高考英语阅读理解专项技巧主旨大意课件

高中英语阅读理解技巧主旨大意考察方向题型技巧点拨01PARTONE考察方向主旨大意题考察方向点击添加标题选项特点正确选项的特征：1.涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段。2.范围恰当：既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强：不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。点击添加标题干扰项特点点击添加标题干扰选项的特征：1.以偏概全：选项内容原文中有提及，但只是细枝末节，不能代表全文的整体意思，犯了以局部代替整体，用片面的观点看待整体问题的错误。2.断章取义：孤立地取原文中的一句或几句话的意思，而不顾全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，引用与原意不符或歪曲了原文所表达意思。3.主题扩大：选项所述内容或对原文内容进行过度归纳、概括，或对事情发生的范围过分扩大，超出了文章实际所表述的内容。4.张冠李戴：选项所述内容弄错了事实和对象，把此人的事情或观点错加到彼人身上，或把此事物的特性错加到彼事物上。5.无中生有：所述内容或是凭空捏造的信息，或是生活常识，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脱离了原文，在文中找不到支持的依据。6.因果倒置：凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。选项混淆了事物间的因果关系，或将某一结果产生的原因作为结果，或将结果作为原因。解题技巧：抓主题句。点击添加标题位于段首：一般而言，以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句，可具体分析段落的首句与第二，三句的关系；如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明，论述或描述，那第一句就是主题句。有些段落，在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词，如forexample,anexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besides;one,theother;some,others等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。主题句-段尾点击添加标题位于段尾：有些文章会在开头列举事实,然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此，如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话，最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子，看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主题句的特征，段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；inconclusion，inshort；inaword,tosumup等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时，学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词，以确定其是否是主题句。主题句-段中点击添加标题位于段中：有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。归纳起来主要有两种情况：先提出问题，然后给予回答(主题句)，最后给予解释；或者，先提出问题，然后点出主题思想(主题句)，最后给予解释。主题句-首尾呼应、无明确主题句首尾呼应：主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容，但用词不尽相同，这样不但强调了主题思想，而且显得灵活多变。这两个句子并非简单重复，后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述，或对要点作一概括，或使之引申留给读者去思考。无明确主题句：找关键词（出现频率较高）,归纳总结。点击添加标题02PARTTWO抓主题句技巧点拨主题句-文首（2018·新课标卷I）Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglbalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish.SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000.Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6.000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatistheminideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.

B.PeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguagesC.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages

D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。【答案】C【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。加标题主题句-文尾点击添加标题ThefamousAmericangorilla(大猩猩)expertDianeFosseyhadacompletelynewwaytostudygorillas—shepretendedtobeoneofthem.Shecopiedtheiractionsandwayoflife—eatingplantsandgettingdownonherhandsandkneestowalkthewayagorilladoes.Itwasanewrelationship.DianeFosseywasmurderedinRwandain1985andherstorywasmadeintothepopularfilmGorillasintheMist.ItwasalongwayfromKingKong,whichisaboutagorillaasamonster(afrighteninganimal),andhelpedtoshowanewidea:therealmonsterisman,whilethegorillaistobeadmired.Todaytherearethoughttobearound48,000lowlandgorillasandmaybe400—450mountaingorillasinthewild.FromtheCongoinWestAfrica,toRwandaandUgandafurthereast,theyareendangeredbyhuntingandbythecuttingdownoftheirforesthomes.Sometimeago,IfoundinmyletterboxalittlemagazinefromtheWorldWideFundforNature.Ithadtwophotossidebyside.Onewasofayounggorilla.“Thisisaspeciesofmammal(哺乳类动物),”saidthewordsbelowit.“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”Theotherphotoshowedahumanbaby.Thewordsalsoread,“Thisisaspeciesofmammal,”butthenwenton:“Itisthemostdestructive(破坏性的)onearth.Wemustretrainitforitsowngood.”56.Thetextmainlytalksabout________.A.DianeFossey

B.thegorillasinRwandaC.theprotectionofthegorillas

D.thefilmGorillasintheMist【答案】C【解析】文章第一段谈到DianeFossey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的措施。前面三段都是为最后一段做铺垫的，从最后一段的“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”可知，最主要的目的还是要人们保护大猩猩。首尾呼应点击添加标题Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。没有明确的主题句点击添加标题【2019·全国卷II，C】MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel’s“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she’snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe’sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday’sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.“It’sachanceforself-reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn’tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemerit,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.

B.Theimportanceofself-reflection.C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.

D.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。31.A【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。文章的中间点击添加标题TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance....67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。答案选A。03PARTTHREE题型技巧题型1：段落大意题点击添加标题【题型1】段落大意题

【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇节选)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.答案：A点击添加标题【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,Paragraph2,is...mainlyabout第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(第二段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群体智慧”效应,并解释什么是“群体智慧”效应,即大量人独立做估计,如果把这些独立估计平均起来,得到的平均数还是很准确的。紧接着,第二段分析为什么会这样,原因是有些人会高估,有些人会低估,如果足够多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的误差就会相互抵消,而最终导致一个比较准确的结果。第二段的内容其实是“群体智慧”效应运作的一个深层次的逻辑,故选

B。

反思：解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章第二段中多次提到有关“估计”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,还有“精确估计”等,其目的是分析“估计的准确性”,可见本段并不是介绍方法,故排除A项。段落大意技巧提示点击添加标题【技巧提示】概括段落大意。要准确概括某段的大意,务必要知道该段的逻辑结构：如果该段是按总分结构组织,主题句就在段首;如果按分总结构组织,主题句就在段尾;如果按分总分的结构组织,则主题句在中间;如果按总分总的结构组织,我们可以很明显地看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致,正确答案就呼之欲出了;如果按并列式行文,这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容,整个段落可以从中间处分开,前后是平行关系,这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系;如果对比各事物,那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。揣摩段落大意。有时,作者可能不直接写出主题句,而是通过各种方法暗示给读者,这就需要读者充分发挥想象力与判断力,揣摩段落大意。题型2：文章大意点击添加标题

【真题示例】(2023年1月·浙江高考·B篇)

Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadyto

jumponthatbandwagon.

IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.

Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.

Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.

Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.答案：C点击添加标题【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,thetext,is...mainlyabout第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.(第一段)I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.(第二段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出问题的具体情形,第二段提出了问题解决的可能性,下文叙述了具体的做法,据此可知文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选C。

反思：解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章中涉及处理和家庭成员的关系,但是确实是围绕着文章主题展开的,也就是作者如何让家人能够配合过一种零浪费的健康生活,这样A项明显是错误的,需要排除。文章大意技巧提示【技巧提示】用浏览法(skimming)找主题句:段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however、but、infact、actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句；首段出现疑问句时,对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨；作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨；反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等词,通常是主旨。

题型3：标题归纳点击添加标题【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworki