2024年初升高衔接英语8定语从句课件

BridgingCourse

——初高中英语衔接课程（八）Attributiveclause第八讲CONTENTS01theusageofrelativepronouns03attributiveclauseswithprepositionsandrelativepronouns02theusageofrelativeadverbs04non-restrictiveattributiveclause05Homework01PARTONEtheusageofrelativepronounsLookatthesentencesandanswerthequestionsActivity1aWecanstayintouchwiththepeoplethatwewanttoremainfriendswith.bThedigitalagealsoenablesustofindpeoplewhoshareourinterests…1Whatdoes“that”refertoinsentence(a)?2Whatdoes“who”refertoinsentence(b)?Comparethemwith

thefollowingsentencesandanswerthequestions.Activity1cWecan...stayintouchwithpeople.Wewanttoremainfriendswiththem.d.Thedigitalagealsoenablesustofindpeople.Thesepeopleshareourinterests…aWecan…stayintouchwiththepeoplethatwewanttoremainfriendswith.bThedigitalagealsoenablesustofindpeoplewhoshareourinterests…3Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsofsentences?Sentences(a)and(b)bothcontainaclausedefininganounineachsentence.Sentences(c)and(d)areeachconstructedwithapairofsimplesentences,withonedefininganounthatappearsintheothersentenceineachpair.attributiveclausecWecan...stayintouchwithpeople.Wewanttoremainfriendswiththem.d.Thedigitalagealsoenablesustofindpeople.Thesepeopleshareourinterests…aWecan…stayintouchwiththepeoplethatwewanttoremainfriendswith.bThedigitalagealsoenablesustofindpeoplewhoshareourinterests…4Whyweprefertousesentences(a)and(b)inthereadingpassage?Becausethereisacloserlinkandconnectionbetween“people”andtheclausedefiningitinsentences(a)and(b).Italso

makesthepassageclearer,andcreatesanemphaticeffectonthepeopleorthingsbeingdefined.[ɪmˈfætɪk]强调的,

加强语气的thefunctionandeffectofattributiveclause.Activity2aWecan…stayintouchwiththepeoplethatwewanttoremainfriendswith.bThedigitalagealsoenablesustofindpeoplewhoshareourinterests…5Whatotherwordsareusedtointroduceattributiveclauses?Whatdotheyreferto?Otherwordsusedtointroduceattributiveclausesinclude“which”“whom”“whose”canrefertoanobjectorathingcanrefertoapersoncanrefertotherelationshipofbelongingofanobjectorapersonWhatiftheonlywayofgettingnewsfromfarawayfriendswaswritinglettersthattookagestobedelivered?如果从远方朋友那里得到消息的唯一途径是写那些需要很长时间才能送达的信，那该怎么办呢?Nowreadthefollowingsentenceswithattributiveclauses,underlineandtranslatethemintoChinese.Whateverourhobbies,theInternetcanconnectuswithotherswhoalsoenjoydoingthem,eveniftheyliveontheothersideoftheworld.

无论我们的爱好是什么，互联网可以把我们和那些同样喜欢做这些事的人联系起来，即使他们住在世界的另一端。Onsocialmediasites,peopletendtopostonlypositiveupdatesthatmakethemappearhappyandfriendly.

在社交媒体网站上，人们倾向于只发布积极的更新，让自己看起来快乐和友好。Whatistheattributiveclause?modify修饰

A.Theattributiveclauseisusedtomodifyanounorpron.afterit.B.Theattributiveclauseisusedtomodifyanadj.oradv.beforeit.C.Theattributiveclauseisusedtomodifyanounorpron.beforeit.D.Theattributiveclauseisusedtomodify

anadj.oradv.beforeit.Whatisthestructure（结构）oftheattributiveclause?A.relativeword（关系词）+clause（从句）+antecedent（先行词）B.antecedent（先行词）+relativeword（关系词）+clause（从句）C.relativeword（关系词）+clause（从句）+antecedent（先行词）D.antecedent（先行词）+clause（从句）+relativeword（关系词）定语从句定语从句是由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词或代词。其功能相当于形容词，被修饰的名词或代词被称作为先行词。连词作用，引导从句代替先行词在从句中充当一个成分，起一定的句法作用关系词三功能

Sheis

theone

that

youneverforget.

Shemustbethereason

whyGodmadeagirl.

定语从句theclause（

）(）主句themainsentence辨识主句和从句

先行词antecedent被从句所修饰限定的词关系词relativewords定语从句三要素1.2.3.1.Thepeople

who/that

calledyesterdaywanttobuythehouse.

本句中先行词是thepeople；关系代词who指人，代替thepeople，关系代词在定语从句中作主语。

翻译:

昨天打电话的那些人想买这个房子。2.Theman(whom/who/that)Ihavetophonelivesin

Canada.本句先行词是theman，关系代词共有四种表达。whom，who，that均可指人，在定语从句中关系代词作宾语,

因此在口语和非正式文体中可省略，故而有四种答案。翻译：我不得不致电的那个人住在加拿大。3.Shewasnotinthetrain

which/thatarrivedjustnow.本句中先行词是thetrain，关系代词which/that均可用于指物，代替thetrain，关系代词在定语从句中作主语。翻译：她不在刚刚到的那列火车上。4.Thisisthebook(which/that)youwanted.本句中先行词为thebook，关系代词that/which指物，代替thebook，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，故而本题有三种答案。翻译：这就是你想要的那本书。请根据以上例句，完成下页的关系代词用法表。关系代词指代的先行词在从句中所做成分是否可省略thatwhichwhowhomwhose人，物物人人(人/物)的主语,宾语主语,宾语主语,宾语宾语定语作宾语可省略作宾语可省略作宾语可省略可省略不可省略关系代词whose的用法1)Achild________parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(孤儿)2)Theyliveinahouse,___________windowsfacesouth.

whose

在从句中作定语,修饰人或物，意为“……的”，

whose+名词可换作

the+名词+ofwhom/which。whosewhoseTheyliveinahouse,thewindows___________facesouth.Theyliveinahouse,___________thewindowsfacesouth.ofwhichofwhich

ZhongNanshanisadoctor(whom/that）we____________who/that…whose…TheAttributiveClauseCanyouusetheattributiveclause（定语从句）

tointroduceZhongNanshan?Application

Thevideowhich/thatisabout

ZhongNanshanwastakenfromtheInternet.

ZhongNanshanisadoctorwho/thatiswell-knowntous.Heisadoctorwhosestorywillhavealife-longinfluenceonme.

ZhongNanshanisahero(whom/that)werespect.02PARTTWOtheusageofrelativeadverbsWhatdo“where,”“when,”and“why”refertoineachsentence.Activity1aEventually,itmanagestoreachtheplaceswhereitwillspendthewinter.bThesolutioncomesatatimewhenitisinserioustrouble.cSadly,humanactivityisthemainreasonwhythenumberofmonarchbutterfliesisfalling.

What’sthedifference?aEventually,itmanagestoreachtheplaceswhereitwillspendthewinter.bThesolution…comesatatimewhenitisinserioustrouble.cSadly,humanactivityisthemainreasonwhythenumberofmonarchbutterfliesisfalling.

aEventually,itmanagestoreachtheplaces.Itwillspendthewinterthere.bItisinserioustrouble.Thesolution…comesatatimecSadly,humanactivityisthemainreason.Forthisreason,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesisfalling.What’sthedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsofsentences?a.Eventually,itmanagestoreachtheplaceswhereitwillspendthewinter.d.Eventually,itmanagestoreachthoseplaces.Itwillspendthewinterthere.onesentencetwosentencesdefiningthenoun“places”useanadverbb.Thesolution…comesatatimewhenitisinserioustrouble.e.It’sinserioustrouble.Thesolution…comesatthistime.onesentencetwosentencesdefiningthenoun“time”useaphrasetoshowthetimec.Sadly,humanactivityisthemainreasonwhythenumberofmonarchbutterfliesisfalling.f.Sadly,humanactivityisthemainreason.Forthisreason,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesisfalling.onesentencetwosentencesuseaphrasedefiningthenoun“reason”Whyweprefertousesentences(a),(b),and(c)?Becausethereisacloserlinkandconnectionbetweentheitemandtheclausedefiningitinthesentences(a),(b)and(c).Itwillalsomakethepassageclearer,andcreateanemphaticeffectonthelocation,timeandreasonbeingdefined.避免重复丰富句式衔接紧凑ENGLISH定语从句之关系副词当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。when时间where地点why原因ENGLISH定语从句关系副词when引导定语从句时，先行词应是表示时间的名词，如time,day,week,hour,year等。关系词在从句中作时间状语。Ihopetherearemoments

