翻译理论及实践基础知识

WheelchairAccessible/ForDisabledOnly残疾人厕所AutomaticFlush免冲式厕所SensorTap伸手出水FlushafterUse请便后冲洗/来也匆匆，去也冲冲Toilet/Washroom/Restroom公共厕所Caution:WetFloor小心滑倒GentleReminder温馨提示DrinkingWater取水处DoNotLeaveYourBelongingsbehind请你带好随身物品KeepofftheGrass少一个脚印，多一份绿色DriveSlowly高高兴兴上班去，平平安安回家来Lookoutforcomingtraffic!别往火坑里跳（交通安全）20%Off八折优惠BeverageNotIncluded酒水另付donotknowtheirABC他们目不识丁2.Ifthepublicofficialsofhigherauthoritiesresorttobribery,thoseoflowerauthoritieswillfollow.Thisiscalled“Fishbeginstostinkatthehead.”【译文】上级公务员行受贿，下级公务员也会效仿。这叫“上行下效”。3.Onlytheknifecansavehim.【译文】“只有外科手术才能救他。”4.WhenIamDead，MyDearest()Ishallnotseetheshadows,(a)我不会重见那荫影，Ishallnotfeeltherain;(b)我不会感觉雨天来临；Ishallnothearthenightingale(C)我不会听见那夜莺，Singonasifinpain(b)一声声仿佛哀鸣。（虞苏美译）5.TheGoldenSunset(Fellow)Theseaisbutanothersky,茫茫然苍天如大海，Theskyaseaaswell,浩浩然大海似苍天；Andwhichisearthandwhichisheaven,何处天上？何处人间Theeyecanscarcelytell.俗眼岂能分辨？！（孙梁译）CriterionofTranslation1.YanFu’s(1853-1921)TriplePrincipleofTranslation(faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance)Hisfaithfulnessmeansthatthetranslatedtextshouldbefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Hisexpressivenessmeansthatthetranslatedtextshouldbeexpressiveandcoherentandtheversionshouldbesmooth,andeasytoreadandunderstand.Hiselegancedemandsthatthetranslatedtextshouldbeexquisiteandthatitsstyleoughttobeverygraceful.2.LiuZhongde’sTriplePrinciplefortranslation(faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness)信于内容（tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal）达如其分（tobeasexpressiveastheoriginal）切合风格（tobeasclosetotheoriginalstyleaspossible）3.LuXun(1881-1936):faithfulness（信）,smoothness（顺）凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一则当然力求其易解，一则保存原作的风姿。Translationmustaimattwothings:tobereadilyunderstoodandtokeepthefullflavouroftheoriginalwork.4.Fulei(傅雷1908-1966)：resemblanceinspirit(神似),所求的不在形似，而在神似。Whatisreqiredislikenessinspiritratherthanlikenessinformorapprarance.5.QianZhongshu(钱钟书1910-1997)：sublimation(化境)文学翻译的最高标准是“化”Thesupremecriterionofliterarytranslationisthetransmigrationofsouls.Translationisatransmissionfromsourcetotargetlanguage,arepresentationoftheoriginalcontentandideasinthetargetlanguage.翻译是一种双语艺术，源语言和目标语言之间的转换，即用目标语再现源语的思想和内容。翻译导论英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换被动及主动增词和减词词类的转换名词性从句译法正反译法长句的译法文化及翻译Hewasnothingifnotahypocrite.译文：他不是伪君子才怪呢？1.It'smoreapoemthanapicture.及其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。2.Hedrankhimselfoutofthebestlines.他借酒写得好诗句。3.Hepretendstobeasmodestasanything.他装得极为谦虚。4.Firegoeswhereveritcan,butitpreferstofollowadraft.火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。1.Shecouldn‘thavecomeatabettertime.她来得正是时候。2.Shehasbeenawidowonlysixmonths.她的丈夫去世至今不过半。3.Ibelievethespeechwasneedlesslystubborn.我认为那篇讲话口气强硬，大可不必。4.TheEnglishmanfeelsnolessdeeplythananyothernationality.英国人同其他民族一样，也有丰富的感情。5.Fromaphysicalstandpoint,thereoughttobeasmanycoloursastherearedifferentwavelengths.从物理学的观点来看，不同的波长有多少种，颜色就有多少种。“无为”=toletthingstaketheirowncourseSL:战士们坐成个“品”字型。TL:Thesoldierssattherefacingeachother.SL:结婚的事情八字还没一撇呢！