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2018年12月英语四级真题(一)
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesofstartingacareer
aftergraduation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethanl80words.
PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,youuillhearthreenewsrepons.Attheendofeachnewsreport,you
willhearnvoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportaridthenquestionswillbe
spokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfrom
thefoto-choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD3Thenmarkthecorrespondingletterori
AnswerSheetlwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.
l.A)Landaspacevehicleonthemoonin2019.
B)Designanewgenerationofmobilephones.
C)Setupamobilephonenetworkonthemoon.
D)Gatherdatafromthenoonwithatinydevice.
2.A)Itisstable.
B)Itisdurable.
C)Itisinexpensive.
D)Itissophisticated.
Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.
3.A)Itlastedmorethansixhours.
B)Noinjurieswereyetreported.
C)Nobodywasinthebuildingwhenitbrokeout.
D)Ithadburnedfor45minutesbythetimefirefightersarrived.
4.A)Recruitandtrainmorefirefighters.
B)Pulldownthedesertedshoppingmall.
C)Turntheshoppingmallintoanamusementpark.
D)Findmoneytorenovatethelocalneighborhood.
Questions5and6arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.
5.A)Shrinkingpotatofanning.
B)Heavyrelianceonimport.
C)Widespreadplantdisease.
D)Insufficientpotatos呼ply.
6.A)Itintendstokeepitstraditionaldiet.
B)Itwantstoexpanditsownfanning.
C)Itisafraidofthespreadofdisease.
D)Itisworriedaboutunfaircompetition.
7.A)Globalwarning.
B)Ever-risingprices.
C)Govemmentregulation.
D)Diminishinginvestment.
SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearnvc?longcom'ersations.Attheendofeachcomersation
youMillheco^foio^questions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespoken
onlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefour
choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswer
Sheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
8.A)Informative.
B)Inspiring.
C)Dull.
D)Shallow.
9.A)Shetypesonakeyboard.
B)Shedoesrecording.
C)Shetakephotos.
D)shetakenotes.
10.A)Itkeepshermindactive.
B)Itmakesherstayawake.
C)Itenableshertothinkhard.
D)Ithelpsherkilltime.
11.A)Itenableshertoimproveherpronunciation.
B)Ithelpsherbetterrememberwhatsheleams.
C)Itturnsouttobeanenjoyablewayofleaming.
D)Itprovestobefarmoreeffectivethanwriting.
Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
12.A)Tospendherhoneymoon.
B)TotrvauthenticIndianfood.
C)TotakephotosoftheJajMahaL
D)Totracetheoriginofalovestory.
13.A)Inmemoryofaprincess.
B)Inhonorofagreatemperor.
C)Tomarkthedeathofanemperorofthe1600s.
D)Tocelebratethebirthofaprincess's14thchild.
14.A)Itlooksolderthanexpected.
B)Itisbuiltofwoodandbricks.
C)Itstoreslotsofpricelessantiques.
D)Ithaswallsdecoratedwithjewels.
15.A)Theirstreetsarenarrow.
B)Eachonhasauniquecharacter.
C)Theyaremostlycrowded.
D)Lifecanbetediousinsomeplaces.
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youuill
hearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionwillbespokenonly
once.Jfteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefour
choicesmarkedA),B)fC)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswer
Sheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
16.A)Theyhelpspreadthelatesttechnology.
B)Theygreatlyenrichpeople'sleisurelife.
C)Theyprovideresidentswiththe
D)Theyallowfreeaccesstodigitalbooksandvideos.
17.A)Byhelpingthemfindjobs.
B)Bykeepingthemoffthestreets.
C)Byinspiringtheircreativity,
D)Byprovidingaplaceofrelaxation.
18.A)Theirinteractionwithteenagersprovedfruitful.
B)Theyusedlibrarieslessoftenthanteenagers.
C)Theytendedtovisitlibrariesregularly.
D)Theirnumberincreasedmodestly.
Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
19.A)Itisthecleverestcatintheworld.
B)Itisanunusualcrossbreed.
C)ItisthelargestcatinAfrica.
