经济学原理(双语)-教学大纲

《经济学原理》（双语）教学大纲PrinciplesofEconomics（ClassSyllabus）课程编号：032023A课程类型：口通识教育必修课口通识教育选修课□专业必修课□专业选修课“学科基础课总学时：48讲课学时：48实验（上机）学时：0学分：3适用对象：经济类本科生先修课程：高等数学一、课程的教学目标《经济学原理》包括《微观经济学》和《宏观经济学》两部分。经济学是研究稀缺资源在各种可供选择的用途中，如何进行最有效的配置，以使得人类的无限欲望得到最大满足的一门理论经济学。经济学作为理论经济学，是许多经济学科如管理经济学、公共财政学、市场学、国际经济学、货币银行学、财政学、国际贸易学、国际金融学等的理论基础。微观经济学是以个体经济单位例如单个家庭、单个企业、单个市场为研究对象的一门理论经济学。它试图通过对个体经济单位经济行为的研究，来说明现代社会中市场机制的运行和作用以及如何改善这种运行的途径。宏观经济学是以社会总体的经济行为即宏观经济运行作为研究对象的一门理论经济学。它试图通过对社会总体经济行为的研究，来说明市场经济条件下宏观经济的运行以及如何改善这种运行的途径。目标1：系统理解和掌握经济学基本理论和基础知识目标2：熟悉经济学中基本概念和基本原理的英文表述目标3：能够运用所学原理分析实际经济问题和现象目标4：为进一步学习其他经济类课程打下坚实的理论基础。二、教学基本要求教学内容：第二章的消费理论、第三章的生产理论、第五章的市场理论、第六章的生产要素市场和收入分配理论、第七章一般均衡、第九章国民收入核算、第十一章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡、第十三章财政政策和货币政策、第十五章通货膨胀与失业应精讲、细讲。对各章重点内容，教师应阐述清楚基本原理，并在此基础上以一些浅显易懂的案例增进学生的理解，启发学生的求知欲与好奇心。教学方法：为实现教学目标，本课程主要采取教师讲授的方式授课，任课教师应以多媒体教学为基本授课方式，教师也可以所采取的其他教学手段如课堂讨论、案例教学等。课程要求：任课教师应要求学生在课前预习，课后应布置一些较深入的问题供学生探讨，学生须做课后习题。课程的考核方式：本课程采用闭卷考试的形式，平时成绩占30％，期末考试成绩占70％。教学过程中应注意理论与现实相结合。三、各教学环节学时分配Table：DistributionofTeachingHoursNo.ContentsLecturesExperimentsOthersTotal1Chapter1BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand222Chapter2ConsumerBehavior22

3Chapter3ProductionTheory224Chapter4AnalysisofCosts225Chapter5MarketsTheory226Chapter6ProductiveFactorMarkets andIncomeDistribution227Chapter 7 GeneralEquilibriumandEconomicEfficiency228Chapter8MarketFailureandtheRoleofGovernment229Chapter9MeasuringEconomicActivity2210Chapter10DeterminationofNationalIncome2211Chapter11IS-LMAnalysis2212Chapter12Open-EconomyMacroeconomics2213Chapter13MonetaryandFiscalPolicies2214Chapter14AD-ASModel2215Chapter15InflationandUnemployment2216Chapter 16 EconomicGrowth andBusinessFluctuations22Total3232四、教学内容Chapter1BasicElementsofSupplyandDemandA.TheDemandScheduleTheDemandCurveFactorsAffectingDemandDemandFunctionShiftsinDemandTheMarketDemandCurveTheSupplyScheduleTheSupplyCurveFactorsAffectingSupplySupplyFunctionShiftsinSupplyEquilibriumofSupplyandDemandEquilibriumofSupplyandDemandCurveTheInvisibleHandSomeExamplesElasticityofDemandandSupplyThePriceElasticityofDemandCalculatingElasticitiesElasticityandRevenueTheParadoxoftheBumperHarvestPriceElasticityofSupplyApplicationstoCurrentEconomicIssuesTheEconomicsofAgricultureLong-RunRelativeDeclineofFarmingImpactofaTaxonPriceandQuantityMinimumFloorsandMaximumCeilings教学重点、难点：TheDemandCurve;FactorsAffectingDemand;ShiftsinDemand;TheSupplyCurve;FactorsAffectingSupply;ShiftsinSupply;EquilibriumofSupplyandDemandCurve;ThePriceElasticityofDemand;PriceElasticityofSupply课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，使学生理解微观经济运行中需求与需求量、供给和供给量的区别、影响需求和供给的因素、均衡价格和供求定律、市场的作用、需求的价格、收入、交叉弹性和供给弹性的概念。复习思考题：1．