TL:Thereisalongwaytogobeforegettingmarried./Thereislittlehopeofmarriage./Itistooearlytotalkaboutmarriage.SL:HeknowsthesubjectfromAtoZ.TL:他对这个主题了如指掌。SL:Sheisacat.TL:她是个恶毒的女人。SL:这对轻夫妇并不般配,一个是西施,一个是张飞。TL:Thisyoungcoupleisnotwellmatched,oneisaXiShi—afamousChinesebeauty,whiletheotherisaZhangFei—awell-knownill-temperedbrute.SL:“在中国,新婚夫妇是不会把梨分开,一人吃一半的,谁想刚结婚就离婚呢”TL:“InChina,nonewly-marriedcouplewillcutapearsothateachcaneatonepart.Whowantstodivorcesoonafterthewedding”“TheChinesewords‘pear’and‘divorce’havethesamepronunciation.TranslationStrategies1.LiteralandliberaltranslationLiteral~:anadequaterepresentationoftheoriginal/keepingagreementwiththesequenceofvocabulary/grammaticalstructure/rhetoricaldevice完整表述原文内容，并及原文在词序、语法结构及修辞技巧等方面基本保持一致。papertiger/onecountry,twosystems/tofishintroubledwater浑水摸鱼/gentlemen’sagreement/bearmedtoteeth/crocodile’stears/JudasKissLiberal~:justtheopposite,don’tadherestrictlytotheformorwordorderoftheoriginal在忠实及原文内容的前提下不拘泥于形式和词序等。（1）Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye你以为我是幼稚好欺负的吗？（2）Theylovetoboast,thoughoftenwithtongueincheek.(=Theylovetobrag,thoughtheyoftendosoinsincerelyorironically.)他们喜欢自吹自擂，尽管通常只是说说罢了。（3）“Howloyalisthatman”heaskedaWhiteHousestafferaboutapotentialhand.Liberaltranslation:在起用某人以前，他向一个白宫人员探询，“此人在忠诚方面怎么样？”Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish意译：胳膊拧不过大腿天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福意译：Theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable2．归化及异化（domestication/adaptationandforeignization/alienation）Whileliteraltranslationandliberaltranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.1totakeFrenchleave“不辞而别”2Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye你以为我是好欺负的？“Domestication”meansbringingtheforeigncultureclosertothereaderinthetargetculture,makingthetextrecognizableandfamiliar.（1）小的扣紧，大的放松，池子里捕鱼，太湖里放生。译文：Fussyabouttrifles,carelessaboutbigthings.Pennywise,poundfoolish.(2)A:Whyistheriverrich甲：为什么说河水富有？B:Becauseithastwobanks.乙：因为它有鱼呀。例如：“Eachofushashiscarrotandstick.Inmycase,thestickismyslackeningphysicalcondition,whichkeepsmefrombeatingopponentsattenniswhomIoverwhelmedtwoyearsago.Mycarrotistowin.(C.Tucker:FearofDeath)”【译文】我们人人都有自己的压力和动力。就我而言，这压力就是我日趋衰弱的身体状况，两前还是我手下败将的网球对手，现在却打不过了。我的动力就是想赢球。(3)IlovemylovewithanE,becauseshe’senticing;IhateherwithanE,becauseshe’sengaged;Ittookhertothesignoftheexquisite,andtreatedherwithanelopement;hername’sEmily,andshelivesintheEast.——Dickens:DavidCopperfield我爱我的爱，因为她长得实在招人爱。我恨我的爱，因为她不回报我的爱。我带着她到挂着浮荡子招牌的一家，和她谈情说爱。我请她看一出潜逃私奔，为的是我和她能长久你亲我爱。她的名字叫爱弥丽，她的家住在爱仁里。ThefirsttimeIsawher,halfofmylifeago,shenearlytookmybreathaway.【译文】那还是半辈子前的事，我第一次看见她，她差一点把我的魂都勾走了。Mymaternalgrandfaher,itistrue,wascutoffinthelowerofhisyouthattheageofsixty-seven,butmyotherthreegrandparentsalllivedtobeovereighty.不错，我的外祖父英早逝，当时只有67岁，但是我的祖父，祖母和外祖母可都活到了80开外。“Foreignization”meanstakingthereaderovertotheforeignculture,makinghimorherseetheculturalandlinguisticdifference.ItgivesmegreatpleasuretoseeChinesechildrenshootinguplikespringsprouts,fullofvitalityandenergy.我非常高兴地看到华裔小孩象豆芽一样冒出来，充满生机和活力。