全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类）

全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类） 第一部分阅读理解(75分)

Passage1

Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威胁)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄烟),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(烟草),andsnuff(鼻烟).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall.

Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Tducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice.

Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonote,however,lionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing.

Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Aportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44.

Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingaperson'ssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday.

Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Tcationalgroups.Tcatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily.

Amongteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Hcationafterhighschool.Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke.

1.Menusetobaccomainlyin________formsinthepast.

○A.one

○B.two

○C.three

○D.four

2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan________.

○A.onehundredyearsago

○B.attheturnofthecentury

○C.intheeighteenseventies

○D.intheeighteencentury

3.IntheUnitedStates_______smokecigarettes.

○A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople

○B.aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople

○C.onlyoldpeople

○D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown-upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown-upwomen

4.Aman'ssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby________.

○A.hisincome

○B.cation

○C.hisoccupation

○D.alloftheabove

5.Children_________tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke.

○A.aremostlikely

○B.arelesslikely

○C.hate

○D.donotwant

Passage2

Manyofusbelievethataperson'smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病学)attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins(孪生儿),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.Jotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected.

However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,ellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik'sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell.

Iplainthattheirmemoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall"lossofmemory"isnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswheretheolderperson'smindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnotnecessarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotional(压抑的感情)state.

6.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik'sstudies,middle-agedandolderpersonswouldexpectto__________.

○A.rememberless

○B.reasonbetter

○C.learnfewernewthings

○D.ellectualability

7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis_________.

○A.common

○B.monthanmostpeoplebelieve

○C.monthanmostpeoplebelieve

○D.trueofthoseoversixty

8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat_________.

○A.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears

○B.theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeedwithwhichtoperformmentaltasks

○C.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadoncebeen

○D.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder

9.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesof"incompletelearning"except_________.

○A.poorhearing

○B.badeyesight

○C.lackofattention

○D.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings

10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof_________.

○A.alow-spiritedstate

○B.aworseningstateofhealth

○C.oldage

○D.nervoustension

Passage3

Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition(营养)wereknowntomen.Smonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi(脚气),andscurvy(坏血病).Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,aScottishdoctor,discoveredacureberiberi-wholerice.

ABritishscientistin1906showedthatcertainfoodscontainsubstancesimportanttothegrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.Intimethesesubstanceswerecalledvitamins,meaningessentialtolife.Todaythereare13knownvitamins.Tducesonlythreeofthem.

Vitaminsregulate(调节)oenergyandlivingtissues(组织).Eerferewiththefunctionofanother.Thecontinuedlackofonevitamincancauseavitaminlackdisease.

Thebestwayforahealthypersontogetvitaminsistoeatabalanceddiet.Eggs,milk,meat,vegetables,fruits,monsourcesofthenecessaryvarietyoffoods.

Vitaminshelptospeedupcertainchemicalreactionsinthebody.Thesereactionsareessentialforhealth.Withoutvitamins,thesereactionswouldoccurveryslowlyornotatall.

Td-essentialtogoodhealthandlife.

11.Menhaveknowaboutnutritionaldiseases__________.

○A.alongtime

○B.in18thcentury

○C.recently

○D.in1906

12.Beriberiisatypeof_________.

○A.food

○B.vitamin

○C.fruit

○D.disease

13.Ittakesscientists_______toknowhowmanyvitaminsthereare.

○A.alongtime

○B.afewyears

○C.ashorttime

○D.anumberofexperiments

14.Hduces__________kindsofvitamins.

○A.allkindsof

○B.five

○C.thirteen

○D.three

15.Eating_______isthebestwaytogetvitamins.

○A.fewthings

○B.vegetables

○C.fruits

○D.manykindsoffood

第二部分完成句子(25分)

根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。

Somepsychologists(心理学家)maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalone,butthatone'smusclesalsoparticipate(参加).Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithoutbodies.

Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthattomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicthatismoreorlessfamiliarwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecifically(具体地),somepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoaconcertontheradio,heistemptedtodirecttheorchestra(管弦乐队)eventhoughknowswheretodirecttheorchestraeventhoughheknowsthereisanableconductoronthejob.

Strangeasthisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentformmusicunlessheparticipates,sotospeak,initsperformance.Thelistener"feels"nouncedmotionsofhisbody.

Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipate(参加)cessofthinkinginthesameway,nounced.

16.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthinkingisperformednotonlybyone'sbrainbutalsoone's_________.

17.Tcessofthinkingandthatoflisteningaresimilarinthatmuscles________cesses.