Whatarethefactorsthataffecttheequilibriumpricechanges?PetertookavacationtriptoHainanProvincelastweek.Hethoughthisairtravelwasfreebecausetheairlineticketwasboughtusinghisfrequent-flyermiles.DidPeterenjoyafreeflight?What’stheconsequenceofhisbeliefontraveldecisions?Explain.Pleasefindtheequilibriuminthefollowingmarketandshowyourresultgraphically.DemandQd=5-2PandsupplyQs=3P.DemandQd=2-PandsupplyQs=1.InversedemandP=2andsupplyQs=4P.DemandQd=16=PandsupplyQs=2P2.BelowisademandscheduleforgoodsAandB.Pleasederivetheaggregatedemand.Showyourresultsgraphically.PriceAB0961652434215005．Whatarethefactorsthataffectthepriceelasticityofdemandchanges?Whatarethefactorsthataffectthepriceelasticityofsupplychanges?Forthefollowingfunctions,findthepointelasticitiesatthepointsQ=5andQ=15respectively.Isdemandelastic,inelastic,orunitaryelasticatthesepoints?Q=100-3PQ=100-8PQ=100-PPointElasticities:supposethatthedemandfunctionforiPhone6isdescribedbyQ=4-2P+2Y+3PaInthisformQisquantity,PisiPhoneprice,YisincomeandPaisAndroidphoneprice.AssumethatP=5;Y=100;Pa=4.Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.Trivial:WhatisthequantitydemandedforiPhone6?Pleasederivetheprice,incomeandcross-priceelasticities.Pleasederivethreeelasticitiesundernewparameters:P=4;Y=200;Pa=5Chapter2ConsumerBehaviorChoiceandUtilityTheoryCardinalUtility(基数效用)OrdinalUtility(序数效用)MarginalUtilityandtheLawofDiminishingMarginalUtilityWhydemandcurvesslopedownward?SubstitutionEffectVS.IncomeeffectFromIndividualtoMarketDemandDemandShiftsSubstitutesandComplementsEmpiricalEstimatesofPriceandIncomeElasticitiesTheEconomicsofAddictionTheParadoxofValueConsumerSurplusAnalysisofConsumerEquilibriumTheIndifferenceCurveBudgetLineorBudgetConstraintTheEquilibriumPositionofTangencyChangesinincomeandPriceDerivingtheDemandCurve教学重点、难点：Utility;MarginalUtility;TheIndifferenceCurve;budgetline;GeometricalAnalysisofConsumerEquilibrium;Theeffectofchangesinincomeandprice;课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应掌握消费者行为理论的基本内容，用理论分析消费者均衡即消费者效用最大化的基本条件、价格变化与收入变化对消费者均衡的影响、能够用消费者均衡理论推导需求曲线和恩格尔曲线；熟练掌握价格变动的替代效应与收入效应。复习思考题：1．Howtoderiveademandcurveusingordinalutilitytheory?Pizza-beertrade-offAsliceofpizzacosts$2andabottleofbeercosts$1.Peterhasabudgetof$20.Pleasewritedownhisbudgetlineandshowyourresultgraphically.Whatistheslopeofthebudgetline?Peter’sutilityfunctionisdescribedbyu(x1;x2)=0.4lnx1+0.6lnx2;wherex1istheamountofpizzaandx2istheamountofbeer.Pleasederivehismarginalutilityforpizzaandbeerrespectively.Whatisthemarginalrateofsubstitution?Showgraphicallytherelationshipbetweenmarginalutility(y-axis)andquantityofthegood(x-axis).Usingtheinformationintheabovetwoquestions,canyouderivetheoptimalchoiceforPeter?Hint:theoptimaldemandbundleiswherethemarginalrateofsubstitutionequalsthepriceratio.ProductionTheoryTheoryofProductionandMarginalProductsBasicConceptsTheProductionFunctionTotal,Average,andMarginalProductTheLawofDiminishingReturnsReturnstoscaleShortRunandLongRunTechnologicalChangeProductivityandtheAggregateProductionFunctionBusinessOrganizationsTheNatureoftheFirmBig,SmallandInfinitesimalBusiness教学重点、难点：Theproductionfunction;productivefactors;TheLawofdiminishingreturns;total,average,andmarginalproduct;productionwithtwovariableinputs；equal-productcurve;CRS,IRS,DRS课程的考核要求：通过本章的教学，旨在使学生熟练掌握一种可变生产要素的生产函数、两种可变生产要素的生产函数，即厂商作为经济人为实现利润最大化，应如何选择生产的合理投入区和最优的生产要素投入组合，掌握规模收益和生产扩张的途径。