专题08.第八章句子的成分及结构（初高区别及衔接）（学生版）-2021-2022学年英语初升高衔接大串讲（人教版2019）

第八章句子的成分及结构初中知识回顾初中阶段，我们学习的基本句子成分包括：主谓宾，定状补；我们学习的句子结构主要是主谓宾和主系表；我们学习的句子类型主要是简单句和并列句。回顾一：句子的基本成分1.主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。例如：Heisastudent.2.谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。例如：Helikesreading.3.表语：用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：Sheisagirl.4.宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Helikesbooks.5.定语：修饰，限制，描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句。例如：Thisisaninterestingbook.6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。状语一般由副词充当。例如：Herunsfast.回顾二：句子的基本句型句子的基本句型：1.主语+谓语；2.主语+谓语+宾语；3.主语+系动词+表语。例如：l.Whocares'?主语+谓语2.IloveChina.主语+谓语+宾语3.IamaChinese.主语+系动词+表语回顾三：句子的类型1.简单句：含有一个主语和一个谓语的句子。例如：HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.2.并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。例如：Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.高中知识衔接知识一：句子中的其他成分1.主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。例如：(1)Onethirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.数词(2)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure..不定式(3)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth..动名词(4)Therichshouldhelpthepoor..名词化的形容词(5)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.主语从句2.(1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno'clock.(2)复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.3.系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态、性质特征和身份等。(1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be动词，例如：Heisateacher.(2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,stand。例如：Healwayskeepsilentatmeeting.(3)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste。例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.(4)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有bee.grow,turn,fall,get,go,e,run。例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.除此之外，还有prove,turnout,appear,seem等。Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess4.双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Hegavemeabookyesterday.5.从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制，可以构成状语成分。状语一般由副词充当，也可由名词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等充当。例如：(1)Lighttravelsmostquickly.副词及副词性短语(2)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.介词短语(3)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.不定式(4)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.分词短语(5)Waitaminute.名词(6)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.从句9种状语种类如下：(l)Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?时间状语(2)Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.原因状语(3)Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.条件状语(4)Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.地点状语(5)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式状语(6)Inordertocatchupwithothers,Imustworkharder.目的状语(7)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.结果状语(8)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.让步状语(9)Iamtallerthanheis.比较状语6.同位语是对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，例如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.7.插入语是对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest(诚实地说)，Ithink(我认为)等，例如：Tobehonest,Idon'tquiteagreewithyou.知识二：句子的基本句型1.句子的基本句型4：主+谓+间宾+直宾。有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人（间接宾语）；一个指物（直接宾语）。例如：(1)Sheorderedherselfanewdress.(2)Hebroughtyouadictionary.(3)Ishowedhimmypictures.(4)Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.(5)Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.2.句子的基本句型5：主+谓+宾+宾补。此句型的句子的特点是，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。例如：(1)Theypaintedthedoorgreen.(2)Thissetthemthinking.(3)Theyfoundthehousedeserted.(4)Heaskedmetoebacksoon.(5)Isawthemgettingonthebus.知识三：复合句复合句包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导。定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句都是复合句。例如：TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.时间状语从句思考总结句子的成分和结构，是英语学习中一个重要却往往被忽视的部分。在高中英语学习中，教师在分析长难句的时候，很多学生茫然不知所措，正是因为对于句子的结构不了解造成的。在初中阶段，英语学习重视对于简单英语知识和语法的学习，而到了高中阶段则侧重于培养综合能力。这就需要我们把学到的知识灵活运用到对语言、文章的理解中，不断提高分析判断能力、逻辑思维能力和语言运用能力。而分析判断能力的基础，就在于阅读中点点滴滴的积累。随堂练习

练习一：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobeeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.练习二：分析下列句子的结构：1.ThisisanEnglishChinesedictionary.

2.Thedinnersmellsgood.

3.Hefellinlove.

4.Whoknowstheanswer?

5.Shesmiledherthanks.

6.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.

7.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.

8.Hebroughtyouadictionary.

9.Theyappointedhimthemanager.

10.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.

11.Thissetthemthinking.

12.Isawthemgettingonthebus.

13.Whocares?

14.Itdoesn’tmatter.

15.Everythinglooksdifferent.

16.Hegrowstallandstrong.

17.Theyareshortofmoney.

18.Heenjoysreading.

19.Hesaid"Goodmorning."

20.Ishowedhimmypictures.

