铁道概论 课件 2-车辆

授课内容（英文）：第二章铁道车辆Chapter2RailwayVehicles一、车辆种类铁路车辆按用途分：客车、货车、特种用途车三类。

I.TypesofvehiclesRailwayvehiclescanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtoitspurposes:passengertrain,freighttrain,specialpurposevehicles.客车PassengertrainXL25KSpeedluggagecart8SYW25BMediumandlong-distanceairconditioningdoublehardsleeper9Anewgenerationof25.5metersdedicatedseniorofficialtrainC64utilitygondola,load61tons1、通用货车2.货车1Generalfreighttrain2.Freighttrain（2）敞车（C）（2）Gondola（C）C76型运煤专用敞车

C76specialcoalgondola

（3）平车（N），车体为一平板或设有活动墙板，可以装运砂石等。在装长大货物时，可将侧、端板翻下，主要用于装运木材、钢轨、汽车、拖拉机、桥梁、军用特载等货物。

(3)Flatcar(N),thebodyisaflatorwithamovablewall,youcantransportgravelandsoon.Whenloadinglonggoods,thesideandendplatecanbeputdown;itismainlyusedfortheshipmentofwood,rails,cars,tractors,bridges,militaryspecialloadandothergoods.

2、专用货车（1）罐车(G)，车体为一圆筒形，专门用于装载液体、液化气体和压缩气体等货物。

2Specialtrucks

(1)Tank(G),thebodyiscylindrical,specificallyforloadingliquids,liquefiedgasesandcompressedgasesandothergoods.GH64型浓硝酸罐车该型车是供装运浓硝酸的专用车辆。GH64concentratednitricacidtankerThevehicleisspecialvehiclefortheshipmentofconcentratednitricacid.（2）冷藏车（B)(2)Refrigeratedtrucks(B)

（3）集装箱车（X）只具有车底架，但比平车底架强度太，专门用于装运集装箱。

(3)Containertruck(X)hasonlythechassis,butthechassisstrengthislargerthanthatofflat,specificallyfortheshipmentofcontainers.

（4）矿石车（K）专供运送各种矿石，一般为全钢车体。为卸货方便，有的车体下部做成漏斗形，设底开门；有的整个车体能借液压或空气压力的作用向一侧倾斜，并可开此边侧门(所以又称自翻车)。矿石漏斗车

(4)Orecar(K)isusedspecificallyforthedeliveryofvariousminerals,generallyitsbodyissteel.Somecars’entirebodycanbeinclinedtothesidebyhydraulicorairpressureandopenthesidedoor(calledasdumpcar).矿石漏斗车

（5）长大货物车（D）供运送长大货物用，一般载重量为90t以上，长度19米以上，无墙板，车地板为一平板，有的车中部凹下或设有落下孔，便于装载高大货物充分利用限界高度。(5)Oversizecommoditycar(d)isusedtotransport

oversizecommodity,

thegeneralloadcapacityismorethan90t,thelengthismorethan19meters;ithasnowallboard,thecarfloorisaflat,andsomecarshavecentralconcaveorawellhole,whichiseasytoloadlargecargoandmakefulluseofclearanceheight.二、车辆标记

为了表示车辆的性能及特殊设备，以便识别并合理运用和管理车辆，在车辆上须涂刷规定的各种标记，这种标记称为车辆标记。凡铁道部属车辆必须涂刷的标记，称为共同标记；因车辆设有特殊设备或有注意事项，而涂刷的标记称为特殊标记；厂矿专用车的标记可由厂矿自定，其中有部分标记与铁路标记不同。

II.VehiclemarksInordertoexpresstheperformanceofvehiclesandspecialequipment,inordertoidentifyandrationaluseandvehiclemanagement,thevehiclemustbepaintedonavarietyofspecifiedmark,thismarkiscalledthevehiclemark.VehiclesbelongingtotheMinistryofRailwaysmustbebrushedthemark,knownasthecommonmark;Vehiclesequippedwithspecialequipmentorprecautionsarebrushedthemarkknownasaspecialmark;Factoryandminespecialvehiclesaremarkedbyfactoriesandmines,someofwhicharedifferentfromtherailwaymarks.