复习思考题：1．Inthecaseofonlyonevariablefactorofproduction,howtodetermineoptimalutilizationofthefactorsofproduction,whenachieveareasonableinvestmentintheproductionarea?Explainthereasonsforincreasingreturnstoscaleanddecreasingreturnstoscale.Pleasederivemarginalproductoflabor,marginalproductofcapital,marginalrateoftechnicalsubstitution,andreturnstoscaleforthefollowingproductionfunctions:Q=2L+8KQ=3L+5K+1Q=5LKQ=2L0.3K0.7Q=7L0.2K0.5Q=4L0.4K0.8AnalysisofCostsEconomicAnalysisofCostsTotalCost:FixedCost(FC)andVariableCost(VC)MarginalCost(MC)AverageCostTheLinkbetweenProductionandCostsChoiceofInputsbytheFirmEconomicCostsandBusinessAccountingTheIncomeStatement(收益表)，orStatementofProfitandLoss(损益表)TheBalanceSheetOpportunityCostProduction,CostTheory,andDecisionsoftheFirmTheLawofDiminishingMarginalProductLeast-CostFactorCombinationforaGivenOutput教学重点、难点：OpportunityCost;TheLinkbetweenProductionandCosts;totalrevenue,averagerevenueandmarginalrevenue;Equal-costline;Least-Costconditions课程的考核要求：通过本章的教学，旨在使学生熟练掌握厂商的生产成本与产量之间的关系，短期成本曲线、长期成本曲线，三种收益的关系、收益曲线，利润最大化均衡的条件，企业的行为。复习思考题：1．Afirm’sshort-runcostfunctionisgivenbyTC=20+5Q+2Q2,pleasederivethefirm’sshort-runmarginalcost,averagetotalcost,averagefixedcost,averagevariablecost.Showyourresultsgraphically.Overwhatregion(s)doesthefirmexperienceincreasingreturnstoscale?Overwhatregion(s)doesthefirmexperienceconstantreturnstoscale?Overwhatregion(s)doesthefirmexperiencedecreasingreturnstoscale?Whatisthefirm’sminimumefficientscale?MarketsTheorySupplyBehavioroftheCompetitiveFirmFactorsdeterminethemarkettypeKeyPointsforPerfectlyCompetitionSupplyDecisionofCompetitiveFirmShutdownPointSupplyBehaviorinCompetitiveIndustriesSummingAllFirms’SupplyCurvestoGetMarketSupplyShort-runandLong-runEquilibriumTheLong-runEquilibriuminAcompetitiveIndustryEfficiencyandEquityofCompetitiveMarketsEvaluatingtheMarketMechanismEfficiencyofCompetitiveEquilibriumEquilibriumwithManyConsumersandMarketsTheCentralRoleofMarginal-CostPricingPatternsofImperfectcompetitionDefinitionofImperfectcompetitionVarietiesofImperfectCompetitorsSourcesofImperfectCompetitorsMarginalRevenueandMonopolyTheConceptofMarginalRevenueProfitMaximizingConditionsTheMarginalPrinciple:LetBygonesBeBygonesBehaviorofImperfectCompetitorsFourKindsofMarketStructuresTheoriesofImperfectCompetitionPriceDiscrimination教学重点、难点：BehaviorofaCompetitiveFirm；CompetitiveSupplywhereMarginalCostequalsPrice;TotalCostandShutdownCondition;TheLong-runEquilibriuminAcompetitiveIndustry;EfficiencyandEquityofCompetitiveMarkets;DefinitionofImperfectcompetition；VarietiesofImperfectCompetitors;ProfitMaximizingConditions;MonopolyEquilibriumingraphs;Oligopoly;CournotModel;GameTheory课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，使学生熟练掌握厂商实现利润最大化的条件，三种不同市场上的厂商的长期、短期均衡、完全竞争厂商的供给曲线的获得，不同市场结构的条件，不同市场的均衡以及不同的市场结构对经济效率的影响，寡头市场上的博弈。