波兰在欧盟的20年分析报告-外文版培训课件2024.7temu

COUNTRIES

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REGIONSPoland's20yearsintheEuropeanUnionCHAPTER

01EconomyShareoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)fundsallocatedtoPolandbetween2004and2023ShareoftheEUfundsallocatedtoPoland2004-2023ConnectingEuropeFacility(CEF)2.00%Othertransfers2.09%CommonAgriculturalPolicy31.38%CohensionPolicy65.04%5Description:Accordingtothesource,sincePolandaccededtotheEUuntiltheendof2023,Polandhaspaid84billioneurosintotheEUbudget,whileitsreceiptsamountedto246billioneuros.Thismeansthatduringthisperiod,Polandreceived162billioneurosnetfromtheEUbudget,makingPolandoneofthelargestbeneficiariesofEUfunds.ThelargestshareofthefundswastheCohesionFund.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandPoland'scontributionstoandreceiptsfromtheEuropeanUnionbudgetfrom2004to2023(inbillioneuros)Poland'scontributionstoandreceiptsfromtheEUbudget2004-2023ReceiptsfromtheEUbudgetContributionstotheEUbudget17.12018.9918.7418.591816.315.815.615.416141210814.313.4713.111.211.2109.37.47.47.467.076.475.835.3654.44.34.54.54.243.73.63.63.43.543.22.82.52.42.61.3202004

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20236Description:Since2004,Polandhasreceivednearly246billioneurosfromtheEuropeanUnionbudget.Duringthisperiod,membershippaymentstotheEUbudgetamountedtoover83.8billioneuros.Themostsignificantnetinflowswerein2020andamountedtoaround13.16billioneuros,includingreimbursementstotheEUbudgetof958.3thousandeuros.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023Source(s):MinistryofFinance(Poland)AnnualchangeinrealGDPafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023RealGDPchangeafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-20238.0%6.0%4.0%2.0%0.0%-2.0%-4.0%2004

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2023*7Description:Poland'srealGDPincreasedby0.2percentin2023atconstantpricescomparedtothepreviousyear.ThisisthesecondlowestchangeaftertheCOVID-19pandemic.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023;Atconstantprices;*EstimateReadmoreSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandGovernmentrevenueasashareofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)afterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023GovernmentrevenueasashareofGDPafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-202343.0%42.0%41.0%40.0%39.0%38.0%37.0%2004

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2023*8Description:Proportionalgovernmentrevenuewasatitslowestpointforthisperiodin2009,whenitdroppedto37.97percent.Thegovernmentrevenueisestimatedtoincrease,reachingover41.7percentofthePolishGDPin2023,anincreaseof3.16percentagepointscomparedto2004.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023;*Estimateddata.ReadmoreSource(s):IMFGeneralgovernmentdebtinrelationtoGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)afterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023GovernmentdebtinrelationtoGDPafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-202360%58%56%54%52%50%48%46%44%42%40%2004

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2023*9Description:In2023,thegeneralgovernmentdebtinPolandamountedto49.6percentoftheGDP,anincreaseof4.5percentagepointsfrom2004.In2014,thedebtwasreducedduetotheacquisitionoffundsfromOpenPensionFundsnamedOFE(OtwartyFunduszEmerytalny).ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023;*PreliminarydataReadmoreSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPoland;Eurostat;TradingEconomicsGeneralgovernmentdeficitinrelationtoGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)afterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023GovernmentdeficitinrelationtoGDPafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-20230%-0.2%-0.01%-0.02%-0.03%-0.04%-0.05%-0.06%-0.07%-0.08%-0.7%-1.5%-1.8%-1.9%-2.4%-2.6%-3.5%-3.6%-3.7%-3.7%-3.8%-3.9%-4.3%-5%-5%-5.1%-6.9%-7.3%-7.5%2004

