英汉语言对比45322

ComparativeStudiesof

EnglishandChineseLanguages刘亚敏太原理工大学外国语学院OUTLINEⅠIntroductionⅡ

SyntheticVS.AnalyticⅢHypotaxisVS.ParataxisⅣSubject-prominentVS.Topic-prominentⅤPersonalVS.ImpersonalⅥStaticVS.DynamicⅦAbstractVS.ConcreteⅧDirectVS.IndirectⅨSubstituteVS.RepetitionIntroductionINTRODUCTION1.1LanguageFamilies(语系)1.2ImportanceofComparison1.3TeachingContent1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishChineseIndo-EuropeanSino-Tibetanalphabeticideographicaccent/stresstoneintonationintonation1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印欧语系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(汉藏语系).ENGLISHItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),

English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.ENGLISHe.g.Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,tofuENGLISHAlphabeticLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitspronunciationandspelling.wordstress(accent)&sentencestressintonation:rising/fallingENGLISHe.g.language['læŋgwɪdʒ]important[ɪm'pɔːt(ə)nt]university[juːnɪ'vɜːsɪtɪ]ENGLISHOneFrog,TwoFrogsbyLucyParisOnelittlefroglikestojump.Lookatherhop!Twolittlefrogsliketosit.Theysitonarock.Onelittlefroglikestolook.Whatdoesshesee?Twolittlefrogsliketoplay.Willtheyplaywithme?CHINESEPictographicandideographicLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitsmeaningandspelling.fourtones:leveltone(阴平)、risingtone(阳平)、fallingtone(上声)、enteringtone(去声)CHINESECHINESECHINESEe.g.我叫他去。I’llaskhimtogo.I’llgoandcallhim.我想起来了。Iwanttogetup.Ihavethoughtitout.COMPARISON只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特异之点。拿外语跟汉语进行比较，可以启发我们注意被我们忽略过去的现象。——吕叔湘Alllanguagesintheworldcanexpressanddifferentiatetheperceivedexperience.Thesimilarityliesinwhattheymustexpress.（Jakobson1959）语言之间“音虽似别，义则大同”。COMPARISONEverylanguageintheworldhasitsownsyntax.Otherwise,peoplewillnotbeabletopracticetranslationandresearchtranslationtheory.Andthroughanalyzingandcomparingbetweentwolanguages,thetranslatorsandinterpreterswilldeeplyrealizethehardshipoftranslation.TEACHINGCONTENTSyntheticVS.Analytic综合语VS.分析语HypotacticVS.Paratactic形合VS.意合Subject-prominentVS.Topic-prominent主语VS.主题PersonalVS.Impersonal物称与人称StaticVS.Dynamic静态VS.动态AbstractVS.Concrete抽象VS.具体DirectVS.Indirect直接VS.间接SubstituteVS.Repetition替代VS.重复SyntheticVS.AnalyticsummarySYNTHETICVSANALYTICAsyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageischaracterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedform.SYNTHETICVSANALYTICHowtoexpressgrammaticalrelationships?inflectedformsofwordsfunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordorderSYNTHETICVSANALYTICinflectedforms（屈折形式）：morphologychangee.g.Motherland；blackboard；handwriting；easy-going；home-made；do-it-yourselfableunable；takemistakehopehopelesshopelessnessdodidhavedonedoingSYNTHETICVSANALYTICfunctionwords（虚词）:formwordsE.g.HeearnedaneducationdegreeattheUniversityofWashingtonandtaughtelementaryschool.SYNTHETICVSANALYTICauxiliaryverbs（助动词）:helpingverbse.g.have,be,may,can,must,do,shall,willSYNTHETICVSANALYTICLanguagemorphology语言形态学Englishtypicalsyntheticlanguage