Itisassignificantasagameofcricket.a.这件事如同吃饭一样重要。（照顾译文读者,改换形象）b.这件事如同板球赛一样重要。（英国人热爱板球）c.这件事非常重要。5.ExtraordinaryCola.Extraordinarychoice.非常可乐，非常选择。6.OfallTVbrandswechoosetobuyJinxing.TobuyJinxingmeanstobuysatisfaction.买电视就要买金星，买金星就是买放心。7.WithasinglecopyofTheGlobeinhand,youcanenjoyawideviewoftheworld.一册在手，纵览全球.(《全球杂志》）8.HenaninChinathecradleofChinesemartialarts.中国河南功夫的摇篮。1.Thinkagain.ThinkCanon.(CanonCamera)梦寐以求是佳能。2.Alliswellthatendswell.(adforacigarettebrand)烟蒂好，烟就好。（EndsCigarette)3.GoodTotheLastDrop.滴滴香浓，回味无穷。4.AppleThinksDifferent.(AppleComputer)苹果电脑，不同凡“想”。1/However,factsspeaklouderthaneloquenceandthetruthwillprevailintheend.但是，事实胜于雄辩，水落自然石出。2/Aftershewasmarriedtheystillkeptitup.Thearrangedmarriagewasthecauseofthis;shecan’tbeblamed.后来出嫁了，两个人还藕断丝连，这只能怪包办婚姻，不能怪她。3.What’sdoneisdone,andcan’tbeundone.木已成舟，也只好如此了。4.Thisonlyaddedfueltotheflamesofherangerandshesaidatonce…她听了这话，像是火上加油，立刻说……5.Ifyouwanttokillasnake,youmustfirsthititontheheadandifyouwanttocatchabandofrobbersyoumustfirstcatchtheirleader.打蛇先打头，擒贼先擒王。6.Enmitybetweenhusbandandwifedoesn’tlastthenight.夫妻无隔夜之仇。7.TheEastwindprevailsovertheWestwind./TheEastwindsubduestheWestwind.东风压倒西风。8.Althoughyoumayescortaguestathousandmiles,yetthepartingmustcomeatlast.送君千里，终有一别。

9.Fameisasfataltomenasfatteningtopigs.人怕出名猪怕壮。1)Ithasmadetheheadlinesthatthepresident’swifethreatenedherhusbandswithpublicexposure.【译文】总统夫人说要公开揭发丈夫，这件事成了头条新闻。2)Heoftentalkshorse.【译文】她常吹牛。3)Theylingeredlongoverhisletter.【译文】他们反复看了他的来信。4)Betweenourselves,Idon’tthinkmuchofhim.【译文】咱们私下里说说，我看那人不怎么样。5)Onlyaveryslightandveryscatteringripplesofhalf-heartedhand-clappinggreetedhim.【译文】欢迎他的只有几下半声不响的、七零八落的、虚情假意的掌声。8)Withdetermination,withluck,andwiththehelpfromlotsofgoodpeople,Iwasabletorisefromtheashes.【译文】凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于获得了新生。Theprocessoftranslationisroughlydividedintothreesteps:1.comprehensionoftheSLT;2.reproductionofSLTinTLT;3.revision.(1)InthisbookhepresentshisherowithanArab’svoiceandnotwiththeusualWesternvoice.他以阿拉伯人的口吻，而不是以西方人常用的腔调来介绍他书中的主人公。(2)FranzBoaswasaspecialistinAmericanIndianlanguages.弗兰兹博厄斯是一位美洲印第安人语言专家。(3)Iwantedtobeaman,andamanIam.【译文】我立志想做个真正的人；我现在终于成了一个真正的人。（5）developahabit养成习惯developnaturalresources开发自然资源developaninterest产生兴趣developanillness染病developafilm冲洗胶卷developabase开辟一个基地developamethod研究出一种方法developheavyindustry发展重工业asophisticatedman老于事故的asophisticatedwoman狡黠的asophisticatedcolumnist老练的asophisticatedelectronicdevice高度精密的asophisticatedweapon尖端的TheFourTigers四小龙Brownlionbattery白象电池blacktea红茶brownsugar红糖brownbreadrestroom厕所distributeleaflets发传单generateelectricity发电haveafever发烧tremble/shiver发抖getmad/crazy发疯deliveraspeech发言publish发表paysalary/wages发工资WhenFridaycame,Jackwillgooutdrinkingwithhisfriends.每当周五发薪日到来，杰克就会及朋友出去喝酒。What’sbeendonecan’tbeundone.It’sagoodthingthough,thisboystudieswell.木已成舟罢!好在这个子弟会读书。South Africanleopard-spotpolicycameunderfierceblackfire南非实行的“豹斑”式的种族隔离政策受到了黑人的猛烈抨击SheisasfairasHelen.她美如西施。(3)Theyaretalkingturkeys.他们在坦率地交谈。(4)Heisemployedinwateringthegarden.他忙于浇花园。(1)JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYork;itisthreeyearssincehewasahighschoolteacherinWashington.