18._________peopleareabletolistentofamiliarmusicwithoutmovingsomepartoftheirbody.

19.Bodymovementarenecessaryinorderforthelistenerto________themusicfully.

20.Accordingtothepassage,cessofthinkingisnotreadilya_______.

第三部分阅读理解(80分)

Passage1

Mostofusleadunhealthylives:wespendfartoomuchtimesittingdown.If,inaddition,wearecarelessaboutourdiets,ourbodiessoonbecomeflabby(不结实的)andsystemssluggish(缺乏活力的).Thentheguiltfeelingsstart:"Imustgoonadiet","Imusttrytoloseweight","Imustgetmorefreshairandexerciser","Imuststopsmoking","Imusttrytokeepfit."Therearesomeaspectsofourunhealthylivesthatwecannotavoid.Iamthinkingofsuchfeaturesofmodernurbanlifeaspollution,noise,rushedmealsandstress.Butkeepingfitisawaytominimise(减少到最低限度)theeffectsoftheseevils.

Theusualsuggestiontoapersonwhoislookingforawaytokeepfitistotakeupsomesportorother.Whileitistruethateveryweekendyouwillfindpeopleplayingfootballandtennisinthelocalpark,theyareoutnumbered(超过)ahundredtoonebythepeoplewhoaresimplywatchingthem.ItisanillusiontothinkthatyouwillgetfitbygoingtowatchthefootballmatcheverySaturday,unlessyoucounttheeffortrequiredtofightyourwaythroughoutthecrowdstogettothebestseats.

Fpetitive(竞争性的)sports,itisespeciallydifficulttodosoifyouarenotgoodatthem.Therearesuchactivitiesforonepersonascycling,walkingandswimming.Whatoftenhappens,though,isthatyoudotheminsuchaleisurelyway,soslowly,thatitisdoubtfulifyouaredoingyourselfmuchgood,apartfromthefactthatyouhaveatleastmanagedtogetupoutofyourarmchair.Ofcourseyoucanbeverythoroughaboutexercise.Manysportsshopsnowsellfrighteningpiecesofapparatus,chest-expandersandothermysteriousgadgets(小装置)ofshinyspringsteel,which,accordingtotheadvertisements,willbringyouuptoanOlympicstandardoffitness,grammeofexercises.Soimprobableshapes.

Itallstrikesmeasutterlyboringandalsotime-consuming.Somebodysuggestedrecentlythatallsucheffortwaspointlessanywaybecauseifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthe"jogging"inthefirstplace.Theargumentisfalseevenifthefactsarecorrect,outthereisnodoubtthatexerciseinitselfcanbeboring.

Evenafteryouhavefoundaroutineforkeepinginshape,throughsportorgymnastics,youarestillonlyhalfwaytogoodhealth,because,accordingtotheexperts,pletementalandphysicalrelaxation.Now,thisdoesnotmeansleepinginthearmchairofgoingdancing(whichisagoodformofexerciseinitself).Ithassomethingtodowithdeepbreathing,emptyingyourmindofallthoughts,worriesandsoon.

21.Ifyouwanttokeepfit,youshould__________.

○A.petitivesports,butalsosolitaryones

○B.goinfornotonlysports,butalsoenjoyyourrelaxation

○C.notputontoomuchweight

○D.notspendlonghourssittinginyourarmchair

22.ThelatterpartofthelastsentenceofPara.2("…unlessyoucounttheeffort…gettothebestseats.")suggeststhattheauthorthinksthat________.

○A.fightingyourwaythroughcrowdsisagoodexercise

○B.bestseatsaredifficulttosecure

○C.beingaspectatorisnotawaytokeepfit

○D.gettingthroughcrowdsisnotaneasyjob

23.Whichstatementreflectstheauthor'spointofviewonsolitarysports?

○A.Theydonotcontributemuchtoyourhealth.

○B.Theycanbedoneinaslowway.

○C.Tpetition.

○D.Theycanbedoneatanytimeandinanyplace.

24.InPara.4,theauthorquotes:"…ifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthe'jogging'inthefirstplace."Hethinksthatthestatementis_____________.

○A.partiallycorrect

○B.absolutelytrue

○C.untrue

○D.paradoxical

25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytogoodhealthinthearticle?

○A.Mentalandphysicalrelaxation.

○B.Competitiveandsolitarysports.

○C.Piecesofexerciseapparatus.

○D.Mountainclimbingoffresh-airbreathing.

