繁荣与衰落2024-追踪全球燃煤电厂开发-64正式版WN8

BoomandBustCoal

2024

TRACKINGTHEGLOBALCOALPLANTPIPELINE

GlobalEnergyMonitor,CREA,E3G,ReclaimFinance,SierraClub,

SFOC,KikoNetwork,CANEurope,BangladeshGroups,TrendAsia,

AllianceforClimateJusticeandCleanEnergy,ChileSustentable,

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BOOMANDBUSTCOAL2024

ABOUTTHECOVER

“PowerPlantSmokestackDemolition”byTedShaffray.The

smokestackattheformerB.L.EnglandGeneratingStationwas

implodedinOctober2023.Thecoalandoilburningpowerplant

inNewJersey,UnitedStates,wasretiredin2019.Thedemolition

clearedthewayforthewaterfrontsitetoenteritsnextpotential

roleinprovidingenergytoNewJerseyans:Astheconnection

pointforseveralofthestate’splannedoffshorewindfarms.

Copyright2023TheAssociatedPress.Allrightsreserved.

SOLUTIONSFOROURCLIMATE

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nonprofitorganizationestablishedin2016to

addressthesocialandenvironmentalimpactsofclimatechange.

SFOCconductsresearchonsolutionsforreducinggreenhouse

gasemissionsandexpandingrenewables,andcoordinates

campaignswithbothdomesticandinternationalorganizations

toaddresstheclimatecrisis.Formoreinformation,visitwww.

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Monitordevelopsandanalyzesdataonenergy

infrastructure,resources,anduses.We

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asustainableenergyfuture.Formoreinformation,visitwww.

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KIKONETWORK

KikoNetworkisanationalJapanese

environmentalNGOthattacklesclimatechangebyworkingwith

localcommunities,conductingresearch,submittingproposals

ornegotiatingatthenationalandinternationallevel,and

maintainingadatabaseofcoal-firedpowergenerationunitsin

Japan.Formoreinformation,visit/en/.

CENTREFORRESEARCHON

ENERGYANDCLEANAIR

CREAisanindependentresearch

organizationfocusedonrevealingthetrends,causes,and

healthimpacts,aswellasthesolutionstoairpollution.Weuse

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worldwideintheireffortstomovetowardscleanenergyand

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CLIMATEACTIONNETWORKEUROPE

ClimateActionNetwork(CAN)EuropeisEurope’s

leadingNGOcoalitionfightingdangerousclimate

change.Withover170memberorganisations

activein38Europeancountries,representing

over1,500NGOsandmorethan47million

citizens,CANEuropepromotessustainableclimate,energyand

developmentpoliciesthroughoutEurope.Formoreinformation,

visit.Note:CANEuropeonlycontributedto

informationonTürkiye.

E3G

E3Gisanindependentclimatechangethink

tankwithaglobaloutlook.Weworkonthe

frontieroftheclimatelandscape,tacklingthebarriersand

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RECLAIMFINANCE

ReclaimFinanceisanNGOaffiliatedwith

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dedicatedtoissueslinkingfinancewithsocialandclimate

justice.Inthecontextoftheclimateemergencyandbiodiversity

losses,oneofReclaimFinance’sprioritiesistoacceleratethe

decarbonizationoffinancialflows.ReclaimFinanceexposes

theclimateimpactsoffinancialplayers,denouncesthemost

harmfulpracticesandputsitsexpertiseattheserviceof

publicauthoritiesandfinancialstakeholderswhodesireto

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SIERRACLUB

TheSierraClubisAmerica’slargestandmost

influentialgrassrootsenvironmentalorganization,

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additiontoprotectingeveryperson’srighttogetoutdoorsand

accessthehealingpowerofnature,theSierraClubworksto

promotecleanenergy,safeguardthehealthofourcommunities,

protectwildlife,andpreserveourremainingwildplacesthrough

grassrootsactivism,publiceducation,lobbying,andlegalaction.

Formoreinformation,visit.

BANGLADESHGROUPS(BWGED,CLEAN,WKA&DHORA)

TheBangladeshWorkingGrouponExternal

Debt(BWGED)workstostopunjustanddirty

loanswhichaffecttheenvironment,human

rights,andlivelihoodsinBangladesh.Formoreinformation,

visitB.