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202310Description:In2018,thegeneralgovernmentdeficitinPolandamountedto0.2percentofGDP.Thisisthelowestdeficitsince2005whenitaccountedforfourpercentofGDP.In2023,thedeficitreached5.1percent,slightlyhigherthanin2004.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandChangeinvalueaddedofindividualeconomicsectorsinPolandbetween2004and2022ChangeinvalueaddedofindividualsectorsofthePolisheconomy2004-2022Changeinaddedvalue50%-50%Informationandcommunication0%100%150%200%250%233%BusinessservicesforcompaniesFinancialintermediationManufacturing197%186%176%AccommodationandcateringTransportationandlogisticsWater,sewage,andwastemanagementConstruction103%100%96%87%TradeandrepairRealestateservices76%71%OtherservicesPublicservices51%49%Energy,gas,heatingAgricultureandforestryMiningandquarrying-3%-5%-23%11Description:Sectorssuchasinformationandcommunications,businessservicesforcompanies,financialintermediation,andmanufacturingbenefitedmostfromPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion.Incontrast,theenergy,agriculture,andminingsectorssawadeclineinvalue-addedbetween2004and2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022;AtconstantpricesSource(s):BankPekaoSA;EurostatUnemploymentrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023UnemploymentrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-2023PolandEU13.5%12.6%8.7%11.5%9.5%7.5%5.5%3.5%1.5%9.6%7.6%7.2%7.1%6.2%6%3.4%20213.2%20202.9%20222.7%2004-2009*2010-2019*2023**12/statistics/1468879/unemployment-rate-after-poland-s-accession-to-the-euThefirstyearsafterPolandjoinedtheEuropeanUnionwerecharacterizedbyahigherunemploymentratethanintheEuropeanUnion.From2021onward,theEUaveragerosesteadily,decisivelyincreasingtheunemploymentraterelativetoPoland.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023;*Arithmeticmean**Arithmeticaverageofunemploymentratesforthefirstthreequartersof2023ReadmoreSource(s):SerwisSamorządowyPAP;SGHWarsawSchoolofEconomicsInflationrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023InflationrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-2023PolandEU14%12%10%8%13.2%9.2%10.9%6.4%6%5.2%2.9%3.7%4%3%2.3%1.5%1.4%2%0%0.7%20202004-2009*2010-2019*20212022202313Description:Duringtheobservedperiod,Poland'sinflationraterosefromthreepercentin2004to10.9percentin2023.Overtheyears,Poland'sinflationratehasbeenhigherthantheEUaverage.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023;*ArithmeticmeanReadmoreSource(s):SerwisSamorządowyPAP;SGHWarsawSchoolofEconomicsAveragemonthlygrosswagesandsalariesinthenationaleconomyofPolandafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023(inzloty)AveragemonthlygrosswagesinPolandafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-20238,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,00002004

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202314Description:Overtheperiodobserved,theaveragemonthlygrosssalaryinthePolishnationaleconomyincreasedannuallyandreached7155.48zlotyin2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023;*DataannouncedinFebruaryeveryyearbyStatisticsPoland(GUS-GłównyUrządStatystyczny).ReadmoreSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandCHAPTER

02DemographyPopulationofPolandafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion2004to2023(in1,000s)PopulationofPolandafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-202338,70038,50038,30038,10037,90037,70037,5002004

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202316Description:AccordingtothePolishStatisticalOffice,therewereover37.6millioninhabitantsinPolandin2023,adecreaseof1.41percentcomparedto2004.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023;AsofDecember31Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandShareofpopulationaged60andmoreintotalpopulationinPolandfrom2005to2022Shareofpopulationaged60andmoreinPoland2005-20220.3%25.9%25.7%25.5%25.3%24.8%24.2%0.25%23.6%22.9%22.2%21.5%20.9%20.2%19.6%19.1%0.2%0.15%0.1%0.05%0%18.6%18%17.6%17.2%20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202217Description:EveryfourthpersoninPolandin2022was60yearsoldorolder.Thissharesignificantlyincreasedintheobservedperiod.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2005to2022;AsofDecember31Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPoland;Twitter(@GUS_STAT)FertilityrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2022FertilityrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-20221.51.51.41.41.31.31.2200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202218Description:ThefertilityrateinPolandin2022reached1.26childrenperwoman,aslightincreasecomparedto2004.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022;*Totalfertilityratedefinedastheaveragenumberofchildrenthatwouldbebornbyawomanduringherwholereproductiveperiod(15—49years)assumingthatinparticularphasesofthisperiodshewouldgive[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandMarriagerateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2022(per1,000population)MarriagerateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-20227.06.56.05.55.04.54.03.5200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202219Description:Overtheperiodobserved,themarriageratedecreasedfromfiveper1,000inhabitantsin2004to4.1per1,000inhabitantsin2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022;*Dataconcerningvitalstatistics(marriages,births,deaths,divorcesandseparations)aswellasmigrationforpermanentresidence(internalandinternational)comesfromthereportsofcivilstatusoffices,District[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandNumberofdivorcesafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2022(in1,000s)NumberofdivorcesafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-202275706560555045200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220Description:Overthetimeperiodobserved,thenumberofdivorcesincreasedinPolandfrom56.3thousandin2004to60.2thousandin2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022;*Approximatevalues**Dataconcerningvitalstatistics(marriages,births,deaths,divorcesandseparations)aswellasmigrationforpermanentresidence(internalandinternational)comesfromthereportsofcivil[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandMortalityrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2022(per1,000population)DeathrateafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-202215.014.013.012.011.010.09.0200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202221Description:In2022,themortalityrateinPolandamountedtoarecord11.9deathsperthousandpopulation,markingaincreasecomparedto2004.Thedeathrateinthecountrywashigheramongtheruralpopulation.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandNetinternationalmigration,emigration,andimmigrationfiguresafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023(in1,000s)InternationalmigrationafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-2023NetmigrationEmigrationImmigration6050403020100-10-20-30-40-502004