复习思考题：．Pleasedescribetheshort-termandlong-termequilibriumbalanceofperfectlycompetitivemarket..Inaperfectlycompetitivemarket,thedemandfunctionisQd=3-PandthesupplyfunctionisQs=2P.Answerthefollowingquestions.Showyourresultsbothnumericallyandgraphically.Whatisthecompetitiveequilibrium?Whatistheconsumersurplus?Whatistheproducersurplus?Ifthegovernmentimposesataxof$0.5perunit,whatarethenewequilibriumquantityandprice?Whataretheconsumersurplusandproducersurpluswiththeabovetax?Whatisthedeadweightlosscausedbytheabovetax?3．Determinetheconsumersurplusandtheproducersurplusforthefollowingperfectlycompetitivemarket:Qd=17-2PandQs=4P-1Qd=15-5PandQs=5P-5Qd=10-4PandQs=2P-24．Pleasedrawagraphtoexplainmonopolist'sshort-runequilibriumandlong-runequilibrium.Inapuremonopolymarket,thedemandfunctionisQ=2-2Pandthemonopolist’scostfunctionisC=Q2.Answerthefollowingquestionsbothnumericallyandgraphically.Whatisthemarginalcostandmarginalrevenue?Whatisthesupplyfunction?Whatistheequilibriumquantityandpriceundermonopoly?Whatisthemaximumprofitforthemonopolist?Whataretheconsumersurplusandproducersurplus?Whatisthedeadweightloss?6．PleasebrieflydescribethemaincontentsandconclusionsoftheCournotmodel.Chapter6ProductiveFactorMarketsandIncomeDistributionIncomeandWealthInputPricingbyMarginalProductivityThenatureoffactordemandsDistributionTheoryandMarginalRevenueProductTheDemandforFactorsofProductionTheSupplyforFactorsofProductionAnInvisibleHandforIncome?FundamentalsofWageDeterminationTheGeneralWageLevelDemandforlaborTheSupplyoflaborWageDifferentialsLandandRentRentasReturntoFixedFactorsTaxingLandCapitalandInterestBasicconceptsPresentValueforAssetsProfitsTheTheoryofCapitalandInterestApplicationsofClassicalCapitalTheoryEmpiricalFindingsValedictoryThoughtsonFactorPrices,Efficiency,andDistribution3.3.ImproveEqualityWillHurtEfficiency教学重点、难点：InputPricingbyMarginalProductivity;FundamentalsofWageDetermination;LandandRent;CapitalandInterest;LorenzCurve;GiniCoefficient;Inequality课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握要素供给原则、买方和卖方垄断不同情况下的厂商对要素的需求，劳动供给曲线的特征、均衡工资的决定、土地的供给曲线、经济租金的决定、资本的供给曲线，掌握洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数，了解库兹涅茨的倒“U”字形假说复习思考题：1．Brieflyexplaintheprincipleshowtheperfectlycompetitivefirmsusetheproductivefactors.2．Brieflydescribethecharacteristicsofthelaborsupplycurve.Brieflydescribethedeterminantsofequilibriumwages.Brieflydescribethecharacteristicsofthelandsupplycurveandthedeterminantsofrent.Brieflydescribethecharacteristicsofthecapitalsupplycurveandthedeterminantsofequilibriuminterest.Chapter7GeneralEquilibriumandWelfareEconomicsTheEfficiencyofPerfectCompetitionPartialEquilibriumGeneralEquilibriumPositiveEconomicsvs.NormativeEconomicsJudgingEconomicEfficiencyParetoCriterionandParetoEfficiencyInequalityGinicoefficientTheSourcesofInequality教学重点、难点：partialequilibrium;generalequilibrium;Paretoefficiency;perfectcompetitionandParetoOptimal;TheEfficiencyofPerfectCompetition课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，旨在使学生熟练掌握局部均衡和一般均衡、经济效率、帕累托最优的概念，帕累托最优、帕累托最优条件的交换、生产以及交换与生产，掌握完全竞争与帕累托最优、经济效率与公平的关系。