约翰现在同父母一起住在纽约；他不在华盛顿当中学教师已有三了。(2)Shedidn’tattendthemeetingbecauseshewantedto.她去开会并不是她自己想去。（3）Thiswasthelastplacethecolonialistswouldleave,foritlayrichesandnaturalresourcesthere.这是殖民主义者最不愿意离开的地方，因为那里蕴藏着财富和自然资源。(4)IamsorryIwasalittleshortwithyoujustnow.Idon'tfeelmyselftoday.刚才对你态度不好，我很抱歉。今天我身体有点不舒服。(5)Onthedrunkenoccasioninquestion,Iwasinsufferableaboutlikingyou,andnotlikingyou.Iwishyouwouldforgetit.那一次喝得酩酊大醉的时候，我说了喜欢你不喜欢你的一番话，让你受不了，希望你忘了它吧。(6)Heatehissavoury,andhurriedthemaidasshesweptthecrumbs.【译文】他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女佣人打扫碎屑时，催她快一点。(7)Derekfancieshimselfasaladies'man,buthespendstoomuchtimeadmiringhimselfinthemirrorformyliking.【译文】德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花则多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。1.Mydelegationisnotsatisfiedthatthecasehasyetbeenmadeforconveningsuchabroadconference.我方代表团认为，还没有人提出充分理由说明应召开如此广泛的会议。2.Thenationalizedindustrieshavebeenspoon-fedforsolongthattheydon'tcarewhethertheygivevalueformoney,ormakeaprofitorloss.一些国有行业长期受到优厚待遇，他们不在乎钱花得是不是值得，也不在乎盈利或亏损。3.Heisajovialgiant,withahugeappetiteforfood,drinkandwomen.他生性乐观，身材魁梧，贪食、贪杯又贪色Somepeoplesayfearandcautionarenowapartoftheirdailyroutine.有人说,现在总是提心吊胆地过日子。Sheisvaluableacquisitionofthecompany.她是这家公司不可多得的人才。Itwouldbeimpossibleforustosupplythissmall,quantityinmaterialsofvaryingdesignsandcolors,withoutconsiderablyraisingprices.如不做适当提价，要本公司供应这种量少且花色各异的料子，实在难以办到。Afterall,alllivingcreatureslivebyfeedingonsomethingelse,whetheritbeplantoranimal,deadoralive.所有活着的生物毕竟都是靠吃别的东西来生存的，不论这些东西是植物还是动物，是死的还是活的。【例1】Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcerts,andthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqué.【译文】他经常晚上出席宴席，参加音乐会，观赏乒乓球表演之后，还须草拟最后公报。(Amplification)【例2】Therewerenospeeches,noforeigndiplomats.no“ordinaryChinese”withpaperflagsandbouquetsofflowers.【译文】没有人发表演说，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”举着纸旗和花束的场面。(Amplification)【例3】Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.(Omission)【译文】花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。【例4】Peoplebegandrinkingintheirhomesbecause,after1920,thatwastheonlylegalplacetheycoulddrink.1920禁酒法案开始实施以后，人们开始在自己家里喝酒，因为那是他们可以喝酒的惟一合法场所。【例1】Keepyourshirton,we’velotsoftimetogettothestation.别着急，我们赶到车站去还有充裕的时间。【例3】Fivedecadeshavepassedsincetheylefttheirhometown.他们离开家乡已经50了。【例4】ShewillbebackinthelasttendaysofJune.她得在6月下旬回来。【例5】Theirproductiondoubledinthefirstquarteroftheyear.第一季度里他们的生产翻了一番。【例6】Noonebelievesthatheisalreadyoverseventyyearsold.没人相信他已过古稀。【例6】Ifyoudislikethecold,youcanvisitKunminginsouthChina.冬季您如果怕冷的话可以到昆明。【例7】Thevillagerssincerelyinvitedmetotheweddingfeast.老乡们热情地邀请我去喝喜酒。【例1】Distancefromtheeventshouldmakethememorieslesspainful.【译文】时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。【例2】Itwasanelderlywoman,tallandshapelystill,thoughwitheredbytime,onwhomhiseyesfellwhenhestoppedandturned.【译文】他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。【例3】Beforewecanlearntoappreciatethosedifferentfromus,wemustopenourheartstotolerance.