1．国徽凡参加国际联运的客车，车体两外侧中部须装有国徽。

2、路徽凡属铁道部的车辆，都应按规定涂刷表示“人民铁路”的路徽。在货军侧粱的端部还应装产权牌(路徽标志牌)以区别厂矿自备车。（一）共同标记CommonmarksNationalemblem:

forpassengertrainsparticipatingintheinternationaltransport,thecentralbodyshouldbeequippedwithbothsidesofthenationalemblem.Roadbadge:allthevehiclesbelongingtoMinistryofRailwaysshouldbepaintedwith“people'srailway"theemblemaccordingtotheprovisions.Theendofthesidebeaminthefreightshouldalsobeequippedwithpropertylicensing(roadsignslogo)todistinguishfactoriesandminesownedvehiclesfromcommonvehicles.3、配属标记所有客车和有固定配属的货车，应涂刷所属铁路局和车辆段的简称。例如，“京局庄段”表示北京铁路局石家庄车辆段的配属车。客车配属标记涂在车体两端墙外侧左下角，货车一般涂在侧墙外侧。4．客车定员标记客车应在客室两内端墙上部和车体外端墙上，按客车设备(座位或卧铺数)标明可容纳的额定人数。

（一）共同标记Affiliationmark:

allpassengercarsandfixed-ownedgoodsvehiclesshouldbebrushedtheabbreviationoftheirrespectiverailwaybureauanddepot.Forexample,the"BeijingBureauZhuangSection"saidtheBeijingRailwayBureau’sShijiazhuangDepotvehicles.Passengertrain’saffiliationmarkispaintedonbothsidesofthelowerleftcorneroftheoutsidewall;freighttrain’saffiliationmarkisgenerallypaintedonthelateralwall.Passengercapacitytag:passengercarsshouldbeinthepassengerroomontheinsideofthetwowallsandthecarexteriorwall,accordingtopassengerequipment(seatsorsleeper)thatcanaccommodatetheratednumber.Commonmarks5．车辆车型、车号编码标记货车一般涂在外侧墙或车门上，客车涂在两侧墙的两端靠近车门处和客室内端墙上部。在客车车型车号标记的左侧或右侧，还用汉字标明该车车种，如“硬座车”等，以便旅客识别。

（一）共同标记Vehiclemodels,vehiclecodemarks:freighttrainsareusuallypaintedontheoutsidewallordoor;passengertrainsarepaintedonbothsidesofthewallwhichisattheupperendwallnearthedoorandpassengerroom.Ontheleftsideorrightsideofthepassengertrainnumber,itisalsomarkedwithChinesecharacters,suchas"hardseatcar"andsoon,inordertohelppassengerstoidentify.Commonmarks为了表示车辆类型、构造特点以及便于运用和管理，在车辆规定的处所，由车辆工厂或车辆段涂写规定的车种、车型、车号编码。客车车辆的车型、车号编码货车车辆的车型、车号编码一）共同标记Inordertoshowthetypeofvehicles,constructionfeatures,aswellaseasytouseandmanagement,thevehicleplantorvehicledepotwritetheprescribedmodels,models,vehiclecodeonthevehicles.PassengertrainmodelsandcodeFreighttrainmodelsandcodeCommonmarks客车的车型车号由基本型号、辅助型号和车辆制造顺序号码三部分组成。（1）基本型号基本型号即车辆的车种编码，一般用2个或3个大写汉语拼音字母表示。如“YZ”、“YW”、“SYZ”等。Passengertrainmodelsandcodeiscomposedofthebasicmodels,auxiliarymodelsandvehiclemanufacturingsequencenumber.1)BasicmodelsThebasicmodelisthevehicletypecode,generallywith2or3capitalizedChinesephoneticalphabet.E.g.“YZ”、“YW”、“SYZ”(2)辅助型号为表示同一种型号的客车的不同结构系列及内部有特殊设施时，用一位或两位小阿拉伯数字及小号汉语拼音字母表示，附在基本型号的右下角。将这些小阿拉伯数字和小汉语拼音字母称为车辆的辅助型号。例如YZ22、YZ25B等中的“22”、“25B”均为辅助型号。

2)AuxiliarymodelsInordertoexpressthesametypeofpassengertrain’sdifferentstructureseriesandinternalspecialfacilities,oneortwosmallArabicnumeralsandsmallChinesephoneticalphabetindicateauxiliarymodels,attachedtothebottomrightcornerofthebasicmodels.Forexample,"22"and"25B"in

YZ22,YZ25B,etc.areallauxiliarymodels(3)客车制造顺序号码表示按预先规定的规则而编排的某一车种的顺序号码。用以区分同一类型的不同车辆，用大阿拉伯数字表示，记在基本型号和辅助型号的右侧。例如，客车车号标记YZ25B