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202322Description:In2023,thereweremoreinflowsthanoutflows,resultinginanetmigrationofnearlyathousandpeople.ꢀThisnumberincreasedcomparedto2004whenmorepeoplewereemigratingthanimmigrating.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandGenderequalityindexofPolandcomparedtoEuropeanUnion(EU-28)from2005to2023GenderequalityindexofPoland2005-2023Poland55.2EU70.268.667.96867.466.26563.86261.957.756.956.856.655.555.852.420052013201520172019*202020212022202323Description:Overtheobservedperiod,thePolishgenderequalityindexscorewaslowerthanthatoftheEU-28.Itincreasedfrom52.4to61.9between2005and2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2005to2023;Indexscore:1=fullunequality,100=fullequality;*Thedatafor2019Indexisfrom2017ReadmoreSource(s):EIGECHAPTER

03ForeigntradePoland'sshareofexportsbetweentheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)countriesinindividualbranchesofindustrialprocessingbetween2004and2022Poland'sshareofexportsbetweentheEU-27countries2004-2022,bybranchShareinexports202220040%5%10%15%20%25%30%25.7%TobaccoFurniture0.9%21.9%13.2%12.7%Wood7.5%10.4%RubberandplasticproductsElectricalequipmentMetalproductsMineral3.6%3.6%10.2%9.5%9.1%8.6%8.5%4.7%3.3%3.5%2.8%2.4%3%ApparelFoodPaperTextileAutomotive7.4%7%6.8%3.9%25Description:PolandincreaseditsshareofexportsbetweenEU-27countriesfrom2004to2022inalmostallindustriesexceptone(refiningindustry).Thelargestsharewasheldbyexportsoftobaccoandfurnitureproducts.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland,EU;2004to2022Source(s):BankPekaoSA;EurostatPoland'sshareofexportstothirdcountriesinindividualbranchesofindustrialprocessingbetween2004and2022Poland'sshareofexportstothirdcountries2004-2022,bybranchShareinexports20226%20040%2%4%8%10%12%14%16%13.6%TobaccoFurniturePrinting4.4%11.8%6.1%7.2%1.1%6.6%6.5%6.1%MetalproductsFoodElectricalequipmentRubberandplasticproductsOthertransportequipmentWood2.3%2.9%1.9%6%2.9%2.8%5.9%5.1%4.9%4.6%3.5%MineralPaperApparel2.8%2.5%4%1.2%26Description:Polandincreaseditsshareofexportstothirdcountriesfrom2004to2022inallindustries.Thelargestsharewasheldbyexportsoftobaccoandfurnitureproducts.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland,EU,CEE;2004to2022Source(s):BankPekaoSA;EurostatPoland'sshareinservicesexportsofEuropeanUnion(EU)in2022,bytypeofservicePoland'sshareinservicesexportsofEU-27countries2022,byserviceShareinexportsChangevs20103%ShareinEU-27serviceexports0%1%2%4%5%6%7%8%9%9%10%3.3%ConstructionRepairsandmaintenanceTransportation1.9%6.7%2.1%4.8%0.8%Tourism3.8%0.7%0.8%Poz.businessservicesCultureandrecreationTelecommunicationsandITInsurance3.7%3.2%2.9%1.5%0.4%0.2%1%0.7%Financialservices27Description:Poland'sconstructionindustryheldthelargestshareofEUserviceexportsin2022.Itsshareincreasedthemostcomparedto2010,by3.3percentagepoints.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland,EU;2022;IncludingexportswithintheEUSource(s):BankPekaoSA;InternationalTradeCentreValueoftotalproductexportsafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2022(inbillioneuros)ValueoftotalproductexportsafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-2022400350300250346.2288.1238.15

239.9223.6206.6520015010050184.84179.58165.77154.99143.46136.69120.372010116.242008101.84200798.22200987.93200671.42200559.70200420112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202228Description:ThevalueofexportedgoodsafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnionsignificantlyincreasedandreachedapproximately346billioneurosin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandValueoftotalproductsimportedafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2022(inbillioneuros)ValueoftotalproductimportsafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-2022400350300250200366.2289.6236.98228.17229.4206.08180.92177.23168.43156.98152.57