CoastalLivelihoodandEnvironmentalAction

Network(CLEAN)promoteslocalecology

basedadaptationtoensuresustainable

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coastalcommunitiesthroughenvironmentalprotection.For

moreinformation,visit/clean.khulna.

WaterkeepersBangladesh(WKB)works

toprotectthewaterandwaterbodies

ofBangladeshincludingitsforests

resourcesthroughenforcement,fieldwork,andcommunity

action.Formoreinformation,visit.

DhoritriRokhhayAmra(DHORA)recognisesthe

urgencyofaddressingBangladesh’schallenges

andiscommittedtochampioningenvironmental

protectionandresilience-buildingeffortsacross

thecountry.Formoreinformation,visit.

TRENDASIA

TrendAsiaisanindependentcivil

societyorganizationthatactsas

anacceleratorofenergytransformationandsustainable

developmentinAsia.Theirmissionistoreinforce,enrich,

amplify,intensify,cultivate,andco-leadtheecosocionomics

movementinSoutheastAsia.Formoreinformation,visit

.

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ALLIANCEFORCLIMATE

JUSTICEANDCLEANENERGY

TheAllianceforClimateJustice

andCleanEnergy(ACJCE)isacivilsocietynetworkendeavoring

foratransitioninPakistan’senergysector.ACJCEincludessix

organisations,namelyPolicyResearchInstituteForEquitable

Development(PRIED),PakistanFisherfolkForum(PFF),

AlternativeLawCollective(ALC),IndusConsortium(IC),The

KnowledgeForum(TKF),andAlternateDevelopmentServices

(ADS).Formoreinformation,visit.

CHILESUSTENTABLE

Createdin1997,Fundación

ChileSustentableisan

initiativeofenvironmentalorganizations,academics,and

citizensdedicatedtotheanalysisanddesignofnewpublic

policiesonwater,energy,andbiodiversityinsupportofChile’s

transitiontoagreen,democratic,andsociallyequitablesociety

capableofrestoringecosystemsandfacingtheclimatecrisis.

Throughcitizenproposalsandcampaigns,ithasinfluencedthe

achievementofnewlawsforenvironmentalprotection,water

security,andenergytransitioninChile.Formoreinformation,

visit.

POLENTRANSICIONESJUSTAS

POLENTransicionesJustasisa

non-profitclimate-progressive

thinktankinColombia,focused

oncreatingapost-fossilandjustfuture.Throughresearchand

socialdialogue,POLENTransicionesJustasdevelopssocially

acceptedandpolicyviablestrategiesfordecarbonization,

democratization,andlaborandeconomicreorientation.For

moreinformation,visit.

INICIATIVACLIMÁTICADEMÉXICO

ICMisanon-profitorganizationthatseeks

toinfluencedecision-makingregarding

climatechangeinthepublicsector,private

sectorandatthesociallevel,withthegoal

ofgettingMexicotoadoptandimplementambitiousmitigation

actions.ICMdirectseffortstotransformMexicointoaleader

andanexampleatagloballevelintermsofclimatechange.For

moreinformation,visit.

ARAYARA

Overmorethan30years,theArayara

InternationalInstitute(anon-

profitBrazilianCSO)hasdeveloped

anewgenerationofactivismforthefairenergytransition.

Withastrongfocusondefenseofhumanrights,promotion

ofracialequality,health,educationandinnovationofsocial

technologies,Arayara’sworkencompassesenergy,climate

andanti-fossilinitiatives,enablingpublicpolicies,legislation,

litigation,knowledgeproduction,communication,campaigns

andadvocacythatpavethewayforafairenergytransition

andthereductionofGHGemissions.Arayaraoperatesinall

BrazilianstatesandinsomeLatinAmericancountries.Formore

information,visit.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

TheleadGlobalEnergyMonitorauthorsincludeFloraChampenois,

LucyHummer,JeanetteLim,ClairePitre,GregorClark,andNassos

Stylianou.Contributingauthors,researchers,and/orreviewers

include,butarenotlimitedto:JelenaBabajeva,XingZhang,

MingxinZhang(GEM);QiQin,NandikeshSivalingam,Sunil

Dahiya,KatherineHasan,LauriMyllyvirta(CREA);OykuSenlen,

SamoraLevy,HannaHakko,YokoMulholland,KatrinePetersen

(E3G);YannLouvel,JulieLassus,PaddyMcCully,ClémentFaul

(ReclaimFinance);DonghyunGo,SeokHwanJeong,Evgeniya

Lee,WooyoungLee(SFOC);YasukoSuzuki(KikoNetwork);