38788，其中Yz表示基本型号(硬座车)；25B表示辅助型号(非空调型或本车供电空调型)；38788表示客车制造顺序号码。

3)VehiclemanufacturingsequencenumberItrepresentstheordernumberofaparticularvehicleprogrammedaccordingtoapredeterminedrule,whichisusedtodistinguishbetweendifferenttypesofvehiclesofthesametype,withlargeArabicnumerals,recordedontherightofbasicmodelandauxiliarymodels.Forexample,thepassengertrainnumbermarkedYZ25B38788,whereYzrepresentsthebasemodel(hardseattrain);25Bisanauxiliarytype(non-air-conditioningtypeoravehicle-suppliedair-conditioningtype),and38788isapassengertrainmanufacturingsequencenumber.车种编号RZ110000——199999YZ300000——499999RW500000——599999YW600000——799999VehicletypeNumberRZ110000——199999YZ300000——499999RW500000——599999YW600000——799999货车的车型车号由基本型号、辅助型号和车辆制造顺序号码三部分组成。(1)车种编码方法车种编码原则上用该车种汉字名称中关键字的一个大写汉语拼音字母表示。(2)车型编码方法车型编码用大写汉语拼音字母和数字混合表示，依次由下面三部分组成：

Freighttrainmodelsandcodeiscomposedofthebasicmodels,auxiliarymodelsandvehiclemanufacturingsequencenumber.(1)

VehicletypeencodingmethodVehiclecodeinprincipleshouldbeindicatedbyChinesecharactersinthenameofacapitalizedChinesephoneticalphabet.(2)VehicleencodingmethodVehiclecodeisthemixedrepresentationofcapitalizedChinesephoneticalphabetanddigital,followedbythefollowingthreeparts:

第一部分为货车所属车种编码，用l位大写字母表示，作为车型编码的首部。如C、P、N、G等第二部分为货车的重量系列或顺序系列，用1位或2位数字或大写字母表示。第三部分为货车的材质或结构，用1位或2位大写字母表示。

Thefirstpartofthevehiclebelongstothevehiclecode,withl-bitcapitalletters,asthefirsttraincoding.SuchasC,P,N,Gandsoon.Thesecondpartisthetrain'sweightseriesorsequenceofseries,with1or2digitsorcapitalletters.Thethirdpartisthematerialorstructureofgoodsvehicles,with1or2capitalletters.例如：C62A型敞车C62A

车种重量系列结构

C62B型敞车C62B

车种重量系列材质(耐候钢)

N17A型敝车N17A

车种顺序系列结构Forexample:C62AGondolaC62Avehicletype

weightseriesstructureC62BGondolaC62Bvehicletype

weightseriesmaterial(weatheringsteel)N17ApassengertrainN17Avehicleseriesstructure(3)车号编码方法

l、车号采用七位数字代码，可编货车的容量为9999999辆。

2、同车种车型货车的车号必须集中在TB／T2435--93划定的码域内，以便从车号编码反映货车的车种、车型。

3、每辆货车的车号编码在全国范围必须唯一。

(3)Vehiclemanufacturingsequencenumber①Thevehiclecodeusesseven-digitcode,thecapacityofthelorryis9,999,999vehicles.②

ThevehiclenumberofsamevehicletypemustbeconcentratedinthecodeareaofTB/T2435-93,inordertoreflectthetruckcodefromthevehicletypeencodingandvehicleencoding.③Thecodenumberofeachtruckmustbeuniqueacrossthecountry.编码车种编码车种编码棚车P集装箱车X水泥车U敞车C矿石车K粮食车L平车N长大货物车D特种车T罐车G毒品车W冷藏车B家畜车JCodeVehicletype

CodeVehicletype

CodeBoxcarPContainertruckXCementingtruckUGondolaCOrecarKFoodtruckLFlatcarNOversizecommoditycarDSpecialvehicleTTankGDrugcarWRefrigeratedtruckBStockcarJVehicletype

NumberrangeBoxcar3000000——3499999Gondola4000000——4899999Flatcar5000000——5099999Containertruck5200000——5249999Tank6000000——63099996、货车性能标记货车性能标记一般涂打在车体两侧墙的右端。

(1)载重，表示该车允许的最大载重量(t)，又称标记载重。

(2)自重，表示车辆本身的全部重量(t)。

(3)容积，表示可供装载货物的最大容积(m。)，并在其下部括号内注明“内长×内宽×内高”或“内长×内宽”尺寸，以便装车时参考。

Truckperformancemarking:

generallypaintedontherightsideofthewallofthetrainbody.(1)Load,themaximumload(T),whichindicatesthemaximumloadofthevehicle.