synthetic-analyticlanguageChinesetypicalanalyticlanguageSYNTHETICVSANALYTICEnglish/ChineseInflectionFunctionWordsWordOrderA.INFLECTIONInEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected,inordertoexpressthedifferenceinpartsofspeech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,etc.InChinesetheabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorder.A.INFLECTIONNouns:“-s”:thepluralmarker“-’s”:thegenitivecaseVerbs:“-s”:thethirdpersonsingularpresenttense,“-ing”:thepresentparticiple,“-(e)d”:thepasttenseandpastparticiple;Adjectives:“-er”:thecomparativedegree“-est”:thesuperlativedegreeA.INFLECTIONPrefixes:a-/an-:asymmetry,anhydrous

dis-:dishonest,dislikein-

/ig-/il/im/ir:incapable;inability;ignoble;impossible;immoral;illegal;irregularun-:unable,unemploymentover-:overeat;overdress;oversleephyper-:hypersonic;hypertesionA.INFLECTIONSuffixes:-ess:actress;hostess

-bility:possibility,disability-able:movable;comfortable;responsible;possible-ish:selfish,foolish;bookish-ful:beautiful;wonderful;helpful;truthfulA.INFLECTIONTaskinclass:他前进的速度快得令人诧异！move

rapid

astonishA.INFLECTIONHemovedastonishinglyrapidly.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.A.INFLECTIONHismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.A.INFLECTIONHemoved

astonishingly

rapidly.Hemovedwithastonishing

rapidity.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapid

movements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.A.INFLECTIONmovemovingmovementrapidrapidlyrapidityastonishastonishingastonishinglyB.WORDORDERThelessinflectivealanguage,themorerigidthewordorder.WordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.ENGLISHMorewaysofinversionareoftenseeninEnglish.e.g.Whatintheworlddoyoumean?Whatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!NotafingerdidIlayonhim?CHINESEe.g.纸花——花纸半斤——斤半后头的小孩——

小孩的后头

商量好——

好商量C.FUNCTIONWORDEnglishArticlesPrepositionsAuxiliaryverbsCoordinatorsSubordinatorsChineseParticlesConnectivesPrepositionsC.FUNCTIONWORDTaskinclass:Shewaswithachild.Shewaswithchild.Theyarestudentsofourschool.Theyarethestudentsofourschool.C.FUNCTIONWORDParticlesAspectParticles:着、了、过StructuralParticles:的、地、得EmotionalParticles:嘛、吗、吧、

