大学英语精读1笔记（57课）

Lesson5

1.miserable:a.悲惨的，可怜的

同义词：unhappy,wretched

反义词：comfortable

派生词：misery:n.痛苦，苦难miserably:ad.

后缀-able构成形容词，表示“具有…的”；“能…的”,例如：

eatable可食用的

drinkable可饮用的

reasonable通情达理的

sensible可感觉的

2.merrya.愉快的

同义词：happy,cheerful

习惯用于：MerryChristmas!

3.pony:小马

（归类记忆法）horse:mare母马

donkey驴子

stallion公马

mule骡子

pony小马

Christmaswascoming,这句用的是过去进行时，但表达的是将来时间，意思是“圣诞节快到

了o"go,come,

leave,land（着陆）,takeoff（起飞），start,arrive等词用进行时表示将来。

如：Theplaneistakingoffinfiveminutes.

HeisleavingforShanghaitomorrow.

makesure:actsoastomakesomethingcertain确保；查明

如:Fathermakessurethatalllightsareoffbeforehegoestobed.父母睡觉前都要检查是否所有的

灯都关了。''

Makesurethatyouhaven'tforgottentopackeverythingyou'relikelytoneed.

Ithinkthepartybeginsat6:00,butIllphonetomakesure（确认）.

Helookedbehindhimtomakesurethathewasnotbeingfollowed.

比较besuretodosth./that:becertaintodosth./that

Besuretowaittomeassoonasyougetthere.你一到那里就一定给我写信。

Besurethatyougivetheorderforbreadtothebaker.你一定要把面包订单交给面包师。

Nothingbut:only;nothingexcept除了…什么也没有

如:Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.

Nothingbutamiracle（奇迹）cansavehim.

Amyusedtodrinknothingbutcoffee.

Sheisconcernedaboutnothingbutmoney.她只关心钱。

Icoulddonothingbutstandingtherewaiting.除了站在那儿等，我什么都不能干。

Ididwantboots,butIstucktothepony.句中的did（do加动词原形表示强调语气，"确实想要）

stickto:refusetogiveuporchange坚持（意见，看法，主张），不放弃

如：sticktoonespromise/plans

rilsticktothistaskuntilitiscompleted.

Thisfellowneverstickstoanythingforverylong.

Theydecidedtosticktotheirpreviousplan.他们决定坚持原先的计划。

Ifyousticktothetruth,youhavenothingtofear.如果你坚持真理，你就没什么可害怕的。

Tomalwaysstickstohisbossnomatterwhathappens.无论发生什么事情，汤姆始终对老板忠心耿

耿。

"stickto”与“insiston”,"holdon”比较

insistonsomething/doingsomething:firmlyasktodosomethingandrefusetogivein坚持认为，

坚决要求「

Heinsistedonhisinnocence.他坚持认为自己无罪。

Iinsistonyourtakingimmediateactiontoputthingsright.

Iinsistthatyoutakeimmediateactiontoputthingsright.

我坚持要求你立即采取行动把事情处理好。

holdon:坚持下去，坚持住(不及物动词，不能接宾语)

Theymanagedtoholdonuntilhelparrived.

他们设法坚持住，直到救援到来。

Idon'tthinkIcanholdonmuchlonger.

我觉得自己坚持不了多长时间了。

Thereoughttobesomethingtofillyourstockingwith,...句中的tofill...with部分是动词不定式

作定语修饰something,因为该不定式与前面的名词呈动宾关系，介词with不能省略。如：

Thereisnothingforustoworryabout.

Heisagoodcolleaguetoworkwith.

Theydohopetheycanfindsomeexperiencedteacherstorelyonforhelp.

Giveussomethingtoopenthecanwith.给我开罐头的东西。

It'saboringplacetolivein.住在这儿令人讨厌。

oughtto:应该，情态动词，表示责任和劝告，有时可用should替换，但比should语气重些。

Yououghttodoasyouaretold.要你干什么你就干什么。

Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed.不应该允许做这样的事情。

candy美国用法sweet英国用法

SantaClauscantputaponyintoastocking.在西方过圣诞节时，大人告诉孩子们圣诞老人会带

来他们想要的礼物。圣诞节前夕，圣诞老人(SantaClause)从烟囱里爬下来，把礼物放进挂在

孩子床边的长筒袜里。

故文章的下文提至U了hecouldn'tleadaponydownthechimneyeither.

