历年考研英语真题及答案三十三

考研英语试题及答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,Cor

DonANSWERSHEET1.(lOpoints)

ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation._1_homelessnesshas

reachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan'tpossibly_____2____.Tohelphomelesspeople

―3___independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,_____4_

theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing._____5everyoneagreesonthenumbersof

Americanswhoarehomeless.Estimates____6_anywherefrom600,000to3million.7—the

figuremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis_____8,

oneofthefederalgovernment*sstudies9_thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly

19millionbytheendofthisdecade.

Findingwaysto_10—thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasingly

difficult.___11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda___12_thatwillgivethemthree

mealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13_

thestreet,Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.

Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,____14____not

addictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday_15_skillsneedtoturntheirlives

16—•BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthere

are_17___programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless._____18_EdwardBlotkowsk,

directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,___19_it."Therehastobe

―20_ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal.”

1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore

2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain

3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward

4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep

5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not

6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ

7.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Exceptthat

8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending

9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers

10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss

11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]0nly

12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house

13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering

14.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas

15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance

16.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up

17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating

18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus

19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes

20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordination

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,or

D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Inspiteofaendlesstalkofdifference,“Americansocietyisanamazingmachinefor

homogenizingpeople.Thisisuthedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthe

casualnessandabsenceofconsumptionulaunchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthat

offered'vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringto

aknowledgeableelite.”thesewerestoresuanyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.

Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsports

areotherforcesforhomogenization.

Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevating

butishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreports

thattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In

1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto

1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2for

every1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation------language,homeownershipand

intermarriage.

The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommon

countriesoforiginspokeEnglish"well”oruverywell”aftertenyearsofresidence."The

childrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish."Bythethirdgeneration,

theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."Hencethedescriptionof

Americaasagraveyard“forlanguage.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivebefore1970

hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-born

Americans.

Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S-bornwhites

andblacks."Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,

and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.

RodrigueznotthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnold

SchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnited

Statesremainsomehowimmunetothenation,sassimilativepower.”

AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethinginAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughto

haveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica,sturbulentpast,today's

socialinducessuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.

21.Theword,homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans

A.identifyingB.associatingC.assimilatingD.monopolizing

22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury

A.playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.

B.becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.

C.satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.

D.oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.

23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.

A.areresistanttohomogenization.

B.exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.

C.arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.

D.constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.

24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?

A.Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.

B.TorevealthepublicJsfearofimmigrants.

C.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.

I).ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.

25.Intheauthor,sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis

A.rewardingB.successfulC.fruitlessD.harmful

Text2

Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare-butthereare

twodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany

(ASC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreonthe

Avon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,

buttolookatAnneHathawayJsCottage,Shakespeare*sbirthplaceandtheothersights.

TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.They

franklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.

It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,was

himselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.

Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentake

inWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don,tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthem

areevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittle

sight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theESCcontends,whobringinmuch

ofthetown,srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouring

cashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftown

bynightfall.

Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothe

subsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelessevery

hotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotel

there,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,the

BanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.

Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.

(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seats

were94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey,11dobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,

isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.

Itwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeople

whoareStratfordTsmostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.

Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)---lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,

wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstones

outsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing一roomticketsheldforthesleepersand

soldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.

Text3

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothe

largeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growing

animalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbe

happeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansom

MyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalf

acenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatethe

actualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsof

theocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.Accordingtotheirlatestpaperpublished

inNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfishery

isreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fished

areas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

DrWormacknowledgesthatthefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishing

technologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,which

werenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeing

caught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecorded

bychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwith

fish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhave

beenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,

intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.

Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

DrMyersandDrWormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagement

effortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarine

biologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthe

massivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlya

relativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximum

sustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspecies

isabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwayto

dobusiness.

31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat

A.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.

B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.

C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.

D.Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

32.WecaninferfromDrMyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat

A.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.

B

thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.

c

thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.

D.thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.

33.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3),DrWormmeansthat

A.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

B.thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecorded

C.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

D.thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.

34.DrMyersandotherresearchersholdthat

A.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan'tworkforalongertime.

B

fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomass

c

theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevel.

D.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation

35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries,

A.managementefficiency

B.biomasslevel

C.catch-sizelimits

I),technologicalapplication.

Text4

Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artistsyonly

jobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.

Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebest

suitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappiness

asinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth，sdaffodilstoBaudelaire's

flowersofevil.

Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseen

suchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacre

ofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappiness

intheworldtoday.

Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepicting

happiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmass

media,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.

Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,

1ivedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,

themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswere

inperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneed

theirarttobeabummertoo.

TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,

andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Our

magazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethese

messageshaveanagenda-一tolureustoopenourwalletstomaketheveryideaofhappinessseem

unreliable."Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundout

itcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.

Whatweforget-whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting-isthathappinessismorethan

pleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialfor

lossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotell

usasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthat

happinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthan

aclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.

36.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat

A.Poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.

B.Artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.

C.Poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.

D.Artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.

37.Theword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething

A.religiousB.unpleasantC.entertainingI),commercial

38.Intheauthor?sopinion,advertising

A.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart.

B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpeer

C.replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformation

D.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself.

39.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves

A.Happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.

B.Theanti-happyartisdistastefulbyrefreshing.

C.Miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.

D.Theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms

40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

A.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.

B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.

C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.

I),massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,and

ofariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthat

casino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehad

nevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.

Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasino

issuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsfor

mealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser，sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,

theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine.(41).In1997helost

$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwo

slotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhen

thecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhis

patronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.

InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenter

foraddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams，sgamblers.Thecasinoincludedaphoto

ofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letternoting

themedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeing

readmittedtothepatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyhavetohissafety

orwell-being.(42).

TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning:"Enjoythefun

andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit”.Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberfor

counselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitcharges

thatthecasino,knowinghewas^helplesslyaddictedtogambling”,intentionallyworked

to“love“himtouengageinconductagainsthiswill”well.(43).

ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-IV)says

upathologicalgambling“involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoney

thanoftakingrisksinquestofawindfall,(44).Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaims

tobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailings

aspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45).

Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovarying

degreesdependenton-youmightsay-addictedto-revenuesfromwagering.Andsincethefirst

Internetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers'dollarshasbecomeintense.

TheOct.28issueofNEWSWEEKreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinos

everyweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassed

pornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness.

(A).Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino,smarketingdepartmentcontinued

topepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.

(B).Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsense

washiswilloperative?

(C).Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,

hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.

(D).GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwas

broadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantand

aggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.

(E).DavidWilliams'ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon'tbetonit.

(F).Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,often

definingasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.

(G).Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductive

tocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,

whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

OurtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhis

society?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestory

whenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmericans.Buttheyhavedone

morethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,not

Americans,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.

First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)Ishall

definehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasurein1ifetheactivity

ofthinkinginSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,

articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,

finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoral

informationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomust

accepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoning

whichledhimtohisdecision.

Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals---theaverage

scientistforone48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributeto

thesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthe

factualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenin

everydayperformanceofhisroutineduties.---heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,

man