呢C.FUNCTIONWORDe.g.Iwillbuyabook.Iboughtabook.Ihaveboughtthebook.Haveyouboughtthebook?我要买本书。我买了本书。那本书我已经买了。那本书你买了吗？C.FUNCTIONWORDTaskinClass:这回我可亲眼看见啦！（感叹语气）打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。你呀，老这样下去可不行啊！（加重语气）这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。（辩护语气）C.FUNCTIONWORDAnswers:ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.Unabletofightonorescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.Look!Youcan’tgoonlikethis.Heisnottoblame.Afterall,itwasthefirsttimethathehaddoneit.SUMMARYEnglish综合性语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。词汇有形态变化，注重时体。Chinese分析型语言语言中的句法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，主要通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。词汇没有形态变化，翻译时一般要加词或变换说法。TRANSLATION这回我可亲眼看见啦！（感叹语气）ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。Unabletofightonorescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.TRANSLATION你呀，老这样下去可不行啊！（加重语气）Look!Youcan’tgoonlikethis.这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。（答辩语气）Heisnottoblame.Afterall,itwasthefirsttimethathehaddoneit.TRANSLATION1.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthosewholive,orhavelived,intheshadowofdeathbringamellowsweetnesstoeverythingtheydo.人们已注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们所干的任何事总是兴趣盎然。2.Icouldhavelaughedtohearhimlikethis.听到他这样说，我差点笑出来了。3.Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.他老是乱放东西。TRANSLATION4.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.主人对他的冷淡使他更加不舒服。5.Inmid-Octoberwhenthetoughoceangoingtrainingended,partoftheteammatestookonboardashipwhichthenheadedforAntarctica.十月中，严格的远洋集训结束，部分队员登轮起航，驶向南极。TRANSLATION6.Wehavespeakerswhoareveryoutgoing,verycharismaticandtall,attractingthemassesintotheseseminarsandlectures.我们有一些演讲者，他们外向，魅力非凡，身材高大，吸引着大众参与他们的专题讲座。这些热情外向的宣讲者，颇具领袖气质，且身材高大，吸引大众参与他们的专题讨论讲座。TRANSLATION7.Damsareadramaticexampleofahumanactivitythatdegradesfreshwaterecosystems.水坝是一个人类活动破坏淡水生态系统的戏剧性的示范。各类水坝生动地说明，人类活动正在恶化淡水生态的系统。TRANSLATION8.Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。TRANSLATION9.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Thisisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.TRANSLATION9.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.TRANSLATION10.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。Aftersometime,newscamefromdistantplace.Earthquakedidhappenthatdaywhenthelittlecopperballfell.Allthiswasclearedup.TRANSLATION10.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。Allwasclearedupsometimelaterwhennewscamefromadistantplacethatanearthquakewasfelttheverydaythelittlecopperballfell.TRANSLATION11.为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。WhysomanyAmericansarenothappyasweexpect?IthinktherearetworeasonsandbothofthemhavedeepdistinctionTRANSLATION11.为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.HypotaxisVS.ParataxisHYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISOrganizationofsentenceHypotaxisSyntacticdevicesLexicalequivalenceParataxisSemanticconnectionHYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISTaskinClass:1.Evenifthemonkcanrunaway,histemplecannotrunwithhim.2.EvenifIweretobebeatentodeath,Iwillnottell.3.Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.4.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?5.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.HYPO-TAXISVS.PARATAXISTaskinClass:1.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。2.打死我也不说。3.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。4.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？5.人不犯我，我不犯人。HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISHypotaxisisthedependentofsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives.（形合）Parataxisisthearrangingofclausesoneafteranotherwithoutconnectionsshowingtherelationbetweenthem.（意合）HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXIS天净沙·秋思马致远

枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISAutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlethomes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamandroams.(赵甄陶)HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISAutumnCrowshoveringoverruggedoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvine——thedayisaboutdone.Yonderisatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,Trudging(跋涉)towardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.(翁显良)HYPOTAXISENGLISHConjunctionPrepositionOtherCohesiveTiesCONJUNCTIONwho,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,howetc.and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,neithernor,when,while,assince,until,unless,lestetc.CONJUNCTIONe.g.WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.PREPOSITIONSingleprepositions:with,to,in,of,about,between,through,etc.Compoundprepositions:inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughoutPhrasalprepositions:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto(286intotal)PREPOSITIONe.g.Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.OTHERCOHESIVETIESInflectedformsofverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs;relativepronounsit”