有关圣诞节的风俗习惯学生可以阅读课后练习ReadingActivity中的文章AnEnglish

Christmas.

FatherChristmas是英国用法

eve:n.前夕，前夜NewYeafsEve除夕

ChristmasEve圣诞节前夜

Ithunglimp...

limp在句中是形容词，做主语补足语，描述的是it（袜子）的状态，“soft,软的，松沓的”。

类似的表达方式有：

Shestoodthere,calmandquiet.

Thevalley（山谷）laypeacefulinthesun.

Thesunrisesred.太阳升起来了，火红的。

Theyoungmansatsilentinthecorner.那年轻人坐在角落里，一言不发。

limp:adj.软的，柔软的

vi.跛行同义词：lame,cripple

hangup:placeonahookorhanger（挂钩）

Therearesomehangersintheclosetonwhichtohangupyourclothes.

壁橱里有一些衣架可以挂你的衣服。

Wehungupamapoftheworldinourstudy.

我们在书房里挂了一张世界地图。

fireplace:n.壁炉（复合名词）

类似与fire有关的复合名词：firearm枪械,firework焰火,fire-alarm火警,fireman消防队员,

firewood木柴

mixed-up:a.混合的，混杂的

由动词短语mixup构成的复合形容词，动词的过去分词表示动作的状态。类似的有：

grown-up:a.成熟的，成年人的

broken-down:a.坏的

Mysistershadkneltdown,eachbyherpileofgift...句中逗号后面的部分是独立主格结构。

...tilltheylookedupandsawmestandingtherelookingsomiserable.句中的standingthere是现

在分词作宾语补足语，lookingsomiserable是现在分词作伴随状语，修饰standingthere。

kneel:v.跪下

同义词：getdownontheknees

词形相似：kneen.膝盖

习惯搭配：kneeldown跪下

Shewentintothechurch,kneltdownandbegantopray.她进了教堂，跪下来开始祷告。

Thathelpedsome.

"that”指前面提至U的crying。some在这里不是代词，是副词，相当于somewhat,“多少有些，

有点”。这句话的意思是：那起了点作用。

如：Themedicinehelpedsome.

Pmfeelingsomebettertoday.我感觉好了些。

indignant:a.愤怒的

同义词：angry,furious

beindignantwithsomebody对某人感到愤慨

beindignantat/about/oversomething对某事感到愤慨

Shebecamemoreandmoreindignantwiththemovertheirconduct.她对他们的所作所为越来越愤

慨。」

Residentsintheareaareindignantaboutthehighrents.该地的居民对于高昂的租金表示气愤。

Hewasindignantatbeingunfairlydismissed.他被不公平地解雇了，对此他很气愤。

1....thecryingover,Iached.

句中逗号前面的部分是独立主格结构，作时间状语。

stable:n.马厩归类

bam:牲口棚

pigsty:猪圈

henhouse:鸡舍

adj.稳定的

同义词：steady

反义词：unstable

astablegovernment稳定的政府

astablecharacter坚定的性格

weep:v.哭泣，流泪同义词：cry

weepfor/over为…而流泪，为…哀伤

weepforjoy喜极而泣

Themotherweptoverthedeathofherchild.这位母亲为孩子之死而哭泣。

Sheisalwaysweepingoverherlostyouth.

她总是为自己青春而逝而去哀伤。

cry,weep,sob辨析：

cry:哭，一般用语，多指发出声音的哭。

Iheardababycryatthenextdoorlastnight.weep:哭泣，指无声地流泪

Thesightmademewanttoweep.

sob:啜泣，抽泣，多指小声的哭或呜咽

Thereisalittlegirlsobbinginthecorner.

Iwaswronged,Iwashurt.

两个动词均用了被动语态，hurt是过去分词。

wrong:vt.treatunfairly,dowrongto委屈，冤枉

a.错误的，有毛病的

n.坏事，错误

如：Sheforgave(宽恕)thosewhohadwrongedher.她原谅了那些曾不公正地对待她的人。

Shehaswrongednomanbywordordeedinallherlife.她一生为人公正，言行没有使任何人受到

委屈。〜

习惯表达：

(1)inthewrong错了，理亏

Whichofthetwodriverswasinthewrong?两个司机中，哪一个还负责？

(2)sth.iswrongwith...出毛病(故障)

Whatiswrongwithyourwatch?你的表出了什么故障？

(3)gowrong出错，不对劲

Afterfiveyears,theirmarriagesuddenlywentwrong.五年后，他们的婚姻突然破裂了。

Hewaswatchingmeorsomethingforanhourortwo,drawingbackthecurtainsolittlelestIcatch

him...