ElifCansuİlhan,ÖzlemKatısöz(CANEurope);HasanMehedi

(BWGED&CLEAN);SharifJamil(WKA&DHORA);ZakkiAmali,

FadillaMiftahul,TwinaParamesthi(TrendAsia);AzharLashari

(PRIED);GonzaloMelej,SaraLarrain(ChileSustentable);Nadia

Combariza,MarianaVillegas(POLENTransicionesJustas);

RicardoCruz,RodrigoPalacios(IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico);

NicoleFigueiredodeOliveira,AntonSchwyter,AnaCláudia

Castro(Arayara).

GlobalEnergyMonitoralsothanksadditionalindividualsand

organizationsfortheirtime,insights,and/ordata,including

butnotlimitedto:DanPrull,PhD(SierraClub);Perceval

Pradelle(BeyondFossilFuels);MartaAnczewska(CANEurope);

DonnaLisenby;JessicaLawrence(Earthjustice);PippaGallop

(Bankwatch);MaureenHarris(InternationalRivers);Greenpeace

EastAsia;Ember;andInstituteforEnergyEconomicsand

FinancialAnalysis.

ABOUTTHEGLOBALCOALPLANTTRACKER

TheGlobalCoalPlantTrackerisanonlinedatabasethat

identifiesandmapseveryknowncoal-firedgeneratingunit

andeverynewunitproposedsinceJanuary1,2010(30MWand

larger).DevelopedbyGlobalEnergyMonitor,thetrackeruses

footnotedwikipagestodocumenteachplantandisupdated

biannually.Forfurtherdetails,seeTrackerMethodology.

PRODUCTION

DesignandpagelayoutbyDavidVanNess.FiguresledbyNassos

Stylianou.EditingcontributionsprovidedbyStefaniCoxand

DavidHoffman.CopyeditsbyAmandaDeBord.

PERMISSIONS/COPYRIGHT

Copyright©GlobalEnergyMonitoretal.Distributedundera

CreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense.

FURTHERRESOURCES

Foradditionaldataonproposedandexistingcoalplants,see

SummaryDataontheGEMwebsite,whichprovidesover

20tablesprovidingresultsfromtheGlobalCoalPlantTracker

(GCPT),brokendownbyprovince,nation,andregion.For

linkstoreportsbasedonGCPTdata,seeReports&Briefings

ontheGEMwebsite.ToobtainprimarydatafromtheGCPT,

seeDownloadDataontheGEMwebsite.

PRIMARYCONTACT

FloraChampenois

ProgramDirectorforCoal,GlobalEnergyMonitor

flora.champenois@

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Global

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Monitor

BoomandBustCoal2024TRACKINGTHEGLOBALCOALPLANTPIPELINE

GlobalEnergyMonitor,CentreforResearchonEnergyandCleanAir(CREA),E3G,ReclaimFinance,

SierraClub,SolutionsforOurClimate,KikoNetwork,ClimateActionNetworkEurope,Bangladesh

WorkingGrouponExternalDebt(BWGED),CoastalLivelihoodandEnvironmentalActionNetwork

(CLEAN),WaterkeepersBangladesh,DhoritriRokhhayAmra(DHORA),TrendAsia,AllianceforClimate

JusticeandCleanEnergy,ChileSustentable,POLENTransicionesJustas,IniciativaClimáticade

México,andArayara

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Sincethe2015ParisClimateAgreement,almostall

countrieshavereducedtheircoal-firedpowerplant

capacityunderdevelopment,andmorethanhalfthe

countrieswithcoal-firedpowerplantshavereduced

orkeptoperatingcoalcapacityflat.Climatecon-

cerns,unfavorableeconomics,andpublicopposition

continuetoclosethedooronmanycoalplantpro-

posals—andcloseactualdoorsatsomecoalplants.

However,despitepromisingmomentum,theworld’s

operatingcoalpowercapacityhasgrown11%since

2015,andglobalcoaluseandcoalcapacityreached

analltimehighin2023.Theglobalcoalfleetgrew

by48.4gigawatts(GW),or2%,in2023toatotalof

2,130GW,withChinadrivingtwo-thirdsofadditions.

