BEC商务英语（中级）阅读模拟试卷10（共405题）

BEC商务英语（中级）阅读模拟试卷10（共9套）（共405题）BEC商务英语（中级）阅读模拟试卷第1套一、概括文意配伍(本题共7题，每题1.0分，共7分。)•Lookatthesesentencesandthefourparagraphs.•WhichdipA,B,CorDdoeseachsentence1-7referto?•Foreachsentence1-7,markoneletter(A,B,CorD)onyourAnswerSheet.•Youwillneedtousesomeofthelettersmorethanonce.AGetasmuchinformationabouttheclientaspossible—annualreportscompanyperiodicals,publicity.Sometimesthereisapointofcontact,i.e.someonewhoisinvolvedindraftingtherequestforproposalsandwhocananswertechnicalquestionsabouttheformandcontentofyourproposal.Calltheperson—theymayrevealsomeinformationthat,cangiveyouacompetitiveedgeoratleastamorecustomisedapproachtosolvingtheprospectiveclient'sproblem.Sometimestheyever,haveachecklistofitemstheylookforineachproposalandwillbepreparedtotellyouaboutitifyouask.BProposalsareevaluatedbyawiderangeofreaders,fromtopmanagementtotechnicalevaluatorstobudgetanalysers.Thesereaderswillfocusondifferentsectionsofaproposal,perhapsmissingoutwholesegments,Allreaders,however,shouldbeabletoevaluatethefirstsectionofaproposal,whichisasummaryofthedocument.Thelengthcanvarygreatly—itmaysometimesbeonlyoneparagraphbutinaveryformalreportitmayruntoseveralpages.CTheworstthingyoucandeisoffervaluejudgementswhichtheclientcanrefute.Youwanttoseemserious,fair,objectiveandfactual.Onlyafteryoubuildafoundationoffactcanyouofferafewjudgements.Otherwise,youarelikelytoinvitethereadertotakeissuewithyou.Thefactsareyourfindingsandshouldbelabelledassuch:opinionsareconclusionsandshouldbelabelledthatway.Ifyouuseadjectiveslike'powerful','wide-ranging','significant',etc.,makesureyousupportthemwithdetails.DInproposalwritingthereisatendencytorelyonstandardformats,i.e.static,standardsentences,paragraphsorpagesthatseemtofitallsituationsanddonotchangefromproposaltoproposal.No-companyseesitselfasbeinglikeanyotherandsothelastthingyouwantisforaprospectiveclienttobelieveyouarejustrecyclingoldsolutions.Youmusttrytocreate(theideastofittheneedsoftheparticularclientandtrynottocopyoldideasbecauseyoucannotbebotheredtogeneratenewones).1、Startwithastatementthatwillbeaccessibletoeveryonewhostudiesit.标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析2、Youshouldbackupallclaimsyoumake.标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析3、Don’trepeatthecontentofpreviousproposals.标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析4、Companiesmayalreadyhavepreparedsomeideasaboutwhattheyexpectintheproposal.标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析5、Rememberthatproposalsarereadbymorethanoneperson.标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析6、Beawarethatallclientsregardthemselvesasunique.标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析7、Youshouldseparateverifiableinformationfromyourpersonalpointofview.标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析二、段落完型(本题共5题，每题1.0分，共5分。)•Readthearticlebelowabout.•Choosethebestsentencetofillineachofthegaps.•Foreachgap8-12,markonletter(A-G)onyourAnswerSheet.•Donotuseanylettermorethanonce.TheSteadyProgressofAPECItisameasureofAPEC'ssuccessthatitssummitmeetings(statingwiththefirstheldin1993atSeattleinUSA)arenowheldannually.Thesecondwasheldin1994atBogorinlndonesia.Itadoptedadeclarationtoabolishtariffsbetweenallitsmembersbytheyear2020.APEC'sdevelopedeconomieswould,however,followanearlierscheduleoffreeingtradeby2010.ThethirdsummitatOsake(Japan)inNovemberwastostockoftheprogresstowardsthefreetradegoal.APEC'sprogressisevengreaterconsideringthatuntilthefirstAsiaPacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)meetingof12regionalforeignandeconomicministersinAustralia,itwassimplyalaudableidea.