Passage2

Whetheryoueattoliveorlivetoeat,foodshouldhelpkeepyouwell.Icessedandpreservedfoods,manynutritionists(营养学家)aresuggestingthatwecanstayhealthywithawell-balanceddietofplentyoffreshfruitsandvegetablesandnottoomuchredmeat,salt,orsugar.Infact,eatingnatural,unprocessedfoodsthataremadefromscratch,insteadofartificialandjunk(假的)foods,maynotonlykeepyouhealthy,butsaveyourmoney,too.

Tostayhealthy,youmustalsobecarefultoavoidfoodpoisoning,mon,unpleasant,andoftendangerousillnessthataffectsoneoutofeverysixAmericanseachyear.Foodpoisoningisoftencausedbysalmonellabacteria(沙门化菌)infood,ducts.Heatusuallykillsthebacteria,andrefrigerationkeepsthemfromgrowing.Soremembertokeephotfoodhotandcoldfoodcold.Also,besuretokeepyourhandsandcookingutensilscleansoyoudon'ttransfergermstothefoodwhileyouarepreparingit.

Ifyouusecannedfood,alwayscheckthecansforleaksorpuffiness.Apuffedcancouldmeanbotulism,afataltypeoffoodpoisoningthatyoucannotseeorsmell.Nevertasteanyfoodthatyoususpecthasspoiled.Instead,returnanydamagedcansorspoiledfoodtothegrocerystore,andthemanagerwillrefund(归还)yourmoney.Wcessedfoods,besuretoreadallthelabelsandchecktheingredientsandthefreshnessdatebeforeyoubuyoreatthefood.

Eatingisoneofthejoysoflife.Beingcarefulaboutwhatyouputinyourmouthcankeepitthatway.

26.Accordingtomostnutritionists,adietof_________isgoodforyou.

○A.redmeatandsweets

○B.artificialandjunkfoods

○C.freshfruitsandvegetables

○D.processedandpreservedfoods

27.Tostayhealthy,onemust___________.

○A.ducts

○B.avoidyourhandstouchingallfoods

○C.nottasteoutdatedcannedfood

○D.heatcoldfoodbeforeeating

28.Ifacanispuffy,itissuggestedinthepassageto___________.

○A.openitandtastealittletocheckit

○B.throwitawaytoavoidpoisoningotherfoods

○C.heatitsoastokillthebacteria

○D.returnittoitssellerforrepayment

29.Whatdoes"it"inthelastparagraphreferto?

○A.Life.

○B.Joy.

○C.Eating.

○D.Food.

30.Onthewhole,thepassagestronglysuggeststhat_________.

○A.naturalfoodishealthierthanartificialfood

○B.foodhelpskeeponehealthy

○C.cannedfoodmaybepoisoning

○D.one'spoorhealthisgenerallyaresultoffoodpoisoning

第四部分概括大意(20分)

给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或几个单词表示，空出的词已给出了第一个字母，请把其余字母补全。

31.D

Adultstwelveyearsoldandovertaketwoteaspoonfulsasneeded,nottoexceedfifteenteaspoonfulsperday.Childrensixyearsoldtotwelveyearsoldtakehalfoftheadultdosage,nottoexceedseventeaspoonfulsperday.

32.W

Donotadminister(用药)tochildrenundersixyearsoldortoindividualswithhighbloodpressure,heartdisease,ordisease,ordiabetes.Thispreparationmaycausesleepy.Donotdriveoroperatemachinerywhiletakingthismedicine.Chronic(长期的)coughisdangerous.Ifreliefdoesnotoccurwithinthreedays,discontinueuseandconsultyourphysician.

33.EofInformationbetweentheSensory(感观的)Neurons(神经)andtheBrain.

Trmedofwhatishappeningoutsideandinsidethebodythroughavarietyofsensorypick-upunitscalledreceptors.Someofthese,lyingatorneartheskinsurface,maybespeciallysensitivetotissuedamage(causingpain),orlightcontact(producingatouchsensation),orpressure,ortemperature,eitherhotorcold.Oensities,whilereceptorsrespondtocolor.Receptorsintheearrespondtominutevibrationscausedbysoundwavesstrikingtheeardrum.Oestines;estinescontractvigorouslybecauseofthepresenceofuncomfortablefoodorgas,thesereceptorstransmitsignalsofpain.Stillotherreceptorslodgedinthemuscles,fireoffsignalstothebrainanytimeamusclecontractsorajointmovesorissubjectedtoaddedpressureortension.