OutsideofChina,thecoalfleetalsosawasmall4.7GW

uptickforthefirsttimesince2019.Althoughnew

retirementplansandphaseoutcommitmentscontin-

uedtoemerge,lesscoalcapacitywasretiredin2023

thaninanyothersingleyearinmorethanadecade.

Oneofthekeyindicatorsofgrowthincoalcapacity—

newconstructionstarts—declinedoutsideofChina

forthesecondyearinarowandhitarecordannual

lowsincedatacollectionbeganin2015.InChina,the

exactoppositehappened,withnewconstructionstarts

increasingforthefourthyearinarowandhittingan

eight-yearhigh,whichisoutoflinewithPresidentXi’s

2021pledgeto“strictlycontrol”coalprojects.Outside

ofChina,113GWofcoalisstillunderconsideration,

onlyslightlyupfrom110GWin2022,duetoasurge

inproposalsinIndia,and,inChina,268GWisunder

consideration,upfrom249GWin2022.Thisglobal

pre-constructioncapacity,up6%sincelastyear,crys-

tallizestheimportanceofcallstostopproposingand

breakinggroundonnewcoalplants.

Countriesmustalsorampupphaseoutcommitments,

aswellasensureannouncementsaretranslatedinto

plant-by-plantretirementplans.Just15%(317GW)

ofthecurrentglobaloperatingcoalcapacityhasa

commitmenttoretireinlinewiththeParisAgreement

goaloflimitingglobalwarmingtothecriticalthresh-

oldof1.5degreesCelsius.Phasingoutoperatingcoal

powerby2040wouldrequireanaverageof126GWof

retirementsperyearforthenext17years,theequiva-

lentofabouttwocoalplantsperweek.Accountingfor

coalplantsunderconstructionandinpre-construc-

tion(578GW)wouldrequireevensteepercuts.

BOOMANDBUSTCOAL2024

Keydevelopmentsof2023

■2023sawthehighestnetincreasesince2016in

operatingcoalcapacity.Theincreaseisprimarily

drivenbyasurgeinnewcoalplantscomingonline

inChina(47.4GW),andlowerretirementsinthe

UnitedStates(9.7GW)andEurope(5GW)com-

paredtootherkeyyears.

activities,maybealastfrontierfornewcoal

proposals.Forexample,twoprojectsslatedfor

chromesmeltersmakeupZimbabwe’s1.9GWof

newcoalcapacityproposedin2023.InIndonesia,

coalprojectstopowerthenickelsmelterindustry

aremovingforwardrapidly.

■AbouthalfoftheUnitedStates’operatingcoal

capacityisplannedtobedecommissionedorcon-

vertedtoanotherfuelby2035.Momentumaway

fromcoalneedstoacceleratetomeetnational

energyandclimategoals.

■IntheEuropeanUnion27andtheUnitedKing-

dom,theregion’scoalretirementplansand

commitmentsgohalfwaytowardsParisAgreement

climatetargetsandmustcontinuetobecomemore

ambitioustoo.

■In2023,twelvenewcountriescommittedtoNo

NewCoalbybecomingmembersofthePowering

PastCoalAlliance.Onehundredandonecountries

haveeitherformallycommittedtoNoNewCoalor

haveabandonedanycoalplanstheyhadinthelast

decade.

■Chinaandthetencountriesfollowingitaccount

for95%oftheglobalpre-constructioncapacity.

Theremaining5%isdistributedamong21coun-

tries,elevenofwhichhaveonlyoneprojectand

areonthebrinkofachievingthe“nonewcoal”

milestone.

■In2023,23topprivatefinancialinstitutions

adoptedneworupdatedcoalpolicies,asignifi-

cantslowdownfromthe57thatadoptedpolicies

in2022.

■TheGroupofSevenmajorindustrialcountries(G7)

accountsfor15%(310GW)oftheworld’soperating

coalcapacity.Withthecompletionofnewunits

inJapanin2023,theG7nolongerhasanycoalin

construction,butitisstillhometooneproposal

inJapanandtwointheU.S.Theproposalsare

linkedtocarboncaptureandother“cleancoal”

technologiesandareeffectivelyuncertainand

expensivedistractionsfromtheurgentneedto

phaseoutcoal.

