第十一章 并列从句和状语从句

第十一章并列从句和状语从句第十一章并列从句和状语从句/第十一章并列从句和状语从句第十一章并列从句和状语从句一、并列连词1.表示并列关系常用来表示并列、递进关系的并列连词有。and,both...and...，neither...not...，notonly...but(also)...,aswellas等。（1）and常用来连接两个词(组)或句子。连接3个或3个以上的成分时，一般置于最后一个成分前，前面的并列成分用逗号隔开。△Thetrainwascomfortableandthepeoplewerenice.(2)both...and…表示“不但……而且……”。既可以连接单词也可连接短语，连接两个并列成分作主语，谓语动词用复数。△WegoingtoflybothtoMiamiandtChicago.（3）only...but(also)…表示“不仅而且”。also有时可省略，或与but分开用。△Weoughttorespectnotonlyourownliberty,butalsothatofothers.(4)neither...nor...表示“既不也不”，是对两者的全部否定。△Accordingtomyresearch,neitheryourreslaurantnormineoffersabalanceddiet.注：notonly..butalso..和neither...nor…连接两个成分作主语，谓语动词与最部近的主语一致2.表示转折关系常用来表示转折关系的并列连词有but,yet,while,whereas等。yet有时可用andyet/butyet表示;while。侧重两种情况或事物之间的对比。△Heisagoodcomposer,buthehastaughtmenothing.△Happinessnotbethefruitpluckedbymyaction,yetwithoutactionallfruitwilldieonthevine.△Norwayisatthetopofthelist,whiletheUSisatnumber7.3.表示选择关系表示选择关系的并列连词有or,not…but...“不是……而是”“either...or...”或者……或者……”，。:else“否则”等。△Seizethechance,aryou'llregret.(=Ifyoudon’tseizethechance,you'llregret.)△Itisoftensaidthatthejoyoftravellingisnotinarrivingatyoudestinationbutinthejourneyitself.注:and,or常用于“祈使句+and/or+简单句”句型中，and表示语义上的递进，or表示语义上的转折。在意义上相当于一个含有条件状语从句的复合句。4.表示因果关系表示因果关系的并列连词有so,for等。so后所接的句子表示结果。for后的分句通常表示一种推断性的原因，是对前一分句的补充。△Theroadofgloryisnarrow,soonecanonlygoforward.△Welistenedeagerly,forhebroughtnewsofourfamilies.5.并列连词whenwhen作并列连词时，常意为“这时，那时”，多用于下列句:doingsth.when...;sb.wasabouttodo/goingtodo/onthepointofdoingsth.when...;sb.hadjustdonesth.等。△Wewereabouttosetoffwhenitsuddenlybegantorain.二、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词有when,while,as,before,after,until,assoonas,since,themoment,instantly,once等。1.when,while,as(1)when引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词既可以是延续性的也可以是非延续性的。表示主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动词先于主句动作发生。△Thefireflygivesoffitslightonlywhenitisonthewing.(2)while强调主从句的行为或状态同时发生或存在，从用延续性动词或表示状态的动词。△Thetortoisewinstheracewhilethehareissleeping.(3)as多用于主句和从句动作同时发生，意为“正当，一边一边”。△AsIhaveBrownolderIhavealsogownsmaller.2.till/untiltill/until引导时间状语从句时，若主句的谓语动词时延续性的动词，主句常用肯定形式；若主句的谓语动词时非延续性的动词，主句常用否定形式。not...until...意为“知道才”。△I'llwaityouhereuntilyoucomeback.△Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.3.beforebefore引导时间状语从句时，常用语“Itwill/would(not)be+一段时间+before...”句型中，其肯定句意为“多长时间后才”；否定句意为“用不了多长时间久”。before还可表示“还未来得及;还没有……”，强调主句动作先于从句动作发生。△HehadgotonthetrainbeforeIcouldsaygoodbye.△I'msorryyou'vebeenwaitingsolong,butit'llstillbesometimebeforeBriangetsback.4.sincesince用于“Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since从句”句式中，意从……有多长时间了”。从句谓语是延续性动词时，表示该动作或状态的终止;是终止性动词时，表示该动作开始。△Itis/hasbeensixyearssinceshegraduatedfromtheuniversity.△Hehasgonefishingfrequentlysincehewasill.表示此意义的连词主要有assoonas,immediately及起连词作用的名词短语themoment,theinstant等，其引导的从句常表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即发生。△Assoonashearrives,I'lltellhim.△AssoonasIheadmyalarmclock,Ijumpedoutofmybed.三、条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if,unless,solongas,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing(that)等。unless与if...not常可互换，unless。语气较强。在unless引导的从句中，谓语动词不能用否定式。△Studentsneedahighschooldiplomaiftheywanttogotocollege.△Noonebecomesrichunlessheenrichesanother.Aslongasthefilm'squalitymeetsourstandards,weincludeit.四、地点状语从句常用where,wherever引导地点状语从句。△Janestoppedwhereasmallcrowdofmenhadgathered.△Bringyourownsunshinewhereveryougo.注：where引导定语从句与状语从句时的区别where引导导定语从句时，从句前有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，而状语从句前没有。△You'dbettermakeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestions.(定语从句)△You'dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions(状语从句)五、原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词主要有because,as,when,since,inthat,nowthat,forthereasonthat等。