whenIforgetallmyworriesandpains.我希望有那么一刻，我能忘记所有的烦恼和痛苦。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttotheGreatWall.我还记得我第一次去长城的那一天。TomwillneverforgetthedayswhenhelivedinChinawithhisfamily.汤姆永远不会忘记他和家人在中国生活的日子。ENGLISH定语从句关系副词where引导定语从句时，先行词应是表示地点或抽象地点的名词，如place,room,factory,house,village等。关系词在从句中作地点状语。•ThisisthefactorywhereIworkedtenyearsago.这是我十年前工作过的工厂。•ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前居住的那所房子已经被拆了。Theywentintothehallwherethemeetingwasbeingheld.他们走进正在开会的大厅ENGLISH定语从句关系副词why引导定语从句时，先行词常为reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语。Thereason

whyIdon’ttrusthimisthatheoftentellslies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。

Therearemanyreasons

why

peopleliketraveling.人们喜欢旅游的原因有很多。•Thereason

whyhesucceedintheexamwasthathestudiedveryhard.他考试成功的原因是他学习很努力。ENGLISHThisistheplace_____________wevisitedlasttime.Thisistheplace_____________wevisitedtheequipment设备lasttime.Istillrememberthetime__________wespendtogether.Istillrememberthetime_______wefirstmeteachother.Thisisthereason__________shegaveme.Thisisthereason__________shecried.()定语从句不完整，先行词在定语从句中做宾语，指物that/which()定语从句完整，也不缺定语，缺状语，指地点where()定语从句不完整，先行词在定语从句中做宾语，指物that/which()定语从句完整，也不缺定语，缺状语，指原因why(()定语从句不完整，先行词在定语从句中做宾语，指物that/which)定语从句完整，也不缺定语，缺状语，指时间whenENGLISH做题步骤画出定语从句，看定语从句缺不缺主/宾/表缺关系代词that/which/who/whom/as不缺whose关系副词when,where,why缺定语缺状语03PARTTHREEattributiveclauseswithprepositionsandrelativepronouns1.…theycouldincreasetheareasinwhichtheycouldgrowrice.2.…theseterracesstillmeanalottothelocalpeopleforwhomtraditionsholdmuchvalueWhatdo“which”and“whom”refertoineachsentence?…theycouldincreasetheareasinwhichtheycouldgrowrice.theareastheycouldgrowrice

intheareastheycouldgrowriceinwhichinwhichtheycouldgrowrice

…theseterracesstillmeanalottothelocalpeopleforwhomtraditionsholdmuchvaluethelocalpeopletraditionsholdmuchvalueforthelocalpeopletraditionsholdmuchvalueforwhomforwhomtraditionsholdmuchvalue*holdmuch/greatvalueforsbWhydoweuseprepositionsbefore“which”and“whom”?Because“which”and“whom”serveastheobjectoftheactionphrasesthatendwithapreposition.Attributiveclause:prep.+which/whom当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指人，用“介词＋whom”；如果指物，用“介词＋which”

1．关系代词前介词选择的原则(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词和介词的搭配关系选择。TherecomesTom,forwhomIhavebeenwaitinganhourorso.汤姆来了，我等了他大约一个小时了

prep.+which/whom：How(2)根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。Theoldwomanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowisafamousartist.刚才和你们说话的老太太是一个著名的艺术家。(3)根据句子的意思选择。Thankyouforyourhelp,withoutwhichwecouldn'thavefinishedthetaskontime.谢谢你的帮助，没有你的帮助，我们就不能按时完成任务。Attributiveclause:prep.+which/whomWhen当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指人，用“介词＋whom”；如果指物，用“介词＋which”