我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价及自己不同的人。backandforthrightandleftagricultureandindustryelementaryandsecondaryschoolblackandbluefoodandclothingrichandpoorfleshandbloodlandandwatertrackandfieldsoonerorlaterweakandstrongfireandwaterironandsteeloldandnewyoungandoldWomanwithoutherman,isnothing.Woman!Withouther,manisnothing.Firstimpressionsareoftenlastingones.Indeed,ifyouplayyourcardsright,youcanenjoythebenefitsofwhatsociologistscallthe"haloeffect."Thismeansthatifyou'reviewedpositivelywithinthecriticalfirstfewminutes,thepersonyou'vemetwilllikelyassumeeverythingyoudoispositive.第一印象常常是持久的印象。的确，如果处理得当，你就能有幸获得社会学家称之为“光环效应”带来的种种好处。这就是说，要是在一开始关键的几分钟里你就给人留下好的印象，初遇者就可能认为你办的事件件都好。Howyoumoveandgesturewillgreatlyinfluenceaninterviewer'sfirstimpressionofyou.Inalandmarkstudyofcommunications,psychologistsdiscoveredthatsevenpercentofanymessageaboutourfeelingsandattitudescomesfromthewordsweuse,38percentfromourvoice,andastartling55percentfromourfacialexpressions.Infact,whenourfacialexpressionortoneofvoiceconflictswithourwords,thelistenerwilltypicallyputmoreweightonthenonverbalmessage.你的一举一动都会大大影响你给面试者的第一印象。在有关人际交流的一项意义重大的研究中心理学家发现，关于情感和态度的信息有7％来自我们的语言文字，有38％来自我们的语音，而惊人的是，竟有55％来自我们的面部表情。事实上，如果面部表情或说话语调及我们所说的话发生矛盾时，听者通常会更加看重那些非语言信息。Tomakeyourfirstencounterapositiveone,startwithafirmhandshake.Iftheinterviewerdoesn'tinitiatethegesture,offeryourhandfirst.Wheneveryouhaveachoiceofseats,selectachairbesidehisorherdesk,asopposedtooneacrossfromit.Thatwaytherearenobarriersbetweenthetwoofyouandtheeffectissomewhatlessconfrontational.Ifyoumustsitfacingthedesk,shiftyourchairslightlyasyousitdown,orangleyourbodyinthechairsoyou'renotdirectlyinfrontofyourinterviewer.为了使第一次面试成功，一开始的握手要坚定有力。如果面试者没有主动伸出手来，你就主动先把手伸出来。要是可以选择座位的话，要坐在面试者桌子的侧面，而不要坐在正对面。这样坐法你们中间就没有障碍了，而且在一定程度上起到减少对立的作用。如果你只能坐在桌子对面，则坐的时候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身体坐的角度偏一点，这样你就不是正对着面试者了。Monitoryourbodylanguagetomakesureyoudon'tseemtoodesperateforthejob,ortooeagertoplease.KeepaPokerfaceinbusinesssituations.Inappropriatesmilingisthemostcommonexampleofanonverbalbehaviorthatundercutsverbalmessages--makingyouappearweakandunassertive.Goodeyecontactisalsoimportant.Onestudyfoundthatjobapplicantswhomakemoreeyecontactareperceivedasmorealert,dependable,confidentandresponsible.要注意你的形体语言，千万不要表现得对这份工作迫不及待，也不要表现得急于讨好别人。要保持一种办理公事时一本正经的神态。非语言行为可削弱语言信息的力量，从而使你显得优柔寡断缺乏自信，而不合时宜的微笑就是一个最为常见的例子。良好的目光交流也非常重要。有一项研究发现，多用目光进行交流的求职者可给人以更为机警、可靠、自信、负责的印象。PartTwoComparativeStudiesofEnglishandChineseLanguages英汉语言特征对比英语重形合,汉语重意合HypotaxisandparataxisEnglishtendstobeahypotacticlanguage,whichusesalotofcomplexsentencestructuresandrelationsbetweenclausesmustbeexpressedbyconjunctionsorotherrelativewords．ChinesehasnorelativewordsandusesfewerconjunctionsthanEnglish.他不去我去.I’dliketogoifhewouldn’t.他不去我也去.I’dgothereevenifhewouldn’ttowithme.他不去我才去.I’dgothereonlyifhewon’t.人穷志短Whenamanispoorhisambitionisnotfar-reaching.(Povertystiflesambition.)人穷志不短.Thoughoneispoor,hehashighambition.人有脸,树有皮.Thefaceisasimportanttoamanasthebarktoatree.人在阵地在。Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人无远虑，Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,必有近忧。hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.病来如山倒，Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,病去如抽丝。butgoeslikereelingsilk.我来他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.他人老Althoughhehasagedphysically,心不老。heremainsyoungatheart.你再说一个字，我马上走。Ifyoushouldsayonemoreword,Iwouldgoatonce.你死了，我去当和尚。Ifyoushoulddie,Iwouldgoandbeamonk.2.英语的末端开放及汉语的首端开放English:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacockChinese:left-extendingheavy-headedlikealion他去为完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月.Heworkedhardwithcomputersinthelabfortenmonthsinordertocompleteaprojectlastyear.那可能是一个地势低洼,连绵数英里,人迹罕至,荒茫贫瘠的白色干沙漠.Itmaybealow-lyingaridstretchwithmilesofwhitesandybeach,andnosignofpeople,verybleachedandbarren.那个饥饿的,疲倦的,瞌睡的卖火柴的小女孩.thatlittlematchgirlwhowassohungry,tiredandspleepy.3.英语呈树状结构，汉语呈竹状结构Tree-likesentencestructurevs.bamboo-likesentencestructure我们过运河的时候，我女儿把她的名字和地址写在一张纸条上，将纸条塞进一个瓶子，扔到海里。WhenweweretravellingacrosstheChannel,mydaughterthrewintotheseaabottleintowhichsheputapieceofpaperwithhernameonit.吉米∙卡特是一家马戏团的老板。去圣诞，他决定带一些礼物去儿童医院看孩子们。他扮成圣诞老人，由六个漂亮的姑娘陪着出发了。他骑着一头叫“珍宝”的小象，沿大街走去。LastChristmas,acircusownerJimCaterdecidedtotakesomegiftstoaChildren'shospital.DressedupasFatherChristmas,hesetoutwithsixprettygirls.HewentdownthemainstreetbyridingababyelephantcalledJambo.圣伯纳德大山口（TheGreatSt.BernardPass）连接着瑞士及意大利，海拔2,473米，是欧洲最高的山口。著名的圣伯纳德修道院建于11世纪，就位于离山口1英里远的地方。几百来，圣伯纳德修道院的狗拯救了许多翻越这道山口的旅游者的生命。那些最先从亚洲引进的狗，待人友好，早在罗马时代就给人当看门狗了。如今由于山里开挖了隧道，翻越山口已不则危险了。但每还是要派狗到雪山地里去帮助那些遇到困难的旅游者。ConnectingSwitzerlandtoItaly,theGreatSt.BernardPass,at2,473meters,isthehighestmountainpassinEurope.ThefamousmonasteryofSt.Bernard,whichwasfoundedineleventhcentury,liesaboutamileaway.Forhundredsofyears,St.BernarddogshavesavedthelivesoftravelerscrossingthedangerousPass.Thesefriendlydogs,whichwerefirstbroughtfromAsia,wereusedaswatchdogseveninRomantimes.Nowthatatunnelhasbeenbuiltthroughthemountains,thePassislessdangerous,buteachyear,thedogsarestillsentoutintothesnowwheneveratravelerisindifficulty.我们为培养思维和训练而教数学,这两者都能扩展思维,增强学生为社会作贡献的能力;这是教育的终极目的。Weteachmathforthinkinganddiscipline,bothofwhichexpandthemindandincreasethestudents’abilitytofunctionasacontributingindividualinsociety:theultimategoalsofeducation.汉语中的从属关系主要通过句子之间的内部逻辑关系表达出来,而英语却往往通过连词等词表达出来。燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的你，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？Swallowsmayhavegone,butthere’satimeofreturn;willowtreesmayhavediedback,butthere’satimeofregreening;peachblossomsmayhavefallen,buttheywillbloomagain.Now,youthewise,tellme,whyshouldourdaysleaveus,nevertoreturn播种时，必须注意把种子均匀散开，这样种子在生长时就不过分拥挤，每粒种子就可以得到充足的阳光、空气、水分和养料。Whenseedsareplanted,careistakenthattheyarewellspreadout,sothattheplantsarenotcrowdedwhentheygrow.Thisensuresthateachseedobtainssufficientlight,air,waterandfood.工作日，全家都忙着干活，爸爸准备备课笔记，撰写专著及论文；妈妈退休了，主要忙于家务，为全家准备可口的饭菜，营造舒适的生活环境；我则积极准备考博。一到周末，我们总喜欢坐汽车到附近乡下去兜风。