(2)Weight,thetotalweightofthevehicleitself(t).

(3)Volume,representsthemaximumvolumeofgoodsavailableforloading(M.),andindicatesthe"length*innerwidth*high"or"long*width"sizeinthelowerbrackets,fortrainloadingreference.平车、集装箱车、长大货物车不涂打容积标记，而涂打长、宽标记。

(4)换长，是车辆换算长度的简称，又称计算长度或简称计长。车辆的换长等于车辆全长除以1l(保留小数一位，尾数四舍五人)。

7、车辆检修标记

厂、段修标记和辅修标记。(详见第3节)Flatcar,containertrucksandoversizecommoditycar

arenotcoatedwithvolumemark,butwiththelengthandwidthmarks.(4)Vehicleconversionlength,alsoknownasthelengthofcalculation.Theconversionlengthofthevehicleisequaltothelengthofthevehicledividedby1l(retainadecimal,mantissarounded).7.Vehiclemaintenancemarks:plantandsegment’srepairmarkandminormark.

1、人字标记。表示该棚车设有床托可以利用床托搭床板；车顶中央设有烟筒口，可以安装火炉；车体两侧有较多的车窗，能通风换气，且为竹、木地板，并设有便器等。必要时，该车可以代替客车运送人员。

2、环形标记。表示车内设有拴马环或拦马杆座的敞车或棚车。

3、国际联运标记。表示该车辆各部分符合国际联运的技术要求，可以参加国际联运。HerringbonemarkItindicatesthattheboxcariswithabedwhichcanbeusedtobuildbedboard;Thecenteroftheroofiswithapipemouthwhichyoucanbeusedtoinstallthestove;Therearemanywindowsonbothsidesofthecarbodywhichcanventilate,thefloorismadeofbambooorwood,andthetoiletissetthere,too.Ifnecessary,thecarcanreplacethepassengertraintotransportpersonnel.2.AnnularmarkItmeansagondolacaroraboxcarwithahorseshoeringorahorseshoebar.3.InternationaltransportmarkItmeansthatthevariouspartsofthevehicleaccordwiththetechnicalrequirementsofinternationaltransport,itcanparticipateininternationaltransport.4．禁止通过装有车辆减速器的驼峰标记表示该车辆下部尺寸与机械化驼峰的减速器尺寸相抵触，或受车内设备的限制等，禁止通过装有车辆减速器的驼峰。

5．关字标记表示部分有活动墙板的车辆，活动墙板放下时超过机车车辆限界，装卸货物后，必须关好活动墙板，以保证行车安全。

6、卷字标记表示该车辆(部分敞车、矿石车等)两侧梁端部设有挂卷扬机钢丝绳的挂钩，以便进行卷扬倒车。

卷4Humpmarking--ProhibitthevehicleequippedwithareducerItindicatesthatthesizeofthelowerpartofthevehicleandthesizeofthemechanicalhumpreducerareinconflict,orrestrictedbytheinsideequipment,thevehicleequippedwithareducerisprohibited.5“Guan”markItmeansthatsomevehiclesarewithmovablewallboard;whenthemovablewallboardIsputdown,itisoverthelimitsofrollingstock;therefore,whenloadingandunloadinggoods,youmustclosethemovablewallboardtoensuretrafficsafety.6“Juan”markThemarkindicatesbothsidesofthebeaminthevehicle(gondolacar,orecar)areprovidedwithahookhangingropewinchinordertowinchreversing.卷7、集中载重标记，标记栽重大于60吨的平车、长大货物车等，应在车底架两侧涂刷集中载重标记，标明车辆中部一定尺寸范围内的允许载重量。