and“there”OTHERCOHESIVETIESThereisnothingmoredisappointingtoahostesswhohasgonetoalotoftroubleorexpensethantohaveherguestsointerestedintalkingpoliticsorbusinesswithherhusbandthathefailstonoticetheflavorofthecoffee,thelightnessofthecake,ortheattractivenessofthehouse,whichmaybeherchiefinterestandpride.OTHERCOHESIVETIESEveninitsblastedcondition,withboardsandsackingsinmostofthewindows,withitsthickdustanditsbareroom,withitscrackedplasteranditsdamagedroofs,thehotelhadbeenanewworld,abreadthanddignity,fullofadventurepossibilities.PARATAXISCHINESEWordorderRepetition,parallelsentence,etc.ReducedsentenceFour-character-structureWORDORDERCauseandeffect常态——现因后果，不用“因为”；变态——先果后因，用“因为”。WORDORDERe.g.Becausesheisnothonest,Ican’ttrusther.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.I’vemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.Ifyougetbeyondyourdepth,youwillsuffer.WORDORDERe.g.她不老实，我不能信任她。人不犯我，我不犯人。说是说了，没有结果。打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。PARALLELSENTENCEe.g.他不来，我不去。种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。吃苦在前，享乐在后。不怕慢，只怕站。聪明一世，糊涂一时。PARALLELSENTENCEe.g.Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.Asyousow,sowillyoureap.Bethefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoycomforts.It’sbettertomoveaheadslowlythanjusttomarktime.Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.REDUCEDSENTENCE“紧”就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起。“缩”就是压缩，略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。这类句式简明紧凑，分句间的语法关系和逻辑联系是隐含的。REDUCEDSENTENCEe.g.有饭大家吃。不到黄河心不死。狼披羊皮还是狼。狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。上梁不正，下梁歪。REDUCEDSENTENCEe.g.Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.Awolfremainsawolfeventhoughitisinsheep’sclothing.Howeverslyafoxmaybe,itisnomatchforagoodhunter.Iftheupperbeamisnotstraight,theloweroneswillgoasland./whenthoseabovebehaveunworthily,thosebelowwilldothesame.FOUR-CHARACTER-STRUCTUREe.g.物极必反玩火自焚不进则退欲盖弥彰FOUR-CHARACTER-STRUCTUREe.g.Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.Themoreonetriestohide,themoreoneisexposed.SUMMARY句子的内外部连接形合句法手段词汇手段意合语义手段SUMMARYEnglish注重显性衔接注重句子形式注重结构完整注重以形显意SUMMARYChinese注重隐性连贯注重时间和事理顺序注重功能意义注重以意役形TRANSLATIONHewasinpossession;itwasthelargestinthetown,combiningfruitwithvegetables,andhethoughtitwouldformahomeworthyevenofhersomeday.(T.Hardy,TheSon’sVeto)他是这店铺的主人，这是镇上最大的一家，既卖水果，又卖蔬菜。他还认为，总有那么一天这店铺会够得上做她称心的一个家呢！TRANSLATIONThosenewspapermenalwaysmadeherangry.Alloftheirarticlesshowedhowroughthepeoplewereontheirstreet.(D.Oliver,Neighbors)那些记者总是惹她动火，他们一写文章就要责骂住在这条街上的人们是如何粗恶。TRANSLATIONThesmellofwetearthcomestomefromthosethumbedandtatteredpages,thesourtangofmoorlandpeat,thefeelofsoggymossspatteredwhiteinplacesbyaheron’sdropping.(D.Maurier,Rebecca)我在这些翻弄得残破不全的纸页中，闻到了湿润泥块的芳香，嗅到了沼泽泥煤的浓烈酸味，乃至于出道了湿乎乎的青苔地，其间缀有白斑点点，那是苍鹭的遗失/矢。TRANSLATIONHeopenedahugedustybookanddrewittohimanddippedafoulpenintoaninkwellfilledwithwhatlookedlikecoaldust.(W.Faulkner,TheSoundandtheFury)他打开了一个落满尘土的硕大本子，拉到自己跟前，把一支肮脏的钢笔往一只墨水瓶里蘸了蘸。那里头盛的与其说是墨水，倒不如说是煤灰。TRANSLATIONShewasstackingtheplatesaway;herhandsmovedslowly,reflectively.Davekeptananxioussilence.(R.Wright,TheManWhoWasAlmostaMan)她满满地把盘子堆叠好，放到一边，思考着。待付没有出声，但是很焦急。TRANSLATIONLonelinessheldthegreatmassesofimmigrantstogether,andpovertykeptthemdown.Theirdream,astheyslavedlonghours,wastosaveasmuchaspossibleforadownpaymentonahome.(W.McDermott,Francesco’sDebtofHonor)这些移民只身在外，举目无亲，故而聚居一处，而且经济支绌，生计困难。他们辛苦终日，梦寐以求的就是尽力省下钱来，充做购置房屋的定金。TRANSLATIONWhenImingledwithotherfamilies,Idistinctlydiscernedhowpeculiarlyfortunatemylotwas,andgratitudeassistedthedevelopmentoffiliallove.(M.Shelley,Frankenstein)我和其他家庭在一起相处时，我清楚地意识到自己交上了齐天鸿运。为了报答他们的恩情，孝顺之心也日见强烈。Subject-prominent