34.Cofafever;Feverisaconditioninwhichthebodytemperatureishighthannormal.Usuallythepresenceoffeverisduetoaninfection,thoughtherecanbemanyothercausessuchasmalignancies(恶性肿瘤)，braininjuries,poisoningreactions,reactionstovaccines,anddiseasesinvolvingthecentralnervoussystem.Sometimesemotionalactioncanbringonafever.

35.CoftheStomach;Cmoncancerofthedigestivetract.Itisoneoftheleadingcausesofdeath.

Thediseasetendstooccurintheagegroupsover40,andtothistypeofcancermalesaresomewhatmorelikelythanfemales.Inmanycasestheearlystageofgrowthofthecancerisusuallynotassociatedwithdefinitesymptoms.Bensitythatmakesthepatientseekmedicaladvice,anssuchastheliver.

第五部分阅读理解(120分)

Passage1

Whatcanyoudoifyousufferfrominsomnia?Twothings:youcaneatcertainfoodsthatwillhelpyoufallasleepandstayasleep,andyoucandocertainthingsthataresleep-inducing.HerearesomeguidelinesDr.Schwartzhasworkedoutafteryearsofresearch.

a.Ifyou'vehadabadnight'ssleep,don'tstayinbedlaterthenextmorning.

b.Don'tgotobedearlierthenextnight.Sticktoyourusualbedtimeandrisingpattern.

c.Don'tnapduringtheday.Napscutdownonnightsleep-time.

d.Neverlieawakeinbedandsleeplessness,thusreinforcingyourpoorsleepingpattern.

e.Whenyougetoutofbedafteranhourofsleeplessness,dosomething,butmakesureit'ssomethingdull.Readabookthatdoesn'erestyourmuch.NeverwatchTVorlistentotheradio.

f.Trysittingstillinachairinadarkenedroom;you'llbesurprisedhowfastyou'llgetsleepy.

g.Whenyouretireforthenight,don'tliethererehashing(重讲)themistakesoftheday.Noristhisthetimetoplanyournextday'sactivities-youmaybecometooanxiousorover-stimulated.

h.Getasmuchexerciseaspossible,preferablyearlyintheday.Exerciseisagreatsleepinducer.

i.Developabedtimeroutine:closingupthehouseandturningoutthelightsinacertainway,bathing,plumping(使鼓起)upthepillows.Sleepstudiesshowthatdoingthingsinsequence-inawaythattendstocalmandsooth-canhelpyouachieveagoodsleeppattern.

Aaketohelpyousleep,makesurethatyourdailydietisabalancedoneandhighintryptophan(色氯酸),anamino(氨基的)acidfoundincertainfoods.ThebodyconvertstryptophantoL-tryptophanandthentoserotomin,cess.Foodsrichintryptophanare:k,eggs,cheese,meat,andpeanuts,apples,bananas,cherries,driedprunes(梅脯),andwatermelon.Ifyouincludefoodshighintryptophaninyourdailydiet,oyourlife,thechancesaregoodthatyouwillachieveapatternofrestful,soothingsleep.

36.Lookoverthelistofguidelinesinparagraph1.WhichofthefollowingwouldDr.Sbablyapproveofdoingifyoucan'tsleep?

○A.Readanexcitingnovel.

○B.Gotobedatyourusualbedtime.

○C.Thinkaboutameetingyouhavetoattendtomorrow.

○D.Takeanapatlunchtime.

37.Inparagraph1,item,Dr.Schwartzimplies,butnotdirectlysaythat________.

○A.youshouldreadabookthatdoesn'erestyoumuch

○B.watchingTVerestingbookwillstimulateyouandkeepyouawake

○C.listeningtotheradiowillwakeupotherpeopleinyourhouse

○D.youshouldcountnumberssilently

38.Thethirdsentenceinparagraph2isalistoffoods,paragraph2_______.

○A.doesnotexplainwhythesefoodsarelistedhere

○B.saystoavoidthefoodlisted

○C.highlyrecommendsthatyoueatthefoodslisted

○D.saysthatthefoodslistedareverycheap

39.Thelastsentenceofparagraph2___________.

○A.ispessimisticaboutinsomnia

○B.isoptimisticaboutinsomnia

○C.containsexamplesoffoodhighintrpytophan

○D.summarizestheentirearticle

40.Thearticlemainlytellsus___________.

○A.whygotosleep

○B.causesofinsomnia

○C.waystodealwithinsomnia

○D.whatfoodscanhelpyousleep

Passage2

Flu(whichisshortforinfluenza)isahighlycontagiousdisease,anismknownasavirus.Severaltypesoffluarerecognized,dependingonthetypeofvirusthatcausesthedisease.