8、毒品专用车标记。在毒品车车门上，涂打“毒品专用车”标记，并在车门左侧的外侧墙，涂打毒品标记，表示该车辆专门装运农药等有毒货物。7.ConcentratedloadmarkItmarksflatcarsoroversizecommoditycars

withaweightofmorethan60tons.Itshouldbepaintedonbothsidesofthechassisframe,indicatingtheallowableloadrangewithinacertainsizeofthevehicle.8.Drug-specificvehiclemark.Thedrugcardoorispaintedwith"drugvehicle"mark;theoutsidewall

ontheleftsideofthedoorispaintedwithadrugmark;itmeansthevehicleisusedforspecializedtransportofpesticidesandothertoxicgoods.9、特字标记。表示可以装运坦克及其他其他重量较大的特殊货物的车辆。10．救援列车标记。在车辆两侧中央涂刷白色色带，表示救援列车。特9.“Te”markItmeansavehiclecapableoftransportingtanksandotherheavierspecialcargoes.10.RescueTrainMarkBothsidesofthecentralvehicleisbrushedwhiteribbon,whichsaystherescuetrain.三、车辆方位和技术参数为了便于运用、检修车辆，铁道部对车辆方位及车辆配件位置有统一规定。

III.VehicleorientationandtechnicalparametersInordertofacilitatetheuseandmaintenanceofvehicles,MinistryofRailwayssetunifiedprovisionsonthevehiclepositionandlocationofvehicleaccessories.1、车辆方向的确定铁道部规定车辆两端分别称一位端、二位端。如何确定一、二位端，是按制动缸活塞杆推出的方向来确定，即制动缸活塞杆推出的方向为该车一位端(手制动机一般装设在一位端)，另一端为二位端。对于多制动缸的车辆以手制动机的一端为一位端。为便于检修，每辆车都涂刷1、2位定位标记，以表示车辆的一位端和二位端。在货车两侧梁的端部或两侧墙外侧下部用自铅油涂1或2(客车则涂在车梯的外侧和车内两端墙上部)。1ConfirmationofvehicledirectionTheMinistryofRailwaysprovidesthatthetwoendsofthevehiclearerespectivelycalledposition1andposition2.Thedirectionofbrakecylinderpistonroddeterminestheposition,thatis,thelaunchdirectionofthebrakecylinderpistonrodisposition1

(handbrakeisgenerallyinstalledinposition1).Andtheotherendisposition2.Forvehicleswithmultiplebrakecylinders,theendwithhandbrakeisposition1.Inordertofacilitatemaintenance,eachcarispaintedpositionmarkstoindicateposition1andposition2

ofthevehicle.Apply1or2fromtheendofthebeamoneithersideofthefreighttrainorfromtheoutsideofthetwosidewalls(thepassengertrainispaintedontheoutsideoftheladderandonthetopofbothinsidewallsofthevehicle).制动缸1位端2位端1234BrakecylinderPosition1Position2

2、车辆左右两侧都装设的零部件位置的确定如轴箱、车轮等配件，规定为：站在一位端，面对车辆，从一位端的配件开始由左向右交互数到二位端，如(第)1位车轮、(第)2位车轮；(第)3位车轮、(第)4位车轮等。

制动缸手制动机1位端2位端123413243、非左右两侧都装设的配件称呼规定如车钩、车轴、转向架等，规定由1位端开始，顺次数到2位端，如(第)1位车钩、(第)3位车轴、(第)2位转向架等。

4、列车中车辆前、后、左、右的确定编挂在列车中的车辆，其前、后、左、右的确定方法是按照列车运行方向规定的。其前进的一端称为前部，相反的那一端称为后部，面向前部站立而定出其左右。3CallprovisionsforaccessoriesequippedontheleftandrightsidesSuchascouplers,axles,bogies,etc.,providedbythebeginningofposition1,thenit’scountedaccordingtothenumberofsequencetoposition2,suchas(1)coupler,(3)axle,(2)bogies.4Confirmationoffront,rear,leftandrightpartsfortrain

Themethodofdeterminingisspecifiedinaccordancewiththerunningdirectionofthetrain.Theforwardendiscalledthefront,theoppositeendiscalledtherear;theleftandrightaredeterminedbythefrontpart.