VS.Topic-prominentWARMING-UPWARMING-UPe.g.活到老，学到老。世上无难事，只要肯攀登。Canyoufindthesubjectinthesesentences?Canyoufindthetopic/themeinthesesentences?GENERALINTRODUCTIONEnglishSubject-prominentSubject-predicatestructureChineseTopic-prominentTopic-commentstructureGENERALINTRODUCTIONTaskinclass:Thedialectisknownbyeverylinguistinthisroom.【1】一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。【2】有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。GENERALINTRODUCTIONTaskinclass:小尼姑之流，阿Q向来是视为草芥的。AhQalwayslooksdownuponthepersonslikelittleBuddhistnun.SUBJECT-PROMINENTStructuresinEnglish:（1）主谓S+V（因谓语动词是不及物动词，后面不能带宾语）（2）主系表S+V+C（谓语为系词，只能加形容词当表语。）（3）主谓状S+V+A（4）主谓宾S+V+O（因谓语动词是及物动词后面必须带宾语。）（5）主谓宾状S+V+O+A(谓语动词为及物动词，后面再加介词短语做状语。)（6）主谓宾宾S+V+O+O（因谓语为特殊及物动词，后面必须带两个宾语）（7）主谓宾补S+V+O+C（因谓语为特殊及物动词，后面必须带1个宾语和1个补语。）SUBJECT-PROMINENTe.g.Theriverruns.Helooksstrong.Hepaintedapicture.Hegaveme

amedicalhandbook.Theymadehimtheirteamleader.Sheputtheplatesonthetable.Maryisinheroffice.SUBJECT-PROMINENT各种长短句子，一般都可以看作是这七种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略或倒装。语法一致原则grammaticalconcord意义一致原则notionalconcord就近原则principleofproximity注重形式接应formalcoherenceSUBJECT-PROMINENTSubjectinEnglishsentences:(1)Theremustbeasubjectinthesentence.(2)Thesubjectisjustthethemeofthesentenceandtheactorofthebehavior.(3)Thesubjectmustleadthewholesentenceingrammar.(4)Nounsornounphrasescanactasthesubjectofthesentence.TOPIC-PROMINENTHeaven,EarthandIcomeintobeingtogether,andallthingsandIareone.Manisanintegralpartofnature,andallthingsandIareone.Thesubjectofthebehaviorcanbecontainedinthesubjectiveperformanceofthisevent.Chinesedonotconsiderthesubjectasanecessaryingredient.TOPIC-PROMINENT汉语主谓结构要复杂得多，注重意念连贯（semanticcoherence）警察抓住了小偷；(施事主语)三个小偷都抓住了；(受事主语)昨晚抓住了三个小偷；(时间主语)公共汽车上抓住了三个小偷。(地点主语)TOPIC-PROMINENTe.g.这本书我已经看过了。开车没有方向盘不行刮风了，下雨了。食堂今天吃饺子。国庆七天的第一天我们全家到北京路购物。游泳很费力气。TOPIC-PROMINENTThetopicisjustthethemeofthesentenceandthecommentonthetopicisjustthedescriptionofthetheme.TopicsinChinesesentences:(1)Theremustn’tbeasubjectinthesentence.(2)ThesubjectinChinesesentencesometimescannotleadthewholesentenceingrammar.(3)Theremaybemorethanonesubjectinonesentence.(4)Thesubjectcanalsobeaverb,anadjective,orsomeotherpartsofspeech.ENGLISHTOCHINESESubject-predicateTopic-commentENGLISHTOCHINESEProcedures:Step1:判断这个英语句子中，到底哪一个成分，才是句子的话题（要讨论的问题）；Step2:把这个主题放在中文译文的前面，后面在描述主题的情况。ENGLISHTOCHINESEe.g.Ihavebeenwonderingaboutsomething.英式汉语：我一直想知道一件事。地道翻译：有一件事我一直很纳闷。Heofferedhiscarforamillionyuan.英式汉语：他要卖这辆车，出价一百万。地道翻译：这辆车他要价一百万。ENGLISHTOCHINESETaskinclass:1.Ittookhimtwolongmonthstofinishsuchathinbook.英式汉语：地道翻译：2.Youareluckyenoughtohaveaunitedfamily.英式汉语：地道翻译：CHINESETOENGLISHTopic-commentSubject-predicateCHINESETOENGLISHProcedures:Step1:发现无主语句，要根据语境增补主语。Step2:发现多主语句，那就要确定一个能够发出谓语动作，统领全句的主语。Step3:发现不是名词或者名词短语作主语，那么就要转换成名词或名词短语。CHINESETOENGLISHe.g.出太阳了！Thesunisrising.近二十年的时间已经充分证明，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。Thepracticeinthepast20yearshasprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinsteps,progressiveinmethods,andhugeinachievement.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greateatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.CHINESETOENGLISHTaskinclass:要吃有吃，要穿有穿。不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？他会干这种事我不相信。玩火自焚。CHINESETOENGLISH要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Wehaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?他会干这种事我不相信。Idon’tbelievethatheshouldhavedonesuchthings.玩火自焚