■TheGroupofTwenty(G20)ishometo92%ofthe

world’soperatingcoalcapacity(1,968GW)and88%

(336GW)ofthepre-constructioncoalcapacity.

■India’s11.4GWofentirelynewcoalproposals

introduced—bybothpublicandprivatesector

actors—ismorethaninanyyearsince2016,and

severallong-stalledprojectswerealsorevivedin

thecountry.

■In2023,thedecreaseinproposedcoaloutsideof

Chinawastemperedby20.9GWofentirelynew

proposals,ledbyIndia(11.4GW),Kazakhstan

(4.6GW),andIndonesia(2.5GW),aswellas4.1GW

ofpreviouslyshelvedorcancelledcapacityconsid-

eredproposedagain.

■“Captive”coalpowerprojects,orprojectsthat

areoffoftheenergygridandusedforindustrial

■Brazilsawitstotalpre-constructioncapacity

decrease,butthecountrystillhastwoprojects

remaining,thelastonesinLatinAmerica.

■Whilemostotherregionsareplateauingor

decreasingproposals,inCentralAsia,thepro-

posedcoalcapacityisequivalentto45%ofthe

region’scurrentoperatingcapacity,withmorethan

doubletheproposedcapacityofadecadeago.

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BOOMANDBUSTCOAL2024

CONTENTS

Executivesummary..............................4

Keydevelopmentsof2023........................5

Globaldatasummary.............................7

NoNewCoal:Progresstowardsthelastcoalplant

enteringconstruction............................11

OECD/EU.................................15

Non-OECD................................16

Newconstructionstartshitanine-yearlowoutsideChina,

andaneight-yearhighinChina......................17

Phaseoutprogress..............................20

Privatefinancecoalpolicytrendsin2023.................26

China.....................................27

India.....................................31

EU27+UK...................................34

UnitedStates.................................37

Türkiye....................................39

Indonesia...................................40

Pakistan....................................42

Bangladesh..................................44

Vietnam....................................45

Laos......................................47

Philippines..................................48

SouthKorea.................................49

Japan.....................................51

Australia...................................53

CentralAsia.................................54

MiddleEastandNorthAfrica........................57

Sub-SaharanAfrica.............................58

LatinAmerica................................60

Appendix...................................62

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GLOBALDATASUMMARY

In2023,69.5GWofglobalcoalpowercapacitywas

commissionedwhile21.1GWwasretired,resulting

inanetannualincreaseintheglobalcoalfleetof

48.4GW(Figure1).Thisisthehighestnetincrease

since2016andrepresentsa2%annualincreaseinthe

globaloperatingcoalfleet,whichcurrentlystandsat

2,130GW.Theincreaseisledbyasurgeinnewcoal

plantscomingonlineinChina(47.4GW),makingup

68%ofglobaladditions.Since2000,theglobalfleet

hasgrown46GWonaverageannually,withtheyearly

changepeakingin2006at89.2GW.Between2017and

2022,theaverageyearlychangedroppedto23.6GW.

Notonlydidtheworldseeanincreaseinoperating

coalcapacityin2023,buttheoperatingcapacity

outsideofChinaalsosawanetincreaseforthefirst

timesince2019.Intotal,22.1GWwascommissioned

and17.4GWwasretiredoutsideofChina,resulting

ina4.7GWnetincreasetotheoperatingcoalfleetin

thosecountries.

Theincreaseisdrivenbyaslightuptickinnewcoal

plantscomingonlineinnon-OECDcountries,as

wellasbylowerretirementsintheUnitedStatesand

Europecomparedtootherkeyyears.Infact,although

newretirementplansandphaseoutcommitments

Figure1:Theglobaloperatingcoalfleetgrewfurther,includingriseoutsideChinaforfirsttimesince

2019asretirementsslowed

Annualchangeincoal-firedpowercapacity,ingigawatts(GW)

NetchangeNetchangewithoutChinaChinaadditionsIndiaadditionsOtheradditions

U.S.retirementsEU27retirementsChinaretirementsOtherretirements

100GW

↑Coaladded50GW

0GW

↓Coalretired

–50GW

200120032005200720092011201320152017201920212023

Source:GlobalCoalPlantTracker,January2024

Global

Energy

Monitor

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BOOMANDBUSTCOAL2024

continuetoemergeglobally,lesscoalcapacitywas

retiredin2023thaninanyothersingleyearinmore

thanadecade(Figure2).At9.7GW,theUnitedStates

contributednearlyhalf(46%)oftheglobalcapacity

retiredin2023,aslightdropfromthe14.7GWretired

lastyearandits21.7GWrecordhighin2015(Figure3).