编成列车中的车辆，机车后部的车辆，称为机后，如机后第3辆、机后第10辆等；亦可称守车前部的车辆为守前，如守前l辆、守前5辆。后前左右后前左右Therearofthevehiclewhichiscompiledintothetrainisknownasafter-machine,suchasthe3rd

after-machine,the10th

after-machine;Thefrontofthevehicleisalsoknownasfront-caboose,suchasfront-caboosel,front-caboose5.（一）车辆方位和轴距5、车辆的轴距和定距（1）车辆全长，车辆两端两个车钩均处于闭锁位置，钩舌内侧面之间的距离。用此来计算列车全长。车辆全长和列车全长一般用换长表示。

5Thevehicle'swheelbaseandfixeddistance

(1)Thelengthofthevehicleisthedistancebetweentheinnersurfaceoftheknucklewhentwocouplersatbothendsofthevehicleareinaclosedposition.Usethistocalculatethelengthofthetrain.Thefulllengthofthevehicleandthelengthofthetrainaregenerallyexpressedintermsoflength.Vehicleorientationandwheelbase（一）车辆方位和轴距（2）全轴距（最前后车轴中心线间的水平距离）（3）车辆定距（底架两心盘中心销之间的水平距离）（4）固定轴距（同一转向架最前后车轴中心线间的距离）定距全轴距固定轴距车辆全长定距全轴距固定轴距车辆全长(2)Theentirewheelbase(thedistancebetweenthefrontandrearaxlecenterline)(3)Fixeddistance(thehorizontaldistancebetweenthecenterpinsofthecenterframeofthechassis)(4)Fixedwheelbase(thedistancebetweenthefrontandrearaxlecenterlineinthesamebogie)ThelengthofthevehicleTheentirewheelbaseFixeddistanceFixedwheelbase（二）车辆技术参数表明车辆技术指标有自重、载重、容积和定员等。1、自重：空车时车辆自身具备的质量。2、载重：车辆标记中所注明的货物或旅客或行李包裹的质量。3、总重：车辆的自重和载重之和。4、自重系数：货车的为自重与额定载重的比值，客车的为客车自重与定员数之比值。5、轴重：车辆总重与车辆轴数之比。6、车钩中心线高度：指空车时，车钩中心线至轨面的垂直距离，机车车辆一般为880mm。VehicletechnicalparametersVehicletechnicalindicatorsincludeself-weight,load,volumeandcapacityandsoon.1Selfweight:qualityoftheemptyvehicle2load:thegoodsorpassengerorbaggagepackagequality

indicatedbyvehiclemarks3thetotalweight:thevehicle'sownweightandload.4Selfweightcoefficient:freighttrain:ratioofself-weightandratedload;passengertrain:ratioofpassengerweightandcapacity.5Axleweight:ratiooftotalvehicleweightandnumberofvehicles.6Couplercenterlineheight:theverticaldistancefromthecouplercenterlinetotherailsurfacewhenvehicleisempty,itisgenerally880mmforlocomotivesandrollingstock.小结铁路车辆按用途分：客车、货车、特种用途车三类。车辆标记分：共同标记、特殊标记。包括车辆方位和轴距、车辆技术参数。

SummaryRailwayvehiclescanbedividedintothreecategoriesbypurpose:passengertrains,freighttrains,andspecialpurposevehicles.Markingofvehicles:commonmarks,specialmarks.Vehicleorientationandtechnicalparametersincludevehicleorientationandwheelbase,vehicletechnicalparameters.第二节车辆构造车辆的构造一般由车体、车内设备、走行装置、车辆缓冲装置、制动装置等五个部分组成。2.2BasicConstructionofVehiclesGenerally,thestructureofvehicleiscomposedbyvehiclebody,interiorequipment,runninggear,bufferdeviceandbrakingdevice.。第二节车辆构造一、车体及车底架车体及车底架构成一个整体，是容纳旅客、装载货物的部分。车体及车底架包括底架、侧端墙、车顶等组成部分。其中底架(俗称车底盘)是车体的基础，由各种横向粱、纵向梁、辅助梁和地板等构成。车辆上部的重量、车辆运行中纵向冲击力由车体与车底架共同承受。

I.VehiclebodyandundercarriageframeThebodyandundercarriage

frameconstituteawhole,whichistoaccommodatepassengersandloadcargo.Vehiclebodyandundercarriageframeincludeundercarriage

frame,sideendwall,roof,etc.undercarriage

frame(commonlyknownaschassis)isthebaseofvehiclebody,composedbyallsortsoftransversebeams,longitudinalbeams,assistedbeamsandfloor.Thevehiclebodyandtheundercarriageframebeartheweightofvehicleupperpartandlongitudinalimpactforceinvehicleoperation.sidebeam

endbeam

bodycenterplate

supplementarybeam

centersill

corbel二、车内设备车内设备是指为旅客提供必要的乘车条件所配置的设备和为保证运输货物和货运人员的要求所配置的设备。如客车内的坐席、卧铺、茶桌、行李架、卫生问、给水、取暖、通风、照明、空调及各种电气设备和供电装置；货车中的冷藏车内装设的制冷降温等设备和乘务人员的生活设施等。