。

Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.SUMMARY赵元任先生在《汉语口语语法》（1968）一书中指出：“在汉语里把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”是从句子顺序上说的。“话题”是说话人想要说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。如果语言环境或上下文能暗示话题，也可以省略不提。“说明”部分位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。“说明”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。

汉语的连动句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点（因为凡与话题有关的内容都可放在后面对其进行说明），这与英语句子一个主语和一个谓语相一致的结构大不相同。SUPPLEMENT(1)(1)WithoutPredicateVerbe.g.天高云淡。房间干干净净。这箱子八十磅。他上海人。我儿子二十岁。SUPPLEMENT(1)天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.房间干干净净。Theroomisneatandtidy.这箱子八十磅。Thisboxweighseightypounds.他上海人。HeisfromShanghai.我儿子二十岁。Mysonis20yearsold.SUPPLEMENT(2)(2)WithoutObjecte.g.电影很有趣，我一定要去看。蛇在冬天藏起来。SUPPLEMENT(2)电影很有趣，我一定要去看。Thefilmisinteresting.I’llgoandseeit.蛇在冬天藏起来。Snakeshidethemselvesinwinter.SUPPLEMENT(3)(3)WithoutConjunctione.g.他不老实，我们不相信他。人不犯我，我不犯人。说是说了，没有结果。抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。SUPPLEMENT(3)（因为）他不老实，（所以）我们不相信他。Becauseheisnothonest,wecan’ttrusthim.

人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.

说是说了，没有结果。Ihavemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.

抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.SUPPLEMENT(4)(4)ContradictoryExpressione.g.晒衣服晒太阳吃苹果吃食堂打扫房间打扫卫生恢复健康恢复疲劳扶贫SUPPLEMENT(4)晒衣服晒太阳tosunone’sclothestobaskinthesun吃苹果吃食堂toeatanappletohaveone’smealsinthecanteen打扫房间打扫卫生