(8)EversincethatfatefulCanberraconferenceinNovember1989,APEChasneverlookedback.Theoriginal12-memberforumhas18members:Australia,Brunei,Canada,Chile,China,HongKong,Indonesia,Japan,SouthKorea,Malaysia,Mexico,NewGuinea,thePhilip-pines,Singapore,Taiwan,ThailandandtheUnitedStates.TherushtojointheAPECclubissogreatthatithadtoimposeathree-yearmoratoriumonnewmembershiptill1996.(9)WhenAustraliafirstmootedtheproposaltoconveneaconferenceforregionalcooperation,therewasconsiderablemisgivingandscepticismaboutit.MostASEANcountries(AssociationofSouthEastAsianNations)--Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysin,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand(Vietnamwasnotamemberofthem)--werenotparticularlyenthusiastic.(10)Indonesia'sForeignMinister,AhAlatas,simplywantedanyPacificorganizationtobeanextensionofASEAN.Indonesia'shostingoftheAPECsurnmitlastyear,wherePresidentSoehartoplayedaleadingroleinputtingtogetherthefreetradedeclaration,wouldsuggestthatJakarta'searliermisgivingshavedisappeared.(11)Inthelead-uptotheOsakasummit,thereportcardonthefreetradeagenda(gleanedfromthemeetingsofofficialsfrommembercountries)didnotseemterriblygood.TheUnitedStates,whichseeksexpandedaccess(andataquickerpace)toregionalmarkets,wasunhappywiththeslownessofJapantoadvancethefreetradeagenda.JapanwasthecountrychairingAPECfor1995.AccordingtoMSSandraKristoff,theUSStateDepartment'sCoordinatorforAPEC,Japanhad"togooutthereandcreateaconsensus[onfreetrade],leadaconsensus,makethishappen...TheUnitedStatesdoubtedJapan'sfreetradecredentialsandfeltthatitsheartwasnotintheAPECpledge.Tokyohaswantedafreetradeagendatodeveloponavoluntarybasis.(12)…………However,becauseofAmerica'sgrowingpreoccupationinthemonthsaheadwithpresidentialelections,theClintonadministration'simpatienceandconsequentnegativerhetoricneednotbetakenatitsfacevalue.WashingtoncannotaffordtoignoreoroptoutofAPEC,withtheUSAhavingabout＄400billionannualtradewiththeregion.AThesecondsummitwasheldin1994atBogorinIndonesia.BItwasfeltthatapan-Pacificorganizationwoulddwarf12ASEAN,whichmightthenloseitsreasonforbeingdiscussedandevenitsexistence.CBut,itwasanideawhosetimehadcome.DItwould,however,benaivetosuggestthatAPECwillbeallsmoothsailing.EThisinitselfisaproofoftheconsiderableheadwayAPEChasmadeinashortperiodofaboutsixyears.FItneedsemphasizingthatallAPECmembersareinfavourofregionalfreetradebutalldenotfavoursettime-schedulesandtheirenforcement.GWashingtonhasnotbeenhappywiththisapproach.8、标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析9、标准答案：E知识点解析：暂无解析10、标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析11、标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析12、标准答案：G知识点解析：暂无解析三、常规阅读理解(本题共6题，每题1.0分，共6分。)•Readthearticlebelowaboutlosinganaccenttoachievesuccess,andthequestionsontheoppositepage.•Foreachquestion18--18,markoneletter(A,B,C,orD)onyourAnswerSheetfortheansweryouchoose.LOSINGANACCENTTOACHIEVESUCCESSItwaspainfulforIrwinLaytontowarnoneofhisrecentlypromotedmanagersthathehadtocorrecthisspeech--oritcouldcosthimhiscareer.Theword"voltage"cameoutofEdwin'smouthsoundinglike"woltage",and"this"soundedlike"dis".Thisoftenresultedinmistakesbeingmadeintheshipmentsheordered."Iwasreallyforcedintosubmission.Theysaid,'Eitheryouimproveyouraccentoryourchancesofgettingpromotedtoseniormanagementwon'tbegood,'"saidEdwin.Edwinisajuniormanagermaking$51,000ayearatamanufacturingcompanyinMountainView.Despiteofmixedfeelings,hehiredaspeechcoachtohelphimout.Heisnotalone.AccentreductionisrapidlyturningintoamajorbusinessforspeechcoachesintheBayAreaandotherlargecities.Young,first-generationforeignprofessionalsinAmericahopingtoimprovetheircareersappeartomakeupthemajorityofthosepayingtogetridoftheiraccents."IhavepeoplewhosecommandofEnglishisgood--they'vegonetouniversitieshereintheUnitedStates,butwhentheygointotheworkplace,theyareheldback,"saidArthurCompton,founderoftheInstituteofLanguage&PhonologyinSanFrancisco.Edwinsaidhewasembarrassedandtriedtoignoreincidentsthroughouthiscareerwhencolleagueswouldpointouthisaccentanddoimitationsofhispronunciationsforfun.Edwin'sexperiencesearlyinhiscareermadehimverysensitivetotheproblemshefacedwithhisaccent,and,likemanyothers,hecompensatedbypushinghimselftogreatextremesineducation."IfeltthatjustbecauseIhadanaccent,somepeoplethoughtIwasstupid,"Edwinsaid."Theylostpatience.TheydidnotwanttowaittolistenforwhatIwastryingtosay.Itmademefeelsobad.IknewIhadsomuchtooffer--myprimarymotiveforworkingtherewastodowhatIcouldtoimprovethecompany.Yet,noneofthatseemedtomattertothembecausetheydidn'thavepatience."SpeechcoachesandmanyotherprofessionalssaythatsomeAmericanshaveaprejudiceagainstthosewhospeakwithanaccent.Losinganaccentishardwork.Eachlanguagehascertainsounds,aswecantellfromthemanydifferentalphabets,thatarejustnotfoundinotherlanguages.Welearnasbabiestomakethesesoundsbymovingthelips,mouth,andtonguemusclesinsetpatterns.Soaspeechcoachtriesandresetsthesepatternsforpeoplewhospeakotherlanguages.For13weeks,andatacostof$795,Edwinspentanhoureachweekwithaspeechinstructor,pronouncing,overandoveragain,compoundwordssuchas"zookeeper",prepositionphrasessuchas"inregardto",aswellaswordssuchas"this"and"voltage",allthewhilelookingintoamirrorathismouth.Seeinghimselfallowedhimtohaveavisualimagetogoalongwiththesoundshewasmaking."Whenclasswasover,Iwasexhausted,"hesaid.Butfollowingthelongprocessionoflessons,heimprovedby78percent,receivedahealthyinjectionofconfidence,andadmittedthatheshouldhavedoneitsooner.Hisboss,Layton,calledita"win-win"situation,andissoenthusiasticthatheissponsoringasecondemployeeintheprogram.13、HowdidMr.Edwin’saccentbringtroubletohiswork?A、Hecouldnotgetalongwellwithhiscolleagues.B、Hemademistakesatworkjustbecauseofhisaccent.C、Histalentandpassionforworkwereignored.D、BothBandＣ.标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析14、19.WhatwouldhappenifMr.Edwindidn’ttrytogetridofhisaccent?A、Hemightmakelessthan$51,000ayearatthemanufacturingcompany.B、Hecouldnotordersuccessfulshipmentsanymore.C、Hischancesofgettingpromotedtoseniormanagementwouldn’tbegood.D、Hewouldpushhimselftoohardineducationbecausehewastoosensitive.标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析15、20.HowdosomeAmericansthinkofpeoplewithaccents?A、Theythinkpeoplewithaccentsarenotintelligent.B、Theythinkpeoplewithaccentsdon’tdeservetobepromoted.C、Theythinkpeoplewithaccentsneedspeechcoachestohelpthemgetridoftheiraccents.D、Theythinkpeoplewithaccentslackexperienceinbusiness.标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析16、2Whyisithardtoloseanaccent?A、Becausepeoplewithaccentsarestupid.B、Becausepeoplehavetoresetthespeechpatternsduetodifferentalphabets.C、Becausehiringaspeechcoachistooexpensive,andpeoplecannotafford.D、Becausepeoplewithaccentshavedifferentculturebackgroundswhichmaynotbeovercomeeasily.