154.04142.4515010050134.19120.392007107.532009100.78200681.17200571.35200402008201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202229Description:ThetotalvalueofallimportedgoodstoPolandsignificantlyincreasedcomparedto2004,reachingover366billioneurosin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandForeigntradegoodsbalanceafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2023(inbillionzloty)ForeigntradegoodsbalanceafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-202360402048.647.2179.95.12.50-20-2.9-8.2-11.1-19.5-40-39.4-40.1-44.7-50.3-60-53.5-55.2-64.6-70.3-80-91.62004

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2023-100-92.530Description:In2023,Polandrecordedapositivebalanceintheexchangeofgoodswithforeigncountriesofover48billionzloty(10.6billioneuros).ForthefirsttenyearsafterPolandaccededtotheEU,thecountryimportedmorethanitexported.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023Source(s):bankier.pl;CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandMainexportpartnersofPolandbetween2004and2023Poland'smainexportpartners2004-2023200420230.35%0.3%0.25%0.2%0.15%0.1%0.05%0%30%27.9%6.3%6%6.1%6.1%5.4%5%4.5%4.3%GermanyCzechiaFranceUKItaly31Description:SincePoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnionin2004,GermanyhasbeenPoland'smainexportpartner,althoughtheshareofexportsfellslightlyduringtheobservedperiod.PolandexportedmoreproductstoCzechiain2023comparedto2004.In2023,CzechiawasthesecondlargestexportpartnerafterGermany.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandMainimportpartnersofPolandbetween2004and2023Poland'smainimportpartners2004-2023200420230.3%0.25%0.2%0.15%0.1%0.05%0%28%25.4%9.3%7.5%7.1%6.7%6.5%5.4%4.9%4.1%GermanyChinaNetherlandsItalyCzechiaRussiaFrance32Description:SincePoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnionin2004,GermanyhasbeenPoland'smainimportpartner,althoughtheshareofimportsfellslightlyduringtheobservedperiod.China,theNetherlands,ItalyandCzechiawerealsoamongthetopfivemostimportantimportpartnersin2023.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2023Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandForeigntradeturnoverofgoodsandservicesasapercentageofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)inPolandbetween2004and2022ForeigntradeturnoverofgoodsandservicesasashareofGDPinPoland2004-2022200420220.7%0.6%0.5%0.4%0.3%0.2%0.1%0%62.7%61.2%37.2%34.2%ExportsImports33Description:SincePolandjoinedtheEuropeanUnionin2004,theforeigntradeturnoverofgoodsandservicesasapercentageofGDPinPolandhasincreasedbynearly30percentagepoints.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandCHAPTER

04InnovativeeconomyGrossdomesticexpenditureonresearchanddevelopment(GERD)asapercentageofGDPafterPoland'saccessiontotheEuropeanUnion(EU)from2004to2022R&DspendingasshareofGDPafterPoland'saccessiontotheEU2004-20221.7%1.46%1.43%1.5%1.3%1.1%0.9%0.7%0.5%1.39%1.32%1.21%1.03%1%0.96%0.94%0.88%