tocleanaroomtodosomecleaning恢复健康恢复疲劳torecoverone’shealthtogetrefreshed扶贫

poverty

reduction

/poverty

alleviation

SUPPLEMENT(5)(5)NeedlessWordse.g.不必要的浪费不切实际的幻想毫无根据的毁谤用鼻子闻了一下

脑子里想了想彻底粉碎完全征服伟大的历史性转变SUPPLEMENT(5)不必要的浪费waste不切实际的幻想illusion,fancy,fantasy毫无根据的毁谤slander用鼻子闻了一下takeasmellat脑子里想了想thinkover彻底粉碎smash完全征服conquer伟大的历史性转变ThisisahistoricchangeTRANSLATION1.他常说家庭应该破坏，一领薪水却一定立即寄给他的祖母，一日也不拖延。（鲁迅《孤独者》）Whilemaintainingthatthefami1ysystemshouldbeabolished，hewouldremithissalarytohisgrandmotherthesamedaythathedrewit.TRANSLATION2.在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这一因素。Theexpansionofmetalsonheatingmustbetakenintoconsiderationbeforealongmetalbridgeisbuilt.TRANSLATION3.语言这东西，不是随便可以学好的。非下苦功不可。Themasteryofalanguageisnoteasyanditrequirespainstakingefforts.TRANSLATION4.由于工作忙，未能及时回信。Pressureofworkhasdelayedmyanswer.TRANSLATION5.话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。（罗贯中《三国演义》）Theworldtrendtendstogetunited

afterlongperiodofdivision.TRANSLATION6.Wehavebiggerhousesandsmallerfamilies;moreconveniences,butlesstime;wehavemoredegrees,butlesscommonsenses;moreknowledge,butlessjudgment;moreexperts,butmorequestions;moremedicine,butlesswellness.房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利的设施越来越多，自由的时间却越来越少；学位越来越高，生活常识却越来越薄；获得的知识越来越丰富，对事物的判断却越来越缺少；所谓的专家一个接一个，问题却层出不穷；发明的药物一种赛一种，健康却每况愈下。TRANSLATION7.Youdon’tgrowthegrainyoueatandyoudon’tmaketheclothesyouwear.你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。TRANSLATION8.Amanrichlyendowedwithagenerousheartandanoblemind,hewaswidelyadmiredforhisstatesmanshipandhisgenuinedevotiontothehighprinciplesoftheUnitedNationsOrganizationwhichhehadservedpositivelywithgreatdistinctionasPresidentoftheGeneralAssemblyandaschiefrepresentativeofPeru,andtowhichhehasdedicatedhisfertilemindformanyyearsofhislifetoitslastnoblebreath.他胸怀宽广，实现高尚，具有政治家的风度和真正的献身于联合国崇高原则的精神，博得人们广泛的称赞。他曾作为大会主席和秘鲁首席代表，成绩卓著地为联合国服务。多年来，他把丰富的思想献给了联合国组织，直到她停止高贵的呼吸。ⅣPersonalVS.ImpersonalPERSONALVS.IMPERSONALEnglishObjectConsciousnessImpersonalSubjectPERSONALVS.IMPERSONALChineseSubjectConsciousnessPersonalSubjectPERSONALVS.IMPERSONALPleasetrytotranslatethefollowingsentence:我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。IwassoexcitedthatIcouldn’tsayaword.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.IMPERSONALSUBJECTG.LeechandJ.Svartvik(1974):Formalwrittenlanguageoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyleincludingofficialstyle,news,scienceandtechnologystyleetc.Someofthecommonfeaturesofimpersonallanguagearepassives,sentencebeginningwithintroductoryit,andabstractnouns.IMPERSONALSUBJECTExample:Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。IMPERSONALSUBJECTImpersonalLackofpersonalreferenceLackofsincerityinhumancoldofficialabstractIMPERSONALSUBJECTJ.Perlmutter(1965):Whenthewriterandreaderareoutofthepicture,writinglackswarmthandsincerity,personalreferenceandhumantouch.Hence,thearticleappearsabstractandofficial,evencoldandinhuman.Tomakewritinghuman,youhavetoestablishandmaintainapeople-to-peoplerelationship.IMPERSONALSUBJECTExample:Thenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.Pleasemakesureyouknowtherulesforborrowing,anddon’tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone’sconvenience.Sofromnowon,we’regoingtoenforcetherulesstrictly.Youhavebeenwarmed!IMPERSONALPERSONALItwasnotedthatthisoffice