Whenpeoplecatchflu,plainofaheadacheorasorethroat.Theyusuallyhaveafeverandtheirtemperaturerisesfromthenormal37C(98.6F)toabout39.5C(103F).Sometimesapersonhasadryhacking(猛烈地干咳)coughandachingjoints.

Todaymanydoctorsprescribedrugsthatfightthedisease.Andscientistshavealsodevelopedvaccines(疫苗)thathelptopreventit.Ipertreatment,pleterestinbed,thevirusisnormallybeatenwithinaweektotendays.

Howdoesfluspreadsoquickly?Whentheinfectedpersonbreathesout,sneezesorcoughs,hegivesoutdroplets(飞沫)ofmoistureinthebreathfromhismouthornose.Theseremainintheairforsometime.Fluvirusesarepresentinthesedroplets.Ifapersonsneezesinacrowedorpoorlyventilatedplace,suchasalift,virusescaneasilybecarriedfromaninfectedpersontoahealthyperson.Thisisknownasdropletinfection.Thehealthypersonwillbreatheinthevirusesgivenoutbytheinfectedperson.

Fplicationsinbreathing,andgeneralinfectionofthelung.Withelderlyandweakpeople,plicationsoftenyieldseriousresults.Thevirus,perlytreated,canweakenthebodysothatpatientmaydevelopmoreseriousillnesses,suchaspneumonia(肺炎)andbronchitis(支气管炎).

Therearethreemaintypesofvirusthatcauseflu,whicharecalledtypeA,BandC.typeAisthemostpowerfulofthethree,andundergoesminorchangesinitsgeneticmaterialeveryfewyears.Thenewformofthevirusiscalledastrain(菌株).Thenewstrainisnotaffectedbythecurrentvaccines.Itissaidtobe"resistant"tothem.Sbatthenewstrainsofvirus.

41.Thetypesoffluvarywith__________.

○A.anism

○B.theportalofentry

○C.aninvolved

○D.thepathogenicagents

42.Todayvaccineshavebeendevelopedandusedfor_______purposes.

○A.curative

○B.preventive

○C.therapeutic

○D.diagnostic

43.Thetransmittingmediumforfluis__________.

○A.air

○B.food

○C.water

○D.amosquito

44.Fluismorelikelytoaffect___________.

○A.theyoung

○B.theadults

○C.theelderly

○D.thenew-borninfants

45.Tplicationoffluis__________.

○A.bronchitis

○B.inflammationofthelungs

○C.emphysema

○D.sinusitis

第六部分完形填空(30分)

根据短文在空白处填上适当的单词，该单词的第一个字母已经给出。

Messagesinyourbodyarecarriedbyn_____46____.Eachnerveismadeupofthousandsofnervecells.Eingf47itscell.Onenervepassesamessageitr48toanothernerveacrosstheendsofthefibers.

Messagesarecarriedfromthearmsandlegs,also.Supposethatyout49somethinghot.Evenbeforeyouexclaim"Ouch!"yourfingerpullsb50.Anerveinyourfingerconnectsw51anothernervethattransfersthemessagetoathirdone.Thisthirdneverendi52themusclesinyourfinger.Themusclespullbackyourfinger,andpreventsat53.If55onenervetoanother. 全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类） -论坛登录-

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【我来说几句】【我要投稿】【推荐给好友】【字体：大中小】【打印】【关闭】 (会员：yuloo投稿) 第一部分阅读理解(75分)

Passage1

Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威胁)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄烟),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(烟草),andsnuff(鼻烟).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall.

Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Tducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice.

Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonote,however,lionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing.

Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Aportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44.

Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingaperson'ssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday.

Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Tcationalgroups.Tcatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily.

Amongteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Hcationafterhighschool.Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke.

1.Menusetobaccomainlyin________formsinthepast.

○A.one

○B.two

○C.three

○D.four

2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan________.

○A.onehundredyearsago

○B.attheturnofthecentury

○C.intheeighteenseventies

○D.intheeighteencentury

3.IntheUnitedStates_______smokecigarettes.

○A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople

○B.aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople

○C.onlyoldpeople

○D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown-upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown-upwomen

4.Aman'ssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby________.

○A.hisincome

○B.cation

○C.hisoccupation

○D.alloftheabove

5.Children_________tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke.

○A.aremostlikely

○B.arelesslikely

○C.hate

○D.donotwant

Passage2

Manyofusbelievethataperson'smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病学)attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins(孪生儿),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.Jotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected.

However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,