△I'mtryingtoloseweightbecauseI’msoashamedofmybody.△Since"lifeisastage",weareactuallyallactorsandactresses.△Nowthathehasbeensorudetous,Ifeellikewehavetopunishhim.注：because,since,as的用法区别because表示直接原因，语气最强，常用来回答why的提问，可放于主句之前或之后。since表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，语气比because稍弱放在主句之前。六、让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词有although,though,evenif/though,whether...or(not)…,whatever,nomatterwhat/how/who等。1.although/thoughalthough与though意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet,still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。△Although/Thoughitwasraininghard,yettheywentonplayingfootball.2.eventhough,evenif这两个短语表示语气更强的让步，意为“即使”。△Sheinsistedonherownopinioneventhough/ifshewaswrong.3.asas引导的让步状语从句必须是以部分倒装的形式出现，从句中的表语、状语或谓语部分的实意动词要前置到句首。若作表语的名词前有冠词，需要去掉冠词。有时though也可以这样用。△MuchasIlikeit,Iwon'tbuyit,forit’stooexpensive.△Childas/thoughhewas,hewasabletostandonhisownfeet.4.whilewhile所引导的让步状语从句通常位于主句之前。△WhileIamwillingtohelpyou,Idonothaveenoughtime.5.“疑问词-ever”类词“疑问词-ever”类词引导让步状语从句时常可换成“nomatter+相应的疑问词”。△However/Nomatterhowdifferentwemayappeartobefirst,weareallthesame,allequal.△Everyonewillbegivenatelephonenumberatbirththatwillneverchangenomaterwheretheylive.注："nomatter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。而”疑问代词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。△Whoeverwantstogocanwriteyournamedownhere.(Whoever不可替换成Nomatterwho）6.whether...or(not)...whether...or(not)...意为“不管，还是”，引导包含选择范围的让步状语从句。△You'llhavetoattendtheceremonywhetheryou'refreeorbusy.七、目的状语从句1.inorderthat,sothat两个连词都意为“以便……，为了……”，引导的状语从句中需用can,may等情态动词，inorderthat比sothat正式，引导状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而sothat引导的从句只能置于主句之后△Inorderthatwemightseethesunrise,westartedforthepeakearly.△Bellwantedtoimproveitsothatitcouldsendseveralmessagesatthesametime.2.forfearthat,incase,lest这三个连词意为“以防，唯恐”，引导的目的状语从句中的谓语动词用“（should+）动词原形”。△Theboyhidhimselfbehindthetreeincase/forfearthat/lesthisfathershouldseehim.八、结果状语从句so/such...that...表示“如此……以至于…”so修饰形容词或副词，such修饰名词，that引出结果状语从句。△Twainlovedtheriversomuchthatevenhispennameisabouttheriver.△TherewassuchaterriblesnowstormthatIcouldhardlysee.注：(1)当such后是单数可数名词且该名词前有形容词修饰时，so与such可以互换，即“such+a(n)+形容词+单数可数名词”可以换成“so+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词”。（2)sothat既可以引导目的状语从句，也可引导结果状语从句。但在结果状语从句中，一般不用may,can等情态动词。九、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词有as,asif/though。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中asif/though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但若句中的内容与事实相符或实现的可能性较大，也可用陈述语气。△Alwaysdototheothersyouwouldbedoneby.△Irememberitasifitwereyesterday.基础闯关1.It'sreallyverydangerous,onemorestep______thebabywillfallintothewell.A.orB.soC.butD.and2.Marrydoeseverysinglebitofhousework______herhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesattimes.A.sinceB.whileC.beforeD.as3.Sheopenedhereyeswithastartandwasabouttocryout_______sheherdherfatherurgentlytellinghertokeepquiet.A.whileB.whenC.beforeD.after4.—Didyoubuythedressyesterday？—No.______Ilikedthecolor,Ididn’tlikeitsstyle.A.SinceB.IfC.WhileD.As5.Docomeheretomorrow______we,asplanned,willenjoythewonderfulotherwiseperformancetogether.A.otherwiseB.orC.andD.therefore6.—Howareyougoingalltheseyears,Mary？—Nothingnew.Everythingisgoingon______itwasyearsago.A.asB.whileC.whenD.since7.Peaceanddevelopmentremainthepermanentthemesofourtimes,______theworldweliveinisanythingbutquiet.A.andB.ifC.soD.but8.Mysuitcasebecamedamagedonthejourneyhome,______thelidwouldnotstayclosed.A.sothatB.incaseC.evenifD.nowthat9.—Whydidn’tyoutrytofinishthecomposition？