标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析17、2WhatresultedfromMr.Edwin’sefforts?A、Heimprovedalotinhiscareer.B、Hebecamemoreself-confident.C、Hegotpromotedveryquickly.D、Heisgoingtosupportothercolleagueswiththesameproblem.标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析18、2WhydidMr.Laytoncallita"win-win"situation?A、ThesituationprovedtobebeneficialtobothMr.Edwinandtheemployer.B、ThesituationprovedtobebeneficialtoMr.Edwin,whowithhistalentandpassion,wouldhavebetterchancesforcareerdevelopment.C、Thesituationprovedtobebeneficialtotheemployerwhowouldsponsorasecondemployer.D、Thesituationprovedtobebeneficialtoboththemanufacturingcompanyandspeechcoaches.标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析四、完形填空(本题共15题，每题1.0分，共15分。)•Readthearticlebelowabouttheimportanceofwritingjobdescriptions.•ChoosethebestwordorphrasetofilleachgapfromA,B,C,orDontheoppositepage.•Foreachquestion19--83,markoneletter(A,B,C,orD)onyourAnswerSheet.WritingEffectiveJobDescriptionsAjobdescriptiondescribesthemajorareasofanemployee'sjoborposition.Agoodjobdescriptionbeginswithacareful(19)ofthe.importantfactsaboutajob,suchastheindividualtasks(20),themethodsusedtocompletethetasks,thepurposeandresponsibilitiesofthejob,the(21)ofthejobtootherjobs,andthe(22)neededforthejob.It'simportantto(23)ajobdescriptionpracticalbykeepingitdynamic,functional,andcurrent.Don'tgetstuckwithaninflexiblejobdescription!Apoorjobdescriptionwill(24)youandyouremployeesfromtryinganythingnewand(25)howtoperformtheirjobmoreproductively.Awell-written,practicaljobdescriptionwill(26)youavoidhearingarefusaltocarryoutarelevantassignmentbecause"Itisn'tinmyjobdescription."Realisticallyspeaking,manyjobsare(27)tochangedueeithertopersonalgrowth,organizationaldevelopment,andtheevolutionofnewtechnologies.(28)jobdescriptionswillencourageyouremployeestogrowwithintheirpositionsandlearnhowtomakelarger(29)toyourcompany.Forexample.Isyourofficemanagerstuck(30)orderingofficesuppliesforthecompanyandkeepingthestorageclosetwellstockedorishe(31)andimplementingasystemoforderingofficesuppliesthatpromotescostsavingsand(32)withintheorganization?Whenwritingajobdescription,keepinmindthatthejobdescriptionwill(33)asamajorbasisforoutliningjobtrainingorconductingfuturejobevaluations.19、A、managementB、analysisC、resumeD、contract标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析20、A、involvedB、engagedC、acceptedD、met标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析21、A、partnershipB、developmentC、relationshipD、arrangement标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析22、A、degreeB、qualificationsC、qualityD、limitation标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析23、A、makeB、letC、haveD、put标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析24、A、allowB、keepC、requireD、send标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析25、A、showingB、doingC、expectingD、learning标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析26、A、enableB、helpC、stopD、make标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析27、A、subjectedB、attachedC、forcedD、asked标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析28、A、FixedB、ChangedC、FlexibleD、Various标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析29、A、distributionB、donationC、demandsD、contribution标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析30、A、routinelyB、reasonablyC、hardlyD、virtually标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析31、A、researchingB、developingC、advertisingD、thinking标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析32、A、capabilityB、expenseC、paymentD、efficiency标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析33、A、offerB、workC、serveD、take标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析五、改错(本题共12题，每题1.0分，共12分。)•Readthetextbelowabouthowtodenycustomers’claims.•Inmostofthelines34—45thereisoneextraword.Itiseithergrammaticallyincorrectordoesnotfitinwiththemeaningofthetext.Somelines,however,arecorrect.•Ifalineiscorrect,writeCORRECTonyourAnswerSheet.•Ifthereisanextrawordintheline,writetheextrawordinCAPITALLETTERSonyourAnswerSheet.DenyingClaimsCorrectCustomersoccasionallywantsomethingtheyarenotentitledtoorthatyouTheircan'tgrant.Theymaymisunderstandtheirwarrantiesormakeunreasonable34demands.Becausethesecustomersareoftenunhappywithaproductor35service,theyareemotionallyinvolvedin.Lettersthatsaynotoemotionally36involvedreceiverswillprobablybeyourmuchmostdifficultcommunication37task.AsifpublisherMalcolmForbeshaspointedout,"Tobeagreeablewhile38bedisagreeing--that'sanart."Fortunately,thereasons-before-refusalplan39enablesyoutobeempathicandartfulinhandlingwithbadnews.Obviously,in40deniallettersyouwillneedtoadoptthepropertone.Don'tblameoncustomers41orsuggestthatthecustomerdoesnotreadorunderstandwhatthecontractor42relativepolicies,eveniftheyareatfault.Avoiduse"you"statementsthat43soundpreachy.Instead,thesafestpathistouseneutralandobjective44languagetoexplainthatwhytheclaimmustberefused.Sometimesyoumay45hopeconsiderofferingresaleinformationtorebuildthecustomer'sconfidenceinyourproductsororganization.34、标准答案：CORRECT知识点解析：暂无解析35、标准答案：IN知识点解析：暂无解析36、标准答案：MUCH知识点解析：暂无解析37、标准答案：IF知识点解析：暂无解析38、标准答案：BE知识点解析：暂无解析39、标准答案：WITH知识点解析：暂无解析40、标准答案：ON知识点解析：暂无解析41、标准答案：WHAT知识点解析：暂无解析42、标准答案：USE知识点解析：暂无解析43、标准答案：CORRECT知识点解析：暂无解析44、标准答案：THAT知识点解析：暂无解析45、标准答案：HOPE知识点解析：暂无解析BEC商务英语（中级）阅读模拟试卷第2套一、概括文意配伍(本题共7题，每题1.0分，共7分。)HowtoapproachReadingTestPartOne•InthispartoftheReadingTestyoumatchsevenstatementswithfourshorttexts.•Firstreadeachshorttextandthenreadthesentencestoseewhichonesrefertothetext.•Makesureyoureadeachtextforoverallmeaning.Donotchooseananswerjustbecauseyoucanseethesamewordsinthetext.•Lookatthesentencesbelowandtheadviceforsecretariesandpersonalassistantsaboutdealingwithanewmanagerontheoppositepage.•Whichcompany(A,B,OorD)doesBachsentence1-7referto?•Foreachsentence1-7,markoneletter(A,B,CorD)onyourAnswerSheet.•Youwillneedtousesomeofthelettersmorethanonce.AIfyouareasecretary,orpersonalassistant,gettinganewmanagermeansthatyourjobwillprobablychange,too.Thenewpersonislikelytohavedifferentideasabouthowthingsshouldbedone,andyoumaywellfindthatsomeofthesearechangesforthebetter.Butrememberthatthenewmanagermightbefeelingnervous.Ifyoutreattheirfirstdayinthejobasthoughit'syourownfirstday,too,itwilleasethetransitionforthem,andbenefityouboth.BYournewmanagermayhavedifferentideasfromyourpreviousoneaboutpersonalhabits,suchaseatingatyourdesk,andyouwillhavetoacceptthat.Theirchangesmaynotalwaysbeappropriateorhelpful,however.Itcouldbethatyouareaskedtoopenthepostlateronintheday,whenyouknowthatitisimportanttogetitsortedfirstthing.Inthiscase,ratherthangrumblingaboutitandspreadingdiscontentaroundtheoffice,explainifthereisagenuinereasonforaparticularwayofworking.CIfyournewmanagerhasjoinedthecompanyfromoutside,theywillbeonasteeplearningcurve.Youcanreallyshowyourworthbybringthemuptospeedonthecompanyhistoryandculture.Theappointmentofanewmanagerisalsotheidealopprtunityforyoutodiscussyourprospectsfortrainingandpromotionwiththem,thoughraisingthesubjectontheirfirstdayisunlikelytogivethemagoodimpressionofyou.DIfyouareconcernedaboutchangesthatyournewmanagerwantstomaketoyourjob,firstcheckyourjobdescription,ifyouhaveone,thenspeaktohimorhercalmlyaboutit.Ifworkisbeingputyourwaythatissomeoneelse'sresponsibility,sayso.Makeitclearwhatyoubelievetobethelimitsofyourjob.Ideally,thetwoofyouwillcometoanagreementthatsuitsbothparties.failingthat,considercontactingthehumanresourcesdepartmenttoseeifitcanactasmediator.1、Youmaybeabletoexploreyourcareerdevelopmentwithyournewmanager.标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析2、Youmayneedtopointoutwhycertainproceduresareinplace.标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析3、Helpyournewmanagertofeelrelaxedwhentheytakeuptheposition.标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析4、Youshouldresisttakingonextrataskswhichyoudonotconsiderpartofyourrole.标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析5、Youmayneedhelpinsettlingdifferenceswithyournewmanager.标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析6、Youshouldnotencouragecolleaguestobecomehostiletowardsyournewmanager.标准答案：B知识点解析：暂无解析7、Anewmanagermaybenefitfromyourknowledgeofconventionsandattitudeswithinthecompany.标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析二、段落完型(本题共5题，每题1.0分，共5分。)HowtoapproachReadingTestPartTwo•InthispartoftheReadingTestyoureadatextwithgapsinit,andchoosethebestsentencetofilleachgapfromasetofsevensentences.•Firstreadthetextfortheoverallmeaning,thengobackandlookforthebestsentenceforeachgap.•Makesurethesentencefitsboththemeaningandthegrammarofthetextaroundthegap.•ReadthearticleontheoppositepageaboutthemarketingguruTheodoreLevitt.•Choosethebestsentencefrombelow[ofilleachofthegaps.•Foreachgap8-12,markoneletter(A-G)onyourAnswerSheet.•Donotuseanylettermorethanonce.•Thereisanexampleatthebeginning,(0).Didthismaninventmarketing?Fortheworldofmanagement-orthetrend-settingpartofitwhichreadtheHarvardBusinessReview(HBR)-1960wastheyearthatmarketingbegan.Extraordinaryasitseemstoday,untilHBRpublishedanarticlebyaGerman-AmericanacademiccalledTheodoreLevittsayingthat'industryisacustomer-satisfyingprocess,notagoods-producingprocess',mostmanagersoperatedontheprinciplethatpeoplewouldbuywhatevertheircompaniesproduced,withtheaidofalittleadvertising.(0)ItwasonewherethepublicwassopleasedtohaveanychoiceofgoodsafterthebarrenyearsofWorldWarIIthatconsumerproductsvirtuallysoldthemselves.Theremightbecompetitionbetweendifferentmakesofsoappowderortoothpaste,butno-oneinindustryseriouslyconsideredprobingmoredeeplyintowhatcustomerswanted,ormightwantinthefuture.LevittchangedallthatwithonearticleinHBR,entitled'MarketingMyopia'.(8)...Hismessagewasverysimple.Sellingwasnotmarketing,hepointedout.'Sellingconcernsitselfwiththetricksandtechniquesofgettingpeopletoexchangetheircashforyourproduct.(9)...Anditdoesnot,asmarketinginvariablydoes,viewtheentirebusinessprocessasconsistingofatightlyintegratedefforttodiscover,create,arouseandsatisfycustomerneeds.Sellingfocusesontheneedsoftheseller,marketingontheneedsofthebuyer.'Levittbeganbyexplainingthateveryindustrywasonceagrowthindustry.Butgrowthwillnotcontinuethroughimprovementsinproductivityorcostreductionalone.(10)...HecitedtheDetroitautomobileindustryasaprimeexample:ruledbytheproductionethos,in1960itwassimplygivingthecustomerwhatitthoughtthecustomershouldhave.'Detroitneverreallyresearchedthecustomer'swants.Itonlyresearchedthekindsofthingsithadalreadydecidedtoofferhim,'Levittwrote.Eventually,itwaspunishedbytheJapanesewiththeircompactcars.(11)...Industriescandieiftheydon'tunderstandhowtheirmarketsarechanging,Levittwarned,citinghisfamoushorse-whipexample:aftertheautomobilekilledthehorseandcarriageaspersonaltransportation,makersofhorse-whipscouldnotsavethemselvesbyimprovingtheproduct.(12)...Thesedays,althoughLevittcalledmarketinga'stepchild',ithascomealongwaytowardsgrowingup.AOnlya'thoroughlycustomer-orientedmanagement'canmaintainit.BItissuchafar-sightedassessmentthatmanycompaniesarestillfailingit.CTheyneededtoreinventtheirwholebusinessbystudyingwhatcustomerswouldnowwantfanbelts,say,oraircleaners.DItisnotconcernedwiththevaluesthattheexchangeisallabout.EItsethimupasthefirstmarketingguruandovertheyearsHBRhassoldhundredsofthousandsofreprints.FThesewerewhatcustomerswantedaftertheoilpriceshocksof.theearly1970s.GBusinessinthe1950shadbeenacomplacent,producer-orientedworld.8、标准答案：E知识点解析：暂无解析9、标准答案：D知识点解析：暂无解析10、标准答案：A知识点解析：暂无解析11、标准答案：F知识点解析：暂无解析12、标准答案：C知识点解析：暂无解析三、常规阅读理解(本题共6题，每题1.0分，共6分。)•ReadthearticlebelowaboutCommonStockandPreferredStockandthequestions.•Foreachquestion13～18,markoneletterA,B,CorDonyourAnswerSheet.CommonStockandPreferredStockApubliccorporationissuescertificatesofownership,calledcommonstock,whichmaybetradedonstockexchanges.Anyonecanbuyandsellsharesofcommonstock.Ownersofstockarereferredtoasshareholdersandstockholders.Commonstockholdersareaccordedcertainrightsbythecorporatecharter.IntheUnitedStates,theserightsvaryfromstatetostate,butingeneralthearticlesofincorporationspelloutvotingrightsandrightstoreceiveprofits.CommonstockholdersarethevotingownersofaCorporation.Theyareusuallyentitledtoonevotepershare.Theymayvoteonnumerousaffectingthecorporation(includingadecisiontosellormergewithanthercorporation)andelectaboardofdirectors,who,inturn,hiremanagerstorunthebusiness.Amajorityshareholderisonewhoownsover50percentoftheoutstandingsharesinacorporationand,thus,cancalltheshots.Allothershareholdersareminorityshareholders.Inlargecorporationsnosinglepersonororganizationownsanywherenearamajorityinterest.Inlarge,publiclyownedcorporationsashareholderwithaslittleas10percentofthesharesmaycontrolthecorporationeffectively.Ifthingsgobadly,acoalitionofsocalleddissidentshareholdersmaygatherenoughvotestoreplacetheexistingboardofdirectors;thenewboardmayfiretheexistingmanagementandbringintheirownmanagementteam.Althoughcommonstockrepresentsownershipinacompany,itdoesnotguaranteetheownersaspecifiedrateofreturn.Asowners,thestockholdersreceiveprofitsafterallexpenses,includingdebtsandtaxes,havebeenpaid.Theyreceiveprofitsfromthebusinessintheformofdividendpayments,whichrepresentapercentageofprofits.Notallafter-taxprofitsarepaidtothestockholdersindividends.Directorsusuallydecidequarterlyhowmuch,ifany,iftheprofitstheywishtodistributedtotheowners.Theprofitsareeitherdistributedtotheownersindividendsortheyarereinvestedbankintothecompanyintheformofretainedearnings.Ifthecompanydecidestokeeptheprofits,thecompanymaybecomemorevaluableandthepriceofthestockusuallygoesup.Someinvestorspreferprofitsinthewayofdividendswhileothersspeculateforanincreaseinthepriceofstock.Ifacompanygoesbroke,commonstockholdersgetlastclaimonwhateverisleftover.Corporationsmayalsoissuepreferredstocktoinvestors.Preferredstockusuallyhasnovoteintheelectionoftheboardofdirectors,butdoesgetpreferenceinthedistributionofthecompany'searnings.Itoffersinvestorsadifferenttypeofsecurityandmaybeissuedonlyaftercommonstockhadbeenissued.Theterm"preferred"appliestotwoconditions.First,preferredstockholdersgainpreferentialtreatmentinthematterofdividends)Thatis,theyreceiveafixedfeteofdividendspriortothe