Onweekdays,ourwholefamilyisfullyengaged.Fathermakespreparationforhisclassesorwritingmonographsorresearchpapers;retired,motherismainlyengagedinhousework,preparingdeliciousfoodandmaintainingacomfortablelivingenvironmentforus.Iampreparingfortheph.Dentranceexamination.Assoonasweekendcomes,wewill,however,drivetothenearbycountryforanexcursion.4.英语多复合长句;汉语多简单句Compoundsentencevs.SimplesentenceAswelivedneartheroad,weoftenhadthetravelerorstrangervisitustotasteourgooseberrywine,forwhichwehadgreatreputation,andIconfess,withtheveracityofanhistorian,thatIneverknewoneofthemtofindfaultwithit.我们就住在路边.过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒.这种酒很有名气.我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过.我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住.5.汉语话题-评论型，英语主语-谓语型Subject-Prominentlanguagevs.topicprominent(thought-pivot)languagefeature英语主语显著及汉语话题显著特点我们有一架古乐器，叫Clavichord。它是1923德国造的。我们家拥有它已经好多了。我祖父是在1930买下的。现在我们把它摆在客厅里。但几天前一个客人想用它弹爵士，结果把它给弄坏了。Wehaveanoldmusicalinstrument,aclavichord,whichwasmadeinGermanyin1681.Itiskeptinthelivingroom.Itbelongstoourfamilyforalongtimesinceitwasboughtbymygrandfathermanyyearsago.Recentlyitwasdamagedbyavisitor,whotriedtoplayjazzonit.他们从世博会筹到了一大笔钱，他们用这笔钱修建学校和博物馆。AgreatsumofmoneyraisedfromtheExhibitionwasusedtobuildschoolsandmuseums.解决中国人的吃饭问题,任务艰巨,困难不少。Chinahashadgreatdifficultiesinsolvingherproblemwithfoodprovision.改革开放胆子要大一些,敢于试验。Weshouldbebolderthanbeforeinconductingreformandopeningtotheoutsideandhavethecouragetoexperimen.食堂今天吃饺子。Jiaoziareservedinthecanteentoday.开汽车没有方向盘不行。Youcan’trunacarwithoutthewheel.必须高速发展我国的计算机科学。Itisnecessarytodevelopourcomputerscienceathighspeed.目前正在研制一种新的建筑材料。Anewbuildingmaterialisbeingdevelopedatthepresenttime.接到你赠送给我的书，非常高兴。Iwasverygladtohavereceivedthegift-bookfromyou.我的小孙子他很调皮。Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.那所房子你们早该修了。Youshouldhaverepairedthehouse.英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.这里建大桥，我看行不通。Idon’tthinkitworkabletobuildabridgehere.6.英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零BreakingupthewholeintopartsVs.Assemblingthepartsintoawhole.Meanwhilehetookthemuttonoffthegridiron,andgravelyhandeditaround.Wealltooksome,butourappreciationofitwasgone,andwemerelymadeshowofeatingit.【译文】这时候，他从烤架上拿了些羊肉，庄重地送到我们面前，我们各自取了一些，可是我们早已没有了胃口，只不过做做样子，装吃罢了。7.英语爱用静态词，汉语常用动态词Stativevs.DynamicWithabasketinherhand,shetrudgedupthealleytoherlodging.她手提篮子，拖着沉重的步伐，走过一条小巷子，来到了她的住处。我忘了带钥匙。

Iforgotmykey．我倒了一杯茶给他喝。Iofferedhimacupoftea．他拿着枪，绕着屋子巡走。Hewalkedaroundthehousewithagun．他跳起来，连忙跑到浴室的镜子前，拿掉了毛巾，细看他面颊上的伤口。Hejumpedupandhastenedtothemirrorinthebathroom，takingawaythetoweltoexaminethecutuponhischeek.Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。Oneafteranother,speakerscalledforthedownfallofimperialism,abolitionofexploitationofmanbyman,liberationoftheoppressedoftheworld.发言人一个接一个地发表意见，要打倒帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放世界上一切被压迫人民。8.英语语序变换多，汉语语序较固定ChineseOrderofLinguisticElementsareRelativelyfixedbutEnglishOrderareRelativelyflexible如主谓倒装、宾语后置志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendshipwilllastonlyifitisbasedonacommongoal.Onlyiffriendshipisbasedonacommongoal,itwilllast.天下雨，运动会延期了。Thesportsmeetwaspostponedbecauseofrain.Becauseofrain,thesportsmeetwaspostponed.9.英语多被动，汉语常用主动Passivevs.Active英语重物称，常采用无生命词汇作主语，所以多被动句，并且不指出动作的执行者；汉语重人称，习惯用表示人或物的词汇作主语，大都以主动句的形式出现。1)使语气委婉,措辞礼貌.今天晚上七点钟开教学会,全体教师务必参加.TherewillbeaTeachingSymposiumat7:00p.m.today.Allthefacultyisexpectedtoattend.请您不要在此抽烟.Youarenotsupposedtosmokeinhere.2)某些汉语句子可借助于英语的一些固定搭配或词组来表达.他坚持不懈地从事着科研工作.Hewasengagedinscientificresearchesperseveringly.Heperseveredinscientificresearches.3)汉语中含有被动意义的主动句.病人正在手术中.Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.这个问题必须马上解决.Thisproblemhastobesolvedimmediately.10.英语重物称;汉语重人称.Impersonalvs.Personal(英语多用无灵句，汉语多用有灵句）英语中有些句子常用不能施以动作或无生命（inanimate）的抽象名词或代词做主语，这种句子被称为无灵句。汉语习惯于人称化的表达，常用有生命（animate）的代词或名词做句子主语，这种句型常被称为无灵句。他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾.Awaveofcigarsmokeaccompaniedhimin.（1）Whathappenedtoyourgrandpa你爷爷出什么事了？（2）Anideasuddenlyoccurredtome.我突然想到了一个主意。（3）Itneveroccurredtomethathewouldhaveliedtome.我从来没有想到他会对我撒谎。（4）Fearofearthquakehauntedher.他担心会发生地震。（5）Theplanstrikesmeasridiculous.我觉得那项计划很荒唐。（6）Hisabsenceofmindduringdrivingnearlycausedanaccident.他开车时心不在焉几乎肇事。（7）Thecoolmidnightairrestoredherspirits.午夜空气凉爽，她又振作了精神。（8）Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上一点脚步声也没有。(9)Therehasbeenaladycallingyouseveraltimes.有位女士给你打来好几次。Isupposethatifamanhasaconfusedmindhewillwriteinaconfusedway,ifhistemperiscapricioushisprosewillbefantastical,andifhehasaquick,dartingintelligencethatisremindedbythematterinhandofahundredthings,hewill,unlesshehasgreatself-control,loadhispageswithmetaphorandsimile.【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、喜怒无常，他的文章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力，他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。Culturetohim,astotheOrientals,withwhomhelivedsomuchandsympathizedsodeeply,wasanaffairofthespiritandofmindnottobemeasuredbymaterialprogress,or,evenbythearts.【译文】他心中的所谓文化，及人的精神心灵有关，不能用物质的丰富，甚至艺术文明来衡量。他跟东方人交往很久，也同情东方人；在东方人心目中，文化也是如此。WithAsia’seconomicmeltdownrattlingtheBeijingleadership,ZhuandhiscolleaguesnowhaveapowerfulargumentthatChinamustgetitsownhouseinordertopreventmeddlingbytheInternationalMonetaryFundorotheroutsiders.(China:ZhuisTakingaBroomtotheBureaucrats)【译文】亚洲经济出现的问题使北京领导层感到紧张，朱镕基和其他领导人现在更有理由相信，为了防止国际货币基金组织和其他的外部干涉，中国必须把自己的事情办好。II英汉词汇表达对比DifferentiationsinEnglishandChineseDictions意义的分类外延意义denotativemeaning内涵意义connotativemeaning风格意义stylisticmeaning情感意义affectivemeaning联想意义reflectivemeaning搭配意义collocativemeaning主题意义thematicmeaning1FullEquivalence（完全对应）2PartialEquivalence（不完全对应）playchess下棋；playtennis打网球;playfootball踢足球；playgames做游戏(2)cutwheat割麦子；cutcake切蛋糕;cutfinger–nails剪指甲(3)sufferastroke中风；sufferdecay走向衰败；sufferatradedeficit出现贸易逆差；sufferdiscrimination受歧视；sufferstomachtrouble患胃病(4)申请书LetterofApplication；报告书Report;协议书Agreement；白皮书WhiteBook(5)发传单distributeleaflets发电generateelectricity发烧haveafever发抖tremble/shiver发言deliveraspeech发工资paysalary/wages发汗perspire(6)打蚊子killmosquito;打气pumpair;打分score;打的takeataxi;打官getintoalawsuit;打鼓beatadrum;打毛衣knitasweater;打折扣sellatadiscount;打卡punchcard7)讲道理reason;讲和makepeace/settledispute;讲评comme