—Itriedto,but______Icould,thebellrangannouncingtheendoftheexaminationtime.A.untilB.whenC.beforeD.afterl0.Attheageof10,Phyllispickedupdanceclass,______shehadbeentoldthatdancedidn’tsuither.A.afterB.whenC.althoughD.until11.Ithinkyoushouldcomplain______,ofcourse,youarehappywiththewaythingsare.A.ifB.unlessC.forD.because12.Thedogrushedtothenearestvillage______itcouldgetsomeonetohelphisdyingownerthere.A.ifB.unlessC.thoughD.sothat13.—Willyoutwogototheexhibitiontomorrow?—No.We’regoingshopping.______atleastweareplanningto.A.AndB.OrC.ButD.So14.—Shallwestopforlunch______driveon?—Let’sstopforlunch,butthedrivercan’tdrink______drive.A.and;andB.or;orC.and;orD.or;and15.Whatwehavebeendoingmaynotdousanygood,but______itwillbenefitusorothers,we'llstickitout.A.nomatterB.whetherC.howeverD.unless16.Howcanyoukeepfit______yousmokesomuch?A.unlessB.whileC.whenD.evenif17.Wemusthelphimwithhislessons______hewon'tbeabletopasstheexam.A.andB.butC.orD.so18.Itis______fineweather______thechildrenareplayingoutside.A.sucha;thatB.such;thatC.such;asD.so;that19.—Hi,Liz.CouldIhaveawordwithyou?—Sorry,I’mrunninglate,______I'lltalktoyoulater.A.soB.whileC.orD.for20.______you'vegotachance,youmightaswellmakefullmakefulluseofit.A.NowthatB.AfterC.AlthoughD.Assoonas21.Severalweekshadgoneby______Irealizedthepaintingwasmissing.A.asB.beforeC.sinceD.when22.______shewenttoAmerica,herparentshavenotheardfromher.A.BecauseB.AfterC.WhenD.Since23.Whydoyouwantanewjob,______you’vegotsuchagoodonealready?A.thatB.whileC.ifD.when24.Accordingtotheregulationsofthecompany,youmustn'taskforleave______youhaveadoctor’sdiagnosednote.A.unlessB.nowthatC.becauseD.oncondition25.Iwon'tgiveyousuchhelp______youtellmethetruth.It'sbeyondmyability.A.whenB.sinceC.ifD.evenif26.______heispleasedwithhissuccess,Robertwonderswhatwillhappentohisprivatelife.A.AsB.IfC.WhenD.Although27.Wheneverwegoforawalk,wewilltakesomemoneywithus______wecomeacrosssomethingthatwelike.A.sothatB.incaseC.asifD.eventhough28.It'simportantforspeciesatrisktogainattention______itbecomestoolatetosavethem.A.untilB.whenC.sinceD.before29.Itreallyseemedages______thepolicecameonthesceneandclearedawaythedamagedcars.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.as30.—Mom!I’dliketogooutridingwithJack.—Whynotstayathome________theroadissoslipperyaftertherain?A.asifB.eventhoughC.sothatD.nowthat31.______youcallmetosayyou’renotattendingmybirthdayparty,I’llseeyouatit.A.WhetherB.ThoughC.UntilD.Unless32.—MayIgoandplaywithmyfriendthisafternoon,Dad?—No,youcan’tgoout______yourworkisbeingdone.A.themomentB.untilC.asD.although33.Somuchwaterhasbeenwasted______thesupplyofwaterisbecomingdifficult.A:whenB.whatC.thatD.which34.一Hasn’tthethiefadmittedhiscrimebynow?—No,______questionedmanytimes.A.ifB.thoughC.unlessD.once35.Webookedroomsatthehotels______weshouldfindnovacanciesonourarrival.A.wheneverB.ifC.sinceD.incase36.Hetalks______heknewallaboutit.A.evenifB.thoughC.asthoughD.eventhough37.Weneedtothinkoutsideofbox______wearetocomeupwithsomethingreallynew.A.sothatB.aslongasC.onceD.if38.Unreasonable_______,itturnedouttobeeffective.A.whilesoundedtheplanB.thoughtheplansoundedC.theplansoundedalthoughD.soundedtheplanevenif39.Jennywasholidayingwithherfamilyinthecountryside______shewasbittenonthelegbyadog.A.whileB.asC.whenD.before40.Jimisanhonestman;Isayit,______Idisagreewithhim.A.asifB.sothatC.eventhoughD.incase易错专练1.______,heknowsquitealotaboutfootballcanimagine!A.AsheisachildB.ChildasheisC.AsachildD.Achildasheis2.Thisphotoofminewastaken______stoodthefamousEiffelTower.A.whichB.inwhichC.whereD.there3.一It’salongtime______Isawyoulast.—Yes,andwhatapity!Itwillbealongtime______weseeeachotheragain.A.since;beforeB.when;whenC.since;whenD.before;since4.—Whenshallwegoplantingtreesinthehill?—______itbeginstorain,sotheydon’tneedwatering.A.NotuntilB.WhileC.TillD.Unless5.Fatherwas______busyinworking______heoftenforgotrestormeals.A.very;thatB.so;thatC.such;thatD.enough;to6.Becauseofth