2024年英语专四阅读训练

阅讀技巧及应试方略常用阅讀技巧及运用范例阅讀理解是一种复杂的感知和理解語言的過程，但這并不意味著其無章可循。心理學、心理語言學、认知科學等學科的研究成果表明，理解的過程实际上就是我們将新信息与大脑中已經有的认知构造互相匹配、互相作用的過程(被称為“解码”)。阅讀者将新信息与已知信息建立联络，進行判断、猜测、思索，最终到达理解的目的。阅讀者對有关的知识和經验掌握得越多，理解起来就會变得越轻松。因此，阅讀的過程实际上是一种形式上由细节到把握總体思想，内容上由總体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理過程，两者缺一不可。与之相對应的阅讀常用技巧与环节即可分為浏览试題、略讀(skimming)、扫讀(scanning)以及回查等几种，下面分别加以简介。一、浏览试題以明确目的在進行阅讀之前，首先浏览短文背面的试題。在看完SectionA选择題的題干和四個选项以及SectionB简答題的題干後，分析掌握每個试題考察的内容和題型(推理題、细节題、主旨題等)，以便带著問題有目的地阅讀短文，根据對应的解題技巧從中寻找對的答案，例如下面這道真題：85．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Publicspeakingininternationalforums.B.Publicspeakingindailylifecontext.C.Themanyusesofpublicspeaking.D.Therulesofpublicspeaking.通過浏览此題，可以明显看出此題属于主旨題，需要考生重點关注短文的前几段中對主題的描述与阐明，從而把握作者通篇所体現的观點和所持的态度。TheartofpublicspeakingbeganinancientGreeceover2,000yearsago.Now,twitter,instantmessaging,e—mail,blogsandchatforumsofferrivalapproachestocommunication--butnonecanreplacetheroleofagreatspeech.Thespokenwordcanhandlevariousvitalfunctions:persuadingorinspiring,informing,payingtribute,entertaining,orsimplyintroducingsomeoneorsomethingoracceptingsomething.Overthepastyear,thehumanvoicehashelpedguideUSovertheupsanddownsofwhatwascertainlyastormytime.Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview.WhentheleadersmetinCopenhageninDecember,persuasivewordsfromactivistsencouragedthemtocommitthemselvestofirmeraction.Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions.Theyfocusontopicsandmattersthatareclosetopeople’shearts．Duringwars,generalsusedinspiringspeechestopreparethetroopsforbattle.Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus.Theinformationmustbeclear,accurate,andexpressedinameaningfulandinterestingway.WhentheH1N1pandemic(流行病)wasannounced,theideaof“swineflu”(猪流感)scaredmanypeople.InformativespeechesfromWorldHealthOrganizationofficialshelpedpeopletokeeptheirpanicundercontrolsotheycouldtakesensibleprecautions.Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeechthatpaystributetothelossofalovedoneandgivespraisefortheircontributioncanbecomforting.Madonna’sspeechaboutMichaelJackson,afterhisdeath,highlightedthefactthathewillcontinuetoliveonthroughhismusic.It’snotonlyinworldforumswherepublicspeakingplaysanimportantrole.Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives.Ifyou'retakingpartinadebateyouneedtopersuadethelistenersofthesoundnessofyourargument.Insports,athletesknowtheimportanceofapeptalk(鼓舞士气的发言)beforeamatchtoinspireteammates.Youyourselfmaybeaskedtodoapresentationatcollegeorworktoinformtheothersaboutanareaofvitalimportance.Onamorepersonallevel,afriendmaybeupsetandneedcomforting.Oryoumightbeaskedtointroduceaspeakeratafamilyeventortospeakatawedding,whereyourlanguagewillbeneededtomovepeopleormakethemlaugh.Greatspeakingabilityisnotsomethingwe