D)Itisalarge-sizedwildcat.
2O.A)Theyareasloyalasdoges.
B)Theyarefondofsleepingincabinets.
C)Theyhaveunusuallylongtails.
D)Theyknowhowtopleasetheirowners.
21.A)Theyshaketheirfrontpaws.
B)Theyshowerwiththem.
C)Theyteachthemtodive.
D)Theyshoutatthem.
Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
22.A)Contentedandrelieved.
B)Anxiousanddepressed.
C)Proudbutabitnervous.
D)Excitedbutsomewhatsad.
23.A)Itstartsthemomenttheyareborn.
B)Itdependsontheirparentsforsuccess.
C)Itisgainingincreasingpublicattention.
D)Itisbecomingparents:biggestconcern.
24.A)Choosetherightschoolforthem.
B)Helpthemtoleambythemselves.
C)Readbooksandmagazinestothem.
D)Setagoodexampleforthemtofollow.
25.A)Theirintelligence.
B)Theirhomelife.
C)Thequalityoftheirschool.
D)Theefforttheyputinlearning.
PartUIReadingComprehension(40minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblank
fromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefully
beforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthe
correspondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmay
notuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Millionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5
trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious26occurringinthedevelopingworld.
Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27withairpollution.Lostincomealoneamountsto$225
billionayear.
Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes28like
homeheatingandcooking,hasremained29overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthe
area.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryand
transportation.
DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30itasan“urgentcalltoaction.
“Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle
31hesaid.
Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworld,whereinsomeplaceslost-laborincome
32nearly1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesliveinplaceswhere
they33experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.
Buttheproblemisnotlimited34_tothedevelopingworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asa
resultofrelatedillnesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,wherediesel(柴油)35havebecomemore
commoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachestensofthousands.
A)abilityl)exclusively
B)associatedJ)innovated
C)consciouslyK)regularly
D)constantL)relates
E)controlM)sources
F)damageN)undermine
G)describedO)vehicles
H)equals
SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeach
statementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichthe
informationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwitha
letter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
Food-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgress
[A]Severaltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalph'smarketinHuntingtonBeach,
California,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctor
wasDanielNadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeed
kidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy."Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthe
morning?”heasksher."Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygood
forthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbefore
andhaveitreadythenextmorning.”
[B]ScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMary
andDickAllenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.Thecenter?s'Shopwith
YourDoc'programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupforthe
service,plusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.
[C]Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni(通,心粉)-and-cheeseboxesinScott'sshoppingcartand
suggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealcheese."SoI'dhavetomakeit?”sheasks,her
enthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveherkidsrejectit.’Tmnot
surethey'deatit.Theyjustwonyteatit.v
[D]Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamong
children."InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood,“Nadeautellsher."Andonly5
percentofourfoodisplant-basedfood.Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat."Scottagreestotrymore
fruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor;zerofor
diabetes.
[E]NadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondevelopingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovement
hasbeenaroundfordecades,butit'smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmake
foodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications(药物).Byprescribing
nutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchas'ShopwithyourDoc,,theyaretryingtoprevent,
limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat."There'snoquestionpeoplecantake
thingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes,reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancerby
foodchoices,“Nadeausays.
[F]Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfabIe,CEOandpresidentofST.JosephHoagHealth,medical
institutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchtobecomingahealth
organization,notjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeutic
FoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital,whichcompleteditspilotphase
andisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwill
offerpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheircondition,alongwithintensivetraininginhowto
cookit."Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveawayfood,“saysDr.RitaNguyen,
thehospitaTsmedicaldirectorofHealthyFoodInitiatives."Wewantpeopletounderstandwhatthey'
reeating,howtoprepareit,therolefoodplaysintheirlives.”
[G]InSouthernCalifornia,LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecializedtrainingfor
itsresidentphysiciansinLifestyleMedicine——thatisaformalspecialtyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.
Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffoodtotreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnot
meanthatdietaloneisalwaysthesolution,orthateveryillnesscanbenefitsubstantiallyfromdietary
changes.Nonetheless,physicianssaythattheylookatthecollectivedataandaclearpictureemerges:
thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation'shighrates
ofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percentof
deathsfromheartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressure,tobaccouse,elevated
cholesterolandlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.
[H]"It'sadifferentparadigm(范式)ofhowtotreatdisease/*saysDr.BrendaRea,whohelpsrunthe
familyandpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.The
lifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdisease,inpart,by
changingpatients'nutritionalhabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafood
cupboardandkitchenforpatients.Thisway,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuy,butalso
howtopreparethemathome.
[I]Manypeopledon,tknowhowtocook,Reasays,andtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthingsup.That
meansdependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhich
foodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuallytransformapatientJslife.And
beyondthat,itmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatient'sfamily.uWhatpeopleeatcanbe
medicineorpoison,“Reasays."Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucan
changetoreversetheeffectsoflong-termdisease.”
[J]Studieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation卜炎症),forexample,or
makethebodyinhospitabletocancercells.Ingeneral,manylifestylemedicinephysiciansrecommenda
plant-baseddiet——particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.
[K]"Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswillrequireaculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,“says
Nguyen."Inthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalk
topatientsaboutit,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”
36.MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory-produced.
37.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.
38.Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousillnesses.
39.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandeasily.
40.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.
41.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowto
cookit.
42.Scottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherseltthinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteoftime.
43.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmoreplant-basedfood.
44.Usingfoodasmedicineisnonovelidea,butthemovementismakingheadwaythesedays.
45.Americans'highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheyeat.
SectionC
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor
unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshould
decideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingleline
throughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Californiahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,withcertainareasevenhavingtopump
freshwaterhundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationof
thestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhich
couldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrillingofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1,000feet,but
duetonewpumpingpractices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted(抽取).Theteamat
Stanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers(地下蓄水层)belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriple
whatwaspreviouslythought.
Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethanl7000feetforoilandgasextraction,butonlyrecentlyin
Californiahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to
3,000feetbelowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereareother
concerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepinthegradualsettlingdownofthe
landsurface.Asthewaterispumpedout,thevacantspaceleftiscompactedbytheweightoftheearth
above.
Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,itisstillcheaperthandesalinating(脱盐)the
oceanwaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasible,buttheyare
costlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwater;and
Californiaishopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.
Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshallower
aquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergodesalinationafterextraction,thus
increasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshas
justbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700billioncubicmetersof
freshwater.
46.HowcouldCalifornia'sdroughtcrisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeresearchers?
A)Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.
B)Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.
C)Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.
D)Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.
47.Whatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfromdeepaquifers?
A)Itwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterproblem.
B)Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.
C)Itmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.
D)Itisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalpeople.
48.Whatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepunderground?
A)Thesinkingoflandsurface.C)Thedamagetoaquifers.
B)Theharmtotheecosystem.D)Thechangeoftheclimate.
49.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepwells?
A)Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.
B)Theyareentirelyfreefrompollutants.
C)Theyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.
D)Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.
50.Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswatersources?
A)People'shealthmayimprovewithcleanerwater.
B)People'swaterbillsmaybeloweredconsiderably.
C)Thecostmaygoupduetodesalination.
D)Theymaybeexhaustedsoonerorlater.
PassageTwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
TheAlphaGoprogram'svictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputershavebecome.
Butcanartificialintelligence(Al)machinesactethically,meaningcantheybehonestandfair?
OneexampleofAlisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoask
whetherwecanprogramamachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprove,theywillsavelives.
Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however;theywillfaceachoice
betweenlives.Shouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroad,evenif
thatwillputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?Whatifthe
onlyriskisdamagetothecaritself,nottothepassengers?
Perhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars,buttheyarenotsuper-intelligentbeings.
Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.
AboutthesametimeasAlphaGoJstriumph,Microsoft*s'chatbot'tookabadturn.Thesoftware,
namedTaylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18-24.Taylorwassupposedtobe
abletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandle
conversations,butsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas.Whenshestartedsayingnicethings
aboutHitler,Microsoftturnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.
AlphaGo,svic
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