复习思考题：1．Whatisthedifferenceofpartialequilibriumandgeneralequilibrium?Whatistheconditionofgeneralequilibrium?Inaneconomy,whatarethenecessaryconditionstoachieveParetooptimalstate?MarketFailureandMicroeconomicPolicyDefinitionofMarketFailureCausesofMarketFailureMonopolyExternalityPublicGoodsandCommonResourcesAsymmetricInformationTheRoleofGovernment教学重点、难点：DefinitionofMarketFailure;CausesofMarketFailure;externalities;publicgoods;asymmetricinformationandmoralhazard;governmentfailure课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，旨在使学生熟练掌握市场失灵以及导致市场失灵的原因，熟练掌握垄断、外部性、公共物品、信息不对称对经济效率的影响。复习思考题：Explainthereasonsfortheexistenceofmarketfailure.Whatarethereasonsthatmarketfailurewillleadtoinefficientallocationofresources?MeasuringEconomicActivityGrossDomesticProductTwoMeasuresofNationalIncomeTheProblemof“DoubleCounting”ValueAddedDetailsoftheNationalAccountsRealvs.NominalGDPGDP,NDPandGNPCompositionofGDPBeyondtheNationalAccounts教学重点、难点：GDP;TwoMeasuresofNationalIncome;RealGDP;NominalGDP;InflationRate;FullEmployment、课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，旨在使学生掌握宏观经济学的研究对象、宏观经济模型和宏观经济学的研究方法。学生应熟练掌握国民收入核算的基本方法，国民收入的基本公式即投资储蓄恒等式，掌握名义GDP与实际GDP的区别。复习思考题：Whyinvestequalssavingsisthemacroeconomicequilibriumcondition?Intheshortterm,explainwhyincreaseconsumption,investment,governmentspendingandexportscanincreasenationalincome?Andincreasesavings,incometaxesandimportwillreduceincome?Howtounderstandthecomplementaryrelationshipbetweenprivatesavings,investment,governmentbudgetandforeigntradebetween?HowtounderstandthedifferencebetweennominalGDPandrealGDP?DeterminationofNationalIncomeConsumptionandSavingConsumption,IncomeandSavingTheMarginalPropensitytoConsumeTheMarginalPropensitytoSaveNationalConsumptionBehaviorInvestmentDeterminantsofInvestmentTheInvestmentDemandCurveTheBasicMultiplierModelOutputDeterminationwithSavingandInvestmentOutputDeterminedbyTotalExpendituresTheMultiplier教学重点、难点：Simpleincomedeterminationtheory;equilibriumoutput;Keynesianconsumptiontheory;thedeterminationofnationalincomeintwosectorseconomy;themultipliertheory;avarietyofmultipliers.课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握总需求、总产出、消费函数、乘数、两部门经济中的均衡产出决定模型、乘数发挥作用的条件。