Figure2:CoalpowercapacityretirementsatlowestlevelinoveradecadeGlobalcoal-firedpowercapacityretiredannually,ingigawatts(GW)

0GW

–10GW

–20GW

–30GW

–40GW

200020052010201520202023

Source:GlobalCoalPlantTracker,January2024

Global

Energy

Monitor

Figure3:TheU.S.andEuropecontinuedtoleadthewayincoalplantretirements,

evenasclosuresdidnotpickupspeedin2023

Coal-firedpowercapacityretiredannually,ingigawatts(GW)

UnitedStatesEU27+UK0GW

–5GW

–10GW

–15GW

–20GW

ChinaOther0GW

–5GW

–10GW

–15GW

–20GW

2000200520102015202020002005201020152020

Source:GlobalCoalPlantTracker,January2024

Global

Energy

Monitor

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TheEuropeanUnion’s27memberstatesandthe

UnitedKingdomrepresentedanother(23%),withthe

U.K.(3.1GW),Italy(0.6GW),andPoland(0.5GW)

leadingtheregion’sretirementsfortheyear.

Forthethirdyearinarow,Chinaretiredlittlecoal,

andthecountrystilllacksclearplansforsignifi-

cantlyrampingupretirements.Basedonknowndata

asofFebruary2024,Chinaretired3.7GWatunits

above30megawatts(MW),andupto4.8GWofcoal

capacityatallunitsregardlessofGlobalCoalPlant

Trackerthresholds.Inearly2022,theNationalEnergy

Administration’s14thFive-YearPlanforModern

EnergySystemstatedthat30GWofcoalpowerwould

bephasedoutduringthe14thfive-yearplanperiod

through2025.Withlessthan9GWofcoalcapacity

retiredatunitsgreaterthan30MWinthelastthree

yearsinChina,aswellasfewunitswithcurrentplans

toretire,Chinawillneedtotakeimmediateaction

toensureitshutsdownenoughcapacitytomeet

thetarget.

Ultimately,thenetoperatingcoalcapacityincreased

intencountriesanddecreasedintencountries,with

twelvecountriesretiringcoalcapacitytotal(Figure4).

Figure4:Aboutasmanycountriesopenednewcoalplantunitsasshutunitsdownin

2023,butoverallmorecapacityaddedthanretired

Newlyaddedandretiredoperatingcoal-firedpowercapacityin2023,ingigawatts(GW)

China

–3.7GW47.4GW

Indonesia

5.9GW

India

5.5GW

Vietnam

2.6GW

Japan

–0.2GW2.5GW

Bangladesh

1.9GW

Pakistan

1.7GW

SouthKorea

1GW

Greece

0.7GW

Zimbabwe

0.3GW

Canada

–0.1GW

Chile

–0.2GW

Slovakia

–0.2GW

Finland

–0.2GW

Romania

Poland

Italy

Russia

–0.3GW

–0.5GW

–0.6GW

–0.7GW

OnlytheU.S.and

U.K.retiredmore

than1GWofcoal

capacitylastyear

withoutbringing

newplantsonline

UnitedKingdom

–3.1GW

UnitedStates

–9.7GW

–10GW0GW10GW20GW30GW40GW50GW

Source:GlobalCoalPlantTracker,January2024

Global

Energy

Monitor

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In2023,theglobalcoalcapacityindevelopment—

announced,pre-permit,permitted,andinconstruc-

tion—wentupfrom550.6GWto578.2GW,a5%

increasedrivenbyChina(Figure5).

Theincreasebreaksdownasfollows:Globalcoal

capacityunderconstructionwentup5.8GW,a3%

increasefromthepreviousyear(Figure5bottom

panel),andglobalcoalcapacityinpre-construc-

tion(announced,pre-permit,andpermitted)went

up21.8GW,a6%increasefromthepreviousyear

(Figure5middlepanel).Thepre-constructioncapac-

ityoutsideofChi