How根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词和介词的搭配关系选择。根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。根据句子的意思选择含有介词的动词固定短语在定语从句中一般不拆开，在这种情况下，介词仍然放在后面，如hearfrom，hearof,lookafter,lookfor，carefor，takecareof，

等。e.g.Imetthechild(whom)Ilookedaftertenyearsago.我遇到了十年前我照料过的那个孩子。(lookafter为固定短语，在定语从句中不能

将after前置)

Theoldwoman

（他正在照顾的）ismygrandmother.（whom/who）heistakingcareof…theycouldincreasetheareasinwhichtheycouldgrowrice.theareastheycouldgrowrice

intheareastheycouldgrowriceinwhichinwhichtheycouldgrowrice

Canwereplace“inwhich”with“where”withoutchangingthemeaning?whereENGLISH定语从句注意：关系副词when,where,why可以相应地转化为“介词+which”结构。•IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttotheGreatWall.•ThisisthefactorywhereIworkedtenyearsago.•

Therearemanyreasons

why

peopleliketraveling.onwhichinwhichforwhichwhere

表地点 Thehotelwherewestayedwasn’tveryclean. Thehotel___________________wasn’tveryclean.Westayedinthehotel.inwhichwestayedwhereinwhichwhere=介词+whichwhen

表时间 Doyourememberthedaywhenwemet. Doyouremembertheday__________.wemetonthedayonthedayonwhichwhen=介词+whichwhenwemetonwhichwhy

表原因 ThereasonwhyI’mcallingyouistoinviteyou. Thereason______________hedidn’tcomeisthathewasill.

Talentisnottheonlyreason_______________hesucceeded.why=forwhichwhy/forwhichwhy/forwhich04Non-RestrictiveAttributiveClausePARTFOURUnderlinetheattributiveclausesandnamethetwotypesofclauses1.TheytestedhundredsofChinesemedicaltreatmentsthatshowedpromiseinthefightagainstthedisease.2.TuYouyouwasawardedtheNobelPrize,whichisconsideredoneofthehighestinternationalhonoursapersoncanreceive.3.TuYouyouwenttoHainan,wheremalariawasmorecommon,tostudymalariapatients.4.Later,themedicinewastestedonmalariapatients,mostofwhomrecovered.RestrictiveAttributiveClauseNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClause1234定语从句就其与先行词的关系可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。non-restrictiverelativeclauses一、形式不同限制性定语从句与其先行词关系密切，其间通常不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词关系不密切，常用逗号隔开。如：Shehatespeoplewholikesmoking.MyhometownisBeijing,

whichisthecapitalofChina.如：Shehatespeoplewholikesmoking.MyhometownisBeijing,

whichisthecapitalofChina.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后，意思明确，与主句通常用

“，”隔开限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉之后，主句意思不明确。二、作用不同三、先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词，非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是名词或代词,也可以是主句的一部分或整个主句。如：Ihaveadog,whichisblack.

（先行词为dog）Chineseisveryimportant,whichmeansyouhavetolearnitwell.（先行词为整个主句）限制性定从关代:that,which,who,whom,as非限制性定从关代:that,which,who,whom,as四、关系词不同1.Theseappletreeshavenotproducedanyfruits.Iplantedthemthreeyearsago.__________________________________________________________

.

2.Thelazyboygotthehighestscoreinthetest.Itsurprisedme.

___________________________________________________________3.ThestudentsinourclasswanttoimprovetheirMaths.ManyofthemarenotbadatMaths.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________将两个句子合并成非限制性定语从句Theseappletrees,whichIplantedthreeyearsago,havenotproducedanyfruits.Thelazyboygotthehighestscoreinthetest,whichsurprisedme.Thestudentsinourclass,manyofwhomarenotbadatMaths,wanttoimprovetheirMaths.【语境应用】完成句子。1)Theforeignguests,________(who/that)werescientists,werewarmlywelcomedattheairport.2)Myfatherboughtmeseveralbooks,noneof________(which/that)Iliketoread.3)Isthereanyoneinyou