II.InteriorequipmentInteriorequipmentreferstofacilitiesforthetravelerswhichprovidenecessaryconditionsfortheride,andfacilitiestomeettherequirementsofgoodstransportationandthestaff,suchaspassengertrain’sseats,sleeper,teatable,luggagerack,toilet,watersupply,heating,ventilation,lighting,airconditioningandavarietyofelectricalequipmentandpowersupply,andfreighttrain’scoolingequipmentandcrewlivingfacilities.三、走行部

车辆走行部设在车底架下部，是承受并传递车辆重量(自重和载重)，缓和振动，保证车辆安全运行的部分。目前，我国铁道车辆的走行部大都采用转向架结构。转向架由轮对、轴箱油润装置、构架(或侧架)、摇枕、弹簧减振装置等部件组成。III.

RunninggearRunninggearislocatedinthelowerpartofundercarriage

frame,whichistoinheritandpassthevehicleweight(weightandload),tomoderatevibrationandtoguaranteethesafeoperationofthevehicleparts.Atpresent,mostoftherailwayvehiclesinChinaarebogiestructures.Thebogieconsistsofwheelset,axleboxoil-lubricateddevice,frame(orsideframe),bolster,andspringdampingdeviceandothercomponents.1wheelset2axleboxspring

device3frame4bolsterspringdevice5basicbrakedevice23t轴重三支点通用敞车23taxlethree-fulcrumgeneralgondola四、车钩缓冲装置车钩缓冲装置由车钩及缓冲装置(缓冲器)组成。安装在车底架两端的中梁(习惯上称中梁两端为牵引粱)上，其功用是将机车与车辆、车辆与车辆相互连接，结成列车或车列，并传递牵引力和冲击力，缓和机车车辆的冲击。要求具有强度大，摘挂方便、缓冲性能良好的特点。

CouplerdraftgearCouplerdraftgeariscomposedofcouplerandbufferdevice(buffer).Installedonoppositesidesofthebodyframecentersill(customarilycalltractionbeam),itsfunctionistointerconnectthelocomotiveandvehicle,andinterconnectvehicleandvehicletoformatrain,andtodelivertractionandimpact,toeasetheimpactoflocomotivevehicles.Theutilitymodelhastheadvantagesofhighstrength,convenienthangingandhanging,goodbufferperformance.Coupleranddraftgear1hooktongue2hookbody3hooktail4hooktailpin5hooktailframe6follower车钩的三态作用根据铁路运输生产的需要，车钩应具有闭锁、开锁、全开三种作用。车辆连挂后车钩应具有闭锁作用以保证列车运行时各车钩不能任意分离；摘挂车辆时，车钩应具有开锁作用，以便使两连挂的车钩脱开；连挂车辆时，车钩应具有全开作用，使其中一个车钩钩舌完全张开，才能使另一车钩的钩舌进入其钩腕内，以便两钩连挂。1、闭锁位置——是两车钩互相连挂在一起的位置。Accordingtotheneedsofrailtransportproduction,couplershouldhavethreeroles:locking,unlock,fullyopen.Whenthevehicleishung,thecouplershouldhavethefunctionoflockingsoastoensurethatthecouplercannotbeseparatedwhenthetrainisrunning.Whenthevehicleishoisted,thecouplershouldhavethefunctionofunlocking,soastodisconnectthetwocouplers.Fullyopen,sothatoneofthecouplerfullyopenthetongueinordertomakeanothercouplerhookenterintothehookwrist,sothatthetwohooksarelinkedtohang.1Lockingposition—thelocationofthetwocouplerswhichhangtogetherwitheachotherThreestatesofcoupler车钩的三态作用2、开锁位置开锁位置是车辆准备相互分离的位置。摘解车辆时，应使一方车钩呈开锁位，牵动另一辆车即可摘开车钩，使两车辆分离。车钩处在开锁位置时，钩舌并未转动开放，但只要相邻车辆牵动，即可使车钩转动开放，两钩分离。3、全开位置全开位置是准备车辆间连挂的位置。车辆连挂之前，必须使其中的一个车钩处于全开位置，钩舌张开，两钩才能连挂上。2Theunlockposition—thelocationofthevehiclewhichisreadytoseparateTheunlockedpositioniswherethevehiclesarereadytobeseparatedfromeachother.Whendecipheringavehicle,oneofthecouplersshallbeintheunlockedpositionandpulltheothervehicletoremovethecouplerandseparatethetwovehicles.Whenthecouplerisintheunlockedposition,theknuckleisnotturnedopen,butaslongastheadjacentvehicleisinvolved,thecouplercanbeopenedandthetwohooksareseparated.