句中从drawing到him部分是现在分词作状语，其中lest到him部分又是目的状语从句。lest

的意思是“唯恐solittlelest…相当于solittlethat...not...,lest后面的从句谓语用“(should+)

动词原形”形式的虚似语气。

Lest:forfearthat唯恐；引导状语从句用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形

如：Thechildrenkeptquietlestthey(should)wakeuptheirmother.

Healwaysdoeswhatevershetellshimtodolestshe(should)beangry.

IwrotedownthedateofherbirthdaylestI(should)forgetit.我把她的生日记下来，免得忘了。

Heranawaylestheshouldbeseen.他逃跑了，唯恐有人看见他。

orsomething:orsomethingsimilar诸如此类。该词组用来表示说话者表明自己对所说的话没有

多大把握。如：

Hisfatherisawell-knownartistorsomething.

Areyousickorsomething?

Ithinkheleftbecausehehadlosthisjoborsomething.

我认为他离开了是因为丢了工作或类似的原因。

HernameisMaryorMargaretorsomething.她叫玛丽或者叫玛格丽特什么的。

impatience:n.不耐烦，急躁

patience:n.耐心，忍耐

impatient:a.急躁的

patient:a.耐心的n.病人

前缀im・加在以p,m,b开头的词前面，表示“否定”。

如：

impolite:a.不礼貌的impossible:a.不可能的

immoral:a.不道德的impure:a.不纯的，掺假的

impatient（a.）的习惯用语：

beimpatientforsomething/todosomething急不可耐地做

I'mimpatienttoseeournewboss.

Theboywasimpatientfortheresultofhisexamination.

beimpatientof不能忍受的

Motherwasimpatientofbadmanners.

...Icaughtsightofamanridingaponydownthestreet,aponyandabrand-newsaddle;themost

beautifulsaddleIeversaw...

句中riding到street部分是现在分词结构作宾语补足语，Ieversaw是定语从句，修饰前面的

saddle.

catchsightof:see（especiallysuddenlyorbriefly）

如：IturnedroundandcaughtsightofHelengettingintoataxi.

Aswedrovebytheharbor（港口），wecaughtsightofalargesteamship（轮船）。

brand-new:（名词+形容词）completelyandunused崭新的；

如：abrand-newmachine/car.

类似方法构成的复合形容词：

carefree无忧无虑的，snow-white白雪的，

lifelong终生的，worldwide全球的

ForsuchahorseasthatIwouldhavegivenanything.

该句的正常句序应该是：Iwouldhavegivenanythingforsuchahorseasthat.

句子用的是一般过去时的虚拟语气。介词for相当于一个条件从句，表示隐含虚拟

条件，以前还学有with,without等。

Itwouldbefoolishforyoutobehavelikethis.

Wewouldneverhavereachedtheshorewithoutthatboat.

such...as:ofthesamekind像样的，

如：Thisshopsellssuchthingsascoffeebeansandbiscuits.

Suchpeopleashimshouldn'tbeallowedin.

drawnear:comenear临近，接近

Winterisdrawingnear.

Nightdrewnear.

...asmyhopes-myimpossiblehopes-rose,helookedatourdoorandpassedby…句中的

as引导的是时间状语从句，“正当…时候”，

如：Sheweptbitterlyasshetoldherstory.

Writeitdownasanideastrikesyou.

passby:gopast经过，过去；(时间的)流逝

Timeseemstopassbysoslowlywhenyouareinschool.

Someonepassingbyaskedmethewaytotheairport.

breakinto:suddenlystart(tocry,laugh,etc.)突然...起来

breakintotears(laughter,cheers,rage,etc.)

Theaudiencebrokeintoapplause.

比较：breakinto:enterbyforce;interrupt闯入；打断

Thethievesplannedtobreakintoabank.

Hebrokesuddenlyintoourtalk.