练习三1.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang'e4(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPoleAitkenbasin.

2.(2020课标全国Ⅱ)Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowers(carry)specialsignificance.

3.(2020全国新高考Ⅰ)Often,onlyasmallpartofamuseum'scollection(be)ondisplay.Mostofitisstoredawayorusedforresearch.

4.(2020浙江)Agriculturegavepeopletheirfirstexperienceofthepoweroftechnology(change)lives.

四单句填空1.The(disappear)ofdinosaursisnotnecessarilycausedbyastronomicalincidents.

2.Inthe1950sintheUSA,mostfamilies(have)justonephoneathome,andwirelessphoneshadn'tbeeninventedyet.

3.Icannotcontrolmybodywell.Mylegsbee(pain).

4.Susanmadeitcleartomethatshewished(make)anewlifeforherself.

5.Igotonthebusandfoundaseatneartheback,andthenInoticedaman(sit)atthefront.

6.Althoughbirdsuse(they)feathersforflight,someoftheirfeathersareforotherpurposes.

7.IwasdrivingdowntoLondonwhenI(sudden)foundthatIwasonthewrongroad.

8.Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbeliefyouarebetterthananyoneelseinthesportsfield.

9.Thereisnodoubtthatdoingexercise(be)beneficialtoourhealth.

10.Ifoundthetestdifficult,butItriedhardtodoit;suddenlyMary,mybestfriend,(ask)metolethercopymyanswers.

练习五Ⅰ.分析下列的句子成分并尝试翻译1.(2019课标全国Ⅰ阅读B)Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.分析:句子的主干是结构。其中Whatyouneed是语;is是语;agreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes是语,其中wholetsyoumakemistakes是从句。

2.(2019课标全国Ⅰ阅读D)Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.分析:Dr.Prinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences是句;Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed是as引导的从句,使用了倒装结构。

3.(2019天津阅读B)Byopeninganovel,IcanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworldwhereIamnowanewcharacter.分析:第一个I是主句的语;canleave和enter是句子的语;myburdens和awonderful、mysteriousworldwhereIamnowanewcharacter是句子的语,其中wonderful、mysterious和whereIamnowanewcharacter作语修饰world。

4.(2018课标全国Ⅰ阅读A)ThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworldfamouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.分析:Thissmallgroupbiketour是句子的语;is是句子的语;fantastic和toseetheworldfamouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.作语修饰way,其中withbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.作语修饰cherrytrees。

5.(2018课标全国Ⅰ阅读A)KnowledgeableguideswillentertainyouwiththemostinterestingstoriesaboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks.分析:Knowledgeableguides作句子的语;willentertain作句子的语;withthemostinterestingstoriesaboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks作语,其中介词短语aboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks作语修饰stories。

Ⅱ.完成下列句子1.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)我非常崇拜我的爸爸。2.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)我的父亲是一个老师,他非常热爱他的工作和他的学生。3.(2020课标全国Ⅱ)我们开车离开了学校。农场离我们学校大约2公里远。4.(2020课标全国Ⅱ)通过这次活动,我们知道了农民有多辛苦和粮食有多珍贵。

5.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)当我在学习中遇到问题时,爸爸会耐心地听我说,鼓励我勇敢克服困难。六语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。AChinahasbeethefirstcountrytolandaspacecraftonthefarsideofthemoon.TheunmannedChang'e4probe(探测器)—thename1(inspire)byanancientChinesemoongoddess—2(touch)downlastweekintheSouthPoleAitkenbasin.3(land)onthemoon'sfarsideisextremelychallenging.Becausethemoon'sbodyblocksdirectradiomunicationwithaprobe,Chinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspot4itcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular5(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moreso6thefamiliarnearside.ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang'e47(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPoleAitkenbasin.“Thisreallyexcitesscientists,”CarlePieters,ascientistatBrownUniversity,says,“becauseit8(mean)wehavethechancetoobtaininformationabouthowthemoon9(construct).”Dataaboutthemoon'sposition,suchashowmuchiceandothertreasuresitcontains,couldhelpChinadecide10itsplansforafuturelunar(月球的)basearepractical.

BUsingsocialmediatoomuchandpostingmanyselfies(自拍)1(cause)ariseinnarcissism(自恋)sincethesocialmediabecamepopular,accordingtoanewlypublishedstudy.Narcissismiswhensomeone