复习思考题：Usingthechangesininventoriesmechanismtodescribewhyactualoutputalwaystendstoparallelequilibriumoutputinaneconomy?HowtounderstandthebasicprinciplesofnationalincomedeterminationandADintheshortterm?Howtouseinvestmentequalssavingsidentitytoexplainthedeterminationofnationalincome?Whatistheroleofthemultiplier?Whataretheconditionsforthemultipliereffectofeconomicexpansion?Chapter11IS-LMAnalysisTheISCurveandFiscalPolicyFiscalPolicy:TheTransmissionMechanismCrowdingOutEffectTheLMCurveandMonetaryPolicyLiquidityTrapTheClassicalCase教学重点、难点：Investmentfunction;ISCurve;theDemandforMoney;MoneyDemandFunction;LMCurve;MoneySupply;MoneySupplyFunction;IS-LMModel;effectiveDemand;MEC课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握产品市场上怎样推导出IS曲线、货币需求、货币供给、货币市场下怎样推导出的LM曲线、IS—LM模型、均衡国名收入和利率是如何变动的以及有效需求理论。复习思考题：Whatistheproductmarketequilibriumcondition?HowistheIScurvederived?Whatistheroleandconditionsofthemoneymultipliermechanism?Whatisthemoneymarketequilibriumcondition?HowistheLMcurvederived??HowdidKeynesexplainthereasonsforinsufficienteffectivedemand?Whatishispolicyconclusion?Open-EconomyMacroeconomicsNetExportFunctionOpenEconomyISCurveOpenEconomyMultiplierTheBPCurveNetCapitalOutflowFunctionEquationoftheBPCurveMundell-FlemingModelFiscalPolicyunderFlexibleExchangeRateSystemMonetaryPolicyunderFlexibleExchangeRateSystemFiscalPolicyunderFixedExchangeRateSystemMonetaryPolicyunderFixedExchangeRateSystemTheTrilemma教学重点、难点：ExchangeRate;NetExportFunction;BalanceofInternationalPayments;ExchangeRateSystem;J-curveEffect;IS-LM-BPModel课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握汇率及其标价、汇率的决定、净出口函数、国际收支的平衡、汇率变动对国际收支的影响、IS-LM-BP模型、资本完全流动下的IS—LM—BP模型。复习思考题：Howtocalculatepurchasingpowerparity?WhyPPPcanonlydecidethelong-termmovementsintheexchangerate?Whatistheimpactofchangesintherealexchangerateonthebalanceofpayments?Howisthenetexportfunctionderived?Inanopeneconomy,whatisthedeterminationofequilibriumoutput?Whyopeneconomymultiplierissmallerthantheclosedeconomymultiplier?MonetaryandFiscalPoliciesFiscalPolicyintheMultiplierModelHowGovernmentFiscalPoliciesAffectOutputFiscalPolicyMultiplierMultipliersinActionCentralBankingandtheFederalReserveSystemTheFederalReserveSystemTheNutsandBoltsofMonetaryPolicyTheEffectsofMoneyonOutputandPricesTheMoneyMarketTheMonetaryTransmissionMechanismThePolicyMix教学重点、难点：ObjectivesofEconomicPolicies;ToolsofFiscalPolicy;ToolsofMonetaryPolicy;MonetaryPolicyMultiplier;FiscalPolicyMultiplier;SpilloverEffect课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握经济政策目标、财政的构成与财政政策工具、财政与货币政策内在稳定器、货币政策及其基本工具、财政政策与货币政策的乘数、财政政策和货币政策的传导过程以及溢出效应和回振效应。复习思考题：Whataretheobjectivesofeconomicpolicies?Whatarethetoolsofmonetaryandfiscalpolicies?Howtousethesetoolstointerveneintothemacroeconomicoperation?Whyistherethecrowding-outeffectwhenweuseexpansionaryfiscalpolicy?Howtounderstandtheinternationaltransmissionmechanismoffiscalandmonetarypolicies?AD-ASModelTheAggregateDemandscheduleFromIS-LMScheduletotheADscheduleTheformulaforADScheduleTheShiftsoftheADScheduleTheAggregateSupplyscheduleTheClassicalAggregateSupplyScheduleTheKeynesianAggregateSupplyScheduleFactorsAffectingASScheduleAD-ASModelandEconomicFluctuations教学重点、难点：ADCurve;ASCurve;DerivingtheAS