Say,kid,itsaid,doyouknowaboynamedLennieSteffens?

句中的say不是表示“说”的意思，而是打招呼的一种方式，相当于“嘿”。如：

Say,doyouhaveamatch?

Say,listentome.

I'vebeenlookingalloverforyouandyourhouse.该句用的是现在完成进行时态，该时

态与现在完成时的区别在于它强调某个动作一直在持续不断。

如：Hehasbeenwaitingoutsideforthreehours.

Mr.Smithhasbeenwaitingoutsideforthreehours.

Mr.Smithhasbeenplanningtolearn.

Wearetiredforwehavebeenworkingthewholeday.

allover:ineverypart;everywhere至！J处

IhavetraveledalloverEuropemanytimesinmylife.

Whydon'tyouputyournumberwhereitcanbeseen?

句中从where到句末是地点状语从句。

Hewentonsayingsomethingabout“oughttohavegothereatseveno'clock,but—句中

oughtto是情态动词，表示“应当，应该”，后面接了完成式。文章中还出现了另外

两个情态动词后接完成式情况：Andmyfathermusthavebeenhurt,too,alittle.和A

grown-upcouldhardlyhavestoodit,均对过时间发生的事发表看法。

oughttohavedonesomething.表示“应该干某事“，而实际上并没有干，否定式ought

oughtnottohavedonesomething,表示“不该干某事”，而实际上却干了。

如：Heoughttohaveseenadoctorabouthisheadachetwoweeksago.

Shewassounhappy.Yououghtnottohavehurtherfeelings.

musthavedonesomething.表示“某人肯定干了某事

如：Thehouseisdark.TheBrownsmusthavegonetobed.

TheclothesmusthavebeenwashedbyMary.

could/canhavedonesomething.表示“本来可以干某事”，实际上未干。

如：Herhusbandcouldhavehelpedher,buthedidnotchooseto.

Icouldhavelentyouthemoney.Whydidn'tyouaskme?

goondoingsth.:不断地继续干某事

goontodosth.:干完一件事之后继续干另一件事

Hewentontalkingeventhoughnoonewaslistening.

Aftertheclassmeetingshewentontotellusherstudyandlifeabroad.

Therewasthefamily,father,mother,sisters,allworkingforme,allhappy.

该句是个倒装句，正常的句序是Thefamilywasthere,…其中allworkingforme,all

happy是两个独立主格结构，作状语；

thrill:vt.excite,使…兴奋，激动

n.令人激动的事

thriller:n.使毛骨悚然的人、事物，恐怖小说

trot:vi.（马）小跑；（人）快步跑

Theyhadbeenputtinginplacethetoolsofmynewbusiness:...everything.

句子的宾语部分thetoolsofmynewbusiness:...过长，被置后，正常的句序是Theyhad

beenputtingthetoolsofmynewbusiness:...everythinginplace.put...inplace:put...in

therightplace把…放在适当的位置。

inplace:intherightplace;suitable在合适的位置；适当的

outofplace:不适当的；东西放置不当的

inone'splace:insteadofsomebody替代

Assoonasallthechairsareinplace,wecanlettheaudiencein.

Ithinkanexpressionofthankstoourhostwouldbeinplace.

Thebosswasbusysohissecretarywentinhisplace.

ButthatChristmas,whichmyfatherhadplannedsocarefully,wasitthebestortheworst

Ieverknew?

句中有两个定语从句，一个是从which到carefully,是非限定性定语从句，一个是I

everknew,是限定性定语从句。

Itcoveredthewholedistancefrombroken-heartedmiserytoburstinghappiness-toofast.

cover在句中是"travel"的意思。

如：Bysunset,wehadcovered30miles.

可以把该句看成一个比喻句，它把人的感情从极度的悲哀到极度的快乐比喻为一个

完整的历程，作者这一天经历了这整个的感情历程。

该句的译文可以是：在这一天里，先是令人心碎的痛若，继而是极度的喜悦，从一

个极端跳到另一个极端——变换得实在太快了。

练习答案

Agrown-upcouldhardlyhavestoodit.

stand在这里是“bear,putupwith,忍受”的意思。

如：Ican'tstandtheman.

Shecan'tstandherfriendbeingtalkedaboutthatway.

grown-up:a.成年人的

同义词：mature

n.成年人

同义词：adult

这里是由动词短语growup构成的复合词，可与本课单词mixed-up一起记忆。

Reviewquestions:

1.Doyouthinktheboyalittletoospoiled?Findtheexamplesfromthetext?

2.WhatmadetheauthorthinklaterthatthatChristmaswasboththebestandtheworsthe

everknew?

Unit5

KeytoStudy&Practice

Vocabulary

I.

1.miserable2.eve3.indignant

4.weep,breakintotears5.rude6.wrong(v.)

7.anxiety8.impatience9.catchsightof

lO.scarcely

IL

1.breakinto2.impatience3.miserable

4.makesure5.hungup6.scarcely7.weep

8.nothingbut9.lest10.indignant

11.inplace12.isdrawingnear13.eve

14.rude15.grown-ups

III.

l.canscarcelywait

2.tosticktothepromises

3.oneofmiseryfor

4.Thereismuchanxiety

5.caughtsightofanoldfriedofmine

6.theyhavebeenwronged

WordBuilding

IV.

1.misery2.truth3.silence4.anger5.pride6.honesty7.probability8.freedom

9.anxiety10.comfort11.impatience12.safety13.height14.happiness15.youth

V.

Age-oldcarefreecolor-blindduty-freegrass-greenice-coldknee-deep

lifelongnationwidepaper-thinseasickskin-deepsnow-whiteworldwide

1.snow-white2.lifelong3.color-blind

4.nationwide/worldwide5.carefree

6.knee-deep7.duty-free8.seasick

Structure

VI.

l.Theydidgiveup...

2.Dobemorecareful...

3.Docomeandjoinus...

4.Thependoeswrite...

5.1dohope...

VIL

1.oughttobe

2.Ought,totakeup,ought(to)

3.oughttohaveseen

4.oughtnottohavehurt

5.oughtnottohavebeenknockeddown

6.oughttohavegot

7.oughttobe

8.oughttobedone

VIII.

l.(Mary)couldhaveboughtanovercoat

2.(We)couldn,thavesucceededintheexperimentwithinsuchashortperiodoftime

3.(You)couldhavemade

4.(I)couldhavelentyou

5.(Herhusband)couldhavehelpedher

IX.

l.TheclothesmusthavebeenwashedbyMary.

2.Hemustbeatleastthirtyyearsold.

3.Alicelookedpaleyesterday.Shemusthavebeenill.

4.Theymustbetired.

5.Theexaminationmusthavebeenverydifficultsincenoneofthestudentspassed.

XL

l.goonliving2.wentontotell

3.wentontoshow4.wentonworking

Cloze

XII.

(A)

(l)nothingbut(2)impatience(3)lest(4)miserable(5)indignant

(6)wronged(7)misery

(8)brokeinto(9)anxiously

(lO)caughtsightof

(B)

(l)to(2)mine(3)going(4)ought

(5)nothing/nobody(6)mind/decision

⑺and(8)then

(9)On(10)town(ll)find/see(12)full

(13)walked(14)before(15)to(16)the

(17)retumed(18)looking(19)when

(20)at(2l)However(22)restaurants

(23)for(24)feeling(25)which

(26)before(27)where(28)must

(29)Merry

Translation

XIII.

1.Lookingoutofthewindow,Dr.smithcaughtsightofayoungmanrunningtowardshis

clinic.

2.Amyusedtodrinknothingbutcoffee.

3.Myrabrokeintotearswhenshelearnedthatherhusbandhadbeeninjuredinan

accident.

4.Wehaven'tseenMissWhiteforquiteafewdays.Hasshefallenillorsomething?

5.Thedirectoroftheresearchinstitutecameinpersontomakesurethateverythingwas

allright.

6.Lenniewaslateforschoolagainthismorning.Heoughtto/shouldhavegotupearlier.

Hemusthavestayeduptoolatelastnight.

7.Say,yououghtn'ttohavedrivenawaythosekids.Theycametolendyouahand,notto

maketrouble.

8.1tisimportantfornursestosticktothisrule.

KeytoReadingPractice

ExerciseA

1.thingswhichmakethebranchesmorebeautifulandbrightersuchascoloredlightsand

glassballs装饰品

2.sleepy困倦

3.aquicklook一瞥

4.movequietly,slowlyorsecretly蹑手蹑脚地

5.farmyardbirdssuchaschicken,turkey,duckandgoose家禽

6.sweetfoodsuchaspies,puddingsandicecream甜食

7.somethingrare,uncommon衡罕的东西

8.atravelingshowoftrainedwildanimals,cleverhorseriding,etc.马戏表演

KeytoWritingPractice

PartI

AtChristmasIgetmanypresents,butonepresentIespeciallyliketogetisabook.I

don'tmindwhatkindofbookitis.Itcanbeanovel,abookofpoems,orabookofplays;

Ienjoythemall.1sometimesborrowbooksfromthePublicLibrary.Wehaveavery

goodoneinourtown,andthelibrariangivesmeadviceaboutliteratureandhelpsmeto

findgoodbooks.Ialsobuybooks,particularlythosethatIhavereadbeforeandhave

enjoyed.1putthemonmyshelvessothatIcanreadthemtimeandagain.Ifeelthatthese

booksaremyfriends.

PartII

AsChristmasdrewnear,IwasfilledwithanxietybecauseIwashopingforaponyfor

myChristmaspresent.WhenmyfatherofferedmeachoiceofChristmaspresents,I

declaredthatIwantednothingbutapony.OnChristmasmorningmyhappysisterswere

openingthepresentstheyfoundintheirstockingsbungbythefireplace.Butminewas

empty.SoIbegantoweep.1wassohurtthatmymotherandsisterswereverymuch

concerned.Mymotherhadsomesharpwordsformyfatherwhojustlookedworriedand

keptonlookingoutofthewindow,NeverhadIbeensomiserableinmylife.

背景资料

Christmas

ChristmasEve(ATale)

FortheYoungandtheYoungatHeart

ItwasChristmasEveandeveryoneintheTaylorhouseholdwasasleep,thatis,allexcept

Daniel.Hecouldn'tsleep.Soonmorningwouldarriveandtimeforpresentstobeopened.

Danielgotoutofbedandwentdownstairs.

ThehousewasfullofChristmasSpirit.EventheTVscreenwasborderedwithholly.Yep,

thiswashisfavoritetimeoftheyear.Hehadjustfinishedfillingaglassofwaterwhen

Mrs.Taylorsteppedintothekitchen."Daniel,whatareyoudoingup?nshewhispered.

"Justgettingaglassofwater",heexplainedtotheloomingfigure."Couldn'tsleep.Can

weopenthepresentsnow"?"Oh,Daniel,"shesighed."It'sonly2am.It'stooearlytobe

thinkingofthatyet.Whydon*tyouheadbacktobed?"Helookedatherandnoddedhis

head.nOk,I'lldoitbutIwon*tlikeit”.Shegrabbedhishandandtheywalkedback

upstairs.

Heslidunderthecoversbutsleepdidn'tcomeeasy.Heknewthattherewerewonderful

thingsdownstairstobediscovered.Hetossedandturned.2:30....3:00."Willmorning

EVERcome",hewondered.Finallyat5amhecouldstanditnomoreandjumpedtothe

floor.

Herantothebedroomacrossthehallandflippedonthelightswitch."MERRY

CHRISTMAS!n,"MERRYCHRISTMAS!",heshouted."Timeforpresents,let'sgo,let's

go"!Thetiredfigureslowlysatupinbedandrubbedhereyes.Sheglancedattheclock

andthenbacktothefigureinthedoorway."Aw,Dad,it*s5am.Can'twejustsleepalittle

more"?

ChristmasMemories(APoem)

MayWeallKeepTheMemoriesAlive

Dashingthroughthestreets,Iseetheholidaycheer

PeopledressingupthetreeswithalltheChristmasgear

Ihearthechildrenhummingallthecarolswe'vecometoknow

Laughingandscreaming,whileallthetime,theybuildtheirmenofsnow

Iseethesnowflakesfallingandthesmile'sofdad'sandmom's

Iseethetownshipremembering,alltheChristmas*gone

Myheartgrowswarmer,mymemoriessublime

Knowingthatnothingchangesthenspirit"ofthetime

ImakemyChristmaswishesandhopethetheworldembraces

Allthekindnessoftheseason,thewarmthofsmilingfaces.

ChristmasChristmascelebrationsintheWesttoday

FromNovemberonwards,itisimpossibletoforgetthatChristmasiscoming.Coloured

lightsdecoratemanytowncentresandshops,alongwithshinydecorations,andartificial

snowpaintedonshopwindows.Instreetsandshops,'Christmastrees1(realorplastic

evergreen'conifer'trees)willalsobedecoratedwithlightsandChristmasornaments.

ShoppingcentresbecomebusierasDecemberapproachesandoftenstayopentilllate.

ShoppingcentrespeakersystemssystemswillplayChristmas'carols*-thetraditional

ChristmasChristiansongs,andgroupsofpeoplewilloftensingcarolsonthestreetsto

raisemoneyforcharity.MostplacesofworkwillholdashortChristmaspartyabouta

weekbeforeChristmas.AlthoughtraditionalChristmasfoodsmaybeeaten,drink(and

plentyofit)meansthatlittleworkwillbedoneaftertheparty!

Bymid-December,mosthomeswillalsobedecoratedwithChristmastrees,coloured

lightsandpaperorplasticdecorationsaroundtherooms.Thesedays,manymorepeople

alsodecorategardentreesorhousewallswithcolouredelectriclights,ahabitwhichhas

longbeenpopularinUSA.

Inmanycountries,mostpeoplepostChristmasgreetingcardstotheirfriendsandfamily,

andthesecardswillbehungonthewallsoftheirhomes.InUKthisyear,theBritishPost

Officeexpectstohandleover100millioncardsEACHDAY,inthethreeweeksbefore

Christmas.

Theoldmanwiththesack

'FatherChristmas1(or'SantaClaus')hasbecomethehumanfaceofChristmas.Pictures

willbeseeneverywhereoftheoldmanwithlongwhitebeard,redcoat,andbagoftoys.

ChildrenaretaughtthathebringsthempresentsthenightbeforeChristmas(orinsome

countriesonDecember6th-St.Nicholas'Day),andmanychildrenuptotheageof7or8

reallybelievethisistrue.Inmostcountries,itissaidthathelivesneartheNorthPole,

andarrivesthroughtheskyonasledge(snow-cart)pulledbyreindeer.Hecomesinto

housesdownthechimneyatmidnightandplacespresentsforthechildreninsocksor

bagsbytheirbedsorinfrontofthefamilyChristmastree.

Inshopsoratchildren'sparties,someonewilldressupasFatherChristmasandgive

smallpresentstochildren,oraskthemwhatgiftstheywantforChristmas.Christmascan

beatimeofmagicandexcitementforchildren.

Whowashe?

FatherChristmasisbasedonarealperson,St.Nicholas,whichexplainshisothername

'SantaClaus*whichcomesfromtheDutch'Sinterklaas'.NicholaswasaChristianleader

fromMyra(inmodern-dayTurkey)inthe4thcenturyAD.Hewasveryshy,andwanted

togivemoneytopoorpeoplewithoutthemknowingaboutit.Itissaidthatoneday,he

climbedtheroofofahouseanddroppedapurseofmoneydownthechimney.Itlandedin

thestockingwhichagirlhadputtodrybythefire!Thismayexplainthebeliefthat

FatherChristmascomesdownthechimneyandplacesgiftsinchildren'sstockings.

Stockings

AccordingtolegendthepracticeofhangingupstockingsoriginatedwithSt.Nicholas.It

wasclaimedthatoncewhiletryingtohelpamanwhoneededadowryforhisdaughter,

Nicholasthrewabagofgoldthroughtheman'swindow.Thebagofgoldlandedinoneof

thegirl'sstockingsthathadbeenhunguptodry.

BoxingDay

InEnglish-speakingcountries,thedayfollowingChristmasDayiscalled'BoxingDay1.

ThiswordcomesfromthecustomwhichstartedintheMiddleAgesaround800yearsago:

churcheswouldopentheir'almsboxe'(boxesinwhichpeoplehadplacedgiftsofmoney)

anddistributethecontentstopoorpeopleintheneighbourhoodonthedayafter

Christmas.Thetraditioncontinuestoday-smallgiftsareoftengiventodeliveryworkers

suchaspostalstaffandchildrenwhodelivernewspapers.

MakingsenseofChristmas

TodayintheWest,notmanypeopleconsiderthereligiousmeaningtoChristmas.Most

peopleinUKorEuropewillnotgotoareligiouschurchmeeting,evenatChristmas.It

hasbecomeabusyracetospendmoneyonpresents,andgetreadyfortheDay.InUK,

ourshopsstayopentilllateChristmasEveandoftenopenagainonBoxingDaywiththe

cut-price'sales'.(Notmuchholidayforthepoorshopworkers!)Avisitorfromanother

worldwouldthinkthatChristmaswasafestivaltothegodsofmoneyandshopping.

Lesson6

setout:

a.beginajob,task,etc.withaparticularaimorgoal.着手干…，后接动词不定式，如：

Hesetouttobreaktherecord.

Thecouplesetouttomaketheirfirstmillioninfiveyears.

Hesetouttowriteahistoryofcivilization(文明史).

b.setoff,startout出发，

如：setoutatdawn

Theysetout(off)forRome.

They'vesetout(off)onatriproundtheworld.

setout和setabout两短语在作"准备着手做某事”时意思一样，但是setout后接

不定式，而setabout后接名词或动名词

如:Afterbreakfast,mothersetaboutherhouseholdwork.

Jacksetaboutwritinghisreport.

efficiency:n.效率，功效

形容词：efficient

同义词：effectiveness,performance,capability

反义词：inefficiency

turnout:provetobe,beintheend结果是，证明是，如:

Itwascloudythismorning,butitturnedoutfine.（后接形容词）

Everythingturnedoutwell.（后接副词）

Whathesaidturnedouttobealie.（后接tobe）

Itturnsoutthatthemethoddoesnotworkwell.（用于形式主语句）

Wearriveattheplaceandeverythingturnedoutasexpected.（后接as从句）

happento:碰巧，偏偏

如:Howdidyouhappentobeonthespot?你怎么偏偏就在现场呢？

industrial:a.工业的

industrialist：!1.工业家，实业家

industrious:a.勤奋的

industralize:v.使...工业化

IndustrialEngineering工业管理工程学

neat:a.orderlyandclean整洁的，同义词为clean,orderly

如：aneatdesk,

neatwriting（字迹工整）

elementaryschool=primaryschool小学；

elementary:初级的，初等的，同义词:basic,primary,introductory

反义词：advanced,complex

如：elementarymath初级数学

elementaryeducation初级教育

elementaryEnglish初级英语

elementarygrammar基石出语法

socks:短袜，

stockings:长筒袜

bureau:n.衣柜,(政府部门的)局

FBI:FederalBureauofInvestigation美国联邦调查局

pantsn.裤子(Am.)trousers(Br.)

efficiencyexpert:效率专家(术语)用在这里幽默地说明了他小时候就把家里的事得

安排井井有条。

由名词+名词构成的短语类似的还有：workflow,assemblyline,qualitycontrol

inspection,machineoperator,其中前一个名词修饰后面的名词。

usedto:后接不定式短语，过去常常…

如：Iusedtogoswimminginthatstadium.

肯定句：Heusedtoplaygolf.

疑问句：Didheusetoplaygolf?

否定句：Hedidn'tusetoplaygolf.

疑问句：Usedhetoplaygolf?

否定句：Heusednottoplaygolf.

反意疑问句:Heusedtoplaygolf,didn'the?

反意疑问句:Heusedtoplaygolf,usedn'the?

反意疑问句:Hedidn'tusetoplaygolf,didhe?

注意：Thereusedtobeamapoftheworldonthewall,wasn'tthere?

注意:usedto和be(get)usedto的区别

Haveyoubeenusedtotheclimatehere?

TheforeignstudentshavegotusedtoeatingChinesefood.

utensil:instrument,tool,etcespeciallyforuseinthehouse.用具、器具

如：householdutensils家庭日常用具(pots,pans,brushes等)

writingutensils写作工具(paper,pen,ink等)

bossy:a.爱指挥人的，专横的

同义词为:dictatorial

boss:n.老板

v.指挥，对…发号施令

bossaround:Tomlikestobossaroundthekidsaround.

You'llseewhatImeanwhenItellyouaboutthefirstprojectIeverdidafterIfinished

mybachelor'sdegreeattheuniversity.

句中whatImean是宾语从句，是see的宾语，从when到project是整个句子的状语

从句，leverdid是定语从句，修饰project,从a