3Fullyopenposition-thelocationofthevehiclehangingThefullyopenpositioniswheretheready-to-hangvehiclesarelinked.Beforethevehicleishung,oneofthecouplersmustbeinthefullyopenpositionwithopenhooktongueandthetwohooksarehangingwitheachother.车钩的分类图13号车钩钩头配件1-钩头；2-钩舌；3-钩锁；4-钩舌推铁；5-上锁销；6-上锁销杆；7-下锁销；8下锁销杆；9下锁销钩；10-钩舌销。No.13hookheadaccessories1-hookhead;2-hooktongue;3-hooklock;4-hooktonguepushiron;5-upperlockingpin6-upperlockingpinrod;7-lowerlockingpin;8-lowerlockingpinrod;9-lowerlockingpinhook;10-hooktonguepin.Couplerclassification车钩的分类

15号车钩外形1-钩头；2-钩身；3-钩尾。

No.15couplershape1-hookhead;2-hookbody;3-hooktail.Couplerclassification缓冲装置缓冲装置(缓冲器)是用来减小列车运行中由于机车牵引力的变化或起动、制动及调车作业时车辆相互碰撞引起的冲击和振动，从而减小对车体结构和货物的破损及提高列车运行的平稳性。目前，我国铁路车辆上主要采用的摩擦式缓冲器有1号(用于客车)、2号(用于货车)；摩擦橡胶式缓冲器有MX—l型缓冲器(用于货车)。BufferdeviceBufferdevice(buffer)isusedtoreducethetrainoperationduetothechangeofthelocomotivetractionorstartingbrakingandshuntingoperationwhenthevehiclecollisioncausedbyshockandvibration,soastoreducethedamagetothebodystructureandgoodsandimprovethesmoothrunningofthetrain.Atpresent,ChineserailwaymainlyadoptsfrictionbufferNO.1(forpassengertrain)NO.2(forfreighttrain);frictionrubbershockabsorberwithMXlbuffer(usedinfreighttrain)五、制动装置制动装置的功用是保证高速运行中的列车能按需要实现减速或在规定的距离内实现停车；或在溜放调车时使车辆停车。制动装置是保证列车安全运行的重要部分。

V.BrakeThefunctionofthebrakeistoguaranteethehigh-speedrunningtraintoslowdownaccordingtotheneedorparkwithinaprescribeddistance,orparkwhilefly-shunting.Thebrakingdeviceisanimportantparttoinsurethesaferunningofthetrain.制动机的分类根据动力来源及操作方法，制动机主要有以下几种。1、自动空气制动机。自动空气制动机是以压缩空气为动力的制动机，也是目前世界上广泛采用的制动机。它的特点是“排风(减压)制动，充风(增压)缓解”。2、电空制动机。电空制动机是以压缩空气为动力、用电气来操纵控制的制动机。其最大优点是全列车的空气制动机动作迅速、前后一致，可缩短制动空走距离，减少列车纵向冲击，列车越长，其优点越突出。3、手制动机手制动机是以人力为动力的制动机，即利用人力转动把手或手轮，以链条带动或用杠杆拨动的方法使闸瓦压紧车轮踏面而达到制动目的的装置叫手制动机。Theclassificationofthebrake1

AutomaticairbrakeAutomaticairbrakeisbasedoncompressedairasthedrivingforceofthebrake,isalsowidelyusedintheworldofthebrake.Itischaracterizedby"exhaust(decompression)brake,inflatable(pressurized)relief.“2

Electric-airbrakeElectro-airbrakeisbasedoncompressedairaspower,withelectriccontroltocontrolthebrake.Itsbiggestadvantageisfastandconsistent,whichcanshortenthedistanceofthebrakeandreducetheverticalimpactofthewholetrain.Thelongerthetrainis,themoreoutstandingtheadvantageis.3

HandbrakeHandbrakeisbasedonhumanpowerbrake,itisusingmanpowertoturnthehandleorhandwheel.Thebrakeisdrivenbythechainorusesthelevertoggleapproachsothatbrakeshoe