0.88%0.75%20110.72%20100.66%20090.6%20080.56%20050.56%20070.55%20040.55%20062012201320142015201620172018201920202021202235Description:Thegrossdomesticexpenditureonresearchanddevelopment(GERD)asapercentageofGDPinPolandincreasedintheobservedperiodfrom0.55percentin2004to1.46percentin2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPoland;OECDEuropeaninnovationscoreinPolandfrom2015to2023InnovationscoreinPoland2015-20237068666468.0966.4762.186260585654525059.9359.5458.8858.4856.79201655.152015201720182019202020212022202336Description:AccordingtotheEuropeanInnovationScoreboard,Poland'sinnovationscorein2023wasabovetheEuropeanUnionaverageforEmergingInnovators,withascoreof68.Accordingtothesource,Poland'sinnovationperformanceincreasedmorethantheEU's.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2015to2023Source(s):EuropeanCommissionNumberofpatentsgrantedbythePatentOfficeoftheRepublicofPolandfrom2005to2022NumberofpatentsgrantedbythePatentOfficeinPoland2005-2022DomesticentitiesForeignentities4,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005003,3703,2442,9472,9062,7952,4902,4222,4042,3392,2602,2242,1391,9891,6191,9591,5641,5751,8481,5361,4681,1221,4511,3851,1231,0546364653621682015178201610920179520197420187520216620224820200200520062007200820092010201120122013201437Description:In2022,2290patentsweregrantedinPoland'sPatentOffice,ofwhich2224wereforinnovationsfiledbydomesticentities.Comparedtothepreviousyear,thenumberofpatentsgrantedforinventionsdecreasedby31percent(31.4percentforpatentsgrantedtodomesticentities).ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2005to2022Source(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPoland;PolishPatentOfficeInnovativeenterprisesastheshareoftotalindustrialenterprisesinPolandfrom2013to2022InnovativeenterprisesastheshareofindustrialenterprisesinPoland2013-20220.35%0.3%32.2%31.4%24%0.25%22%18.9%0.2%0.15%0.1%0.05%0%18.7%18.5%17.5%17.6%17.1%201320142015201620172018201920202021202238Description:In2022,Poland'sshareofinnovativeindustrialenterprisesamountedto32.2percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2013to2022;Enterpriseswith10ormorepersonsemployedSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandInnovativeenterprisesastheshareoftotalserviceenterprisesinPolandfrom2013to2022InnovativeenterprisesastheshareofserviceenterprisesinPoland2013-20220.35%0.3%32.1%30.8%0.25%0.2%19.6%19.7%0.15%0.1%0.05%0%13.6%11.9%201911.4%201311.4%201410.4%20179.8%20152016201820202021202239Description:In2022,Poland'sshareofinnovativeserviceenterprisesamountedto32.1percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2013to2022;Enterpriseswith10ormorepersonsemployedSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandDigitalEconomyandSocietyIndexofPolandfrom2017to2022DESIIndexPoland2017-2022ConnectivityHumanCapitalIntegrationofDigitalTechnologyDigitalPublicServices16141210813.9411.639.2612.779.5411.6710.559.549.088.588.678.486.598.28.128.055.743.655.7265.133.175.144.744.1642020172018201920202021202240Description:EveryyearPolandrankshigherandhigheraccordingtotheDigitalEconomyandSocietyIndex(DESI).In2022,Polandscoredbestinthedigitalpublicservicesarea.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2017to2022Source(s):EuropeanCommissionE-governmentDevelopmentIndexrankofPolandfrom2004to2022E-governmentDevelopmentIndexrankPoland2004-20225047454542403836343530252033332924200420052008201020122014201620182020202241Description:In2022,Polandwasranked34thintheE-governmentsDevelopmentIndex.Itmeansthecountrydecreasedbyasmanyas10positionscomparedtothepreviousyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2004to2022Source(s):UnitedNationsProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA)resultsinPolandfrom2006to2022,bycategoryPISAresultsinPoland2006-2022,bycategoryReadingMathematicsScience53052552051551050550049549048552651851651251150850850650450150049549949849548920062009201220152018202242Description:TheaveragescoreofPolishstudentsintermsofreadingcomprehensionwas489pointsin2022.Inmaths,Polish15-year-oldsscored489points,17pointshigherthantheOECDaverage.Inthenaturalsciences,Polishstudentsachievedanaveragescoreof499points,whichplacestheminsixthplaceamongtheEuropeanUnioncountries.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2006to2022;15yearsold;StudentsSource(s):OECDNumberofstudentsinhighereducationinstitutionsinPolandfrom2020to2022,bybroadfieldsofeducationNumberofstudentsinhighereducationinstitutionsinPoland2020-2022,byfieldNumberofpersons*2022

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202050,000

100,0000150,000200,000250,000300,000Business,administrationandlawHealthandwelfareEngineering,manufacturing,constructionSocialsciences,journalismandinformationArtsandhumanitiesServicesEducationICTs(InformationandCommunicationTechnologies)IndividualinterfieldstudiesNaturalsciences,mathematicsandstatisticsAgriculture,forestry,fisheries,veterinary43Description:In2022,morethan1.22millionpeoplestudiedatuniversitiesinPoland.Themostpopularfieldsofstudywerebusiness,administration,andlaw,followedbyhealthandwelfare.ReadmoreNote(s):Poland;2020to2022;*FieldsofeducationsaccordingtotheInternationalClassificationofFieldsofEducationandTraining(ISCED-F2013).ReadmoreSource(s):CentralStatisticalOfficeofPolandCHAPTER

05EnergytransformationShareofelectricpowersourcesinPolandfrom2015to2023ShareofelectricitysourcesinPoland2015-2023CoalGasRES1%0.9%0.8%0.7%0.6%0.5%0.4%0.3%0.2%0.1%0%10%3%11%5%11%7%12%5%13%15%10%15%9%20%7%27%10%8%87%85%83%82%79%75%76%73%63%201520162017201820192020202120222023*45Description:RenewableenergysourcesincreasedtheirshareofPoland'senergymix