitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscoweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunionAtthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeePolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonhealthcare.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutapensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariafoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.WisconsintheunionshaveraRepublicangovernor.ButmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthJohnDonahueatHarvard’sKpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversityspopresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattracpublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachiAmerica.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirst[A]Teamstersstillha[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpu[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshi37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprude[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-s[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainst[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroub38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagr您所下载的资料来您所下载的资料来希资料下载中39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatu[A]oftenrunagainstthecurr[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneofPartBsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoewhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)`Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneintheYouaretheluckyinheritorofaThesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocrmodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachicommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoomaterialgoods-paintings,scliterature,religionandForallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillsmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploathatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)您所下载的资料来希资料下载中f您所下载的资料来希资料下载中Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencest[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultultimatelywhatitistfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.entertainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadamanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetanduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecrcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegint[E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisiontbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.encouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,metranslationshouldbewrittenclearlySincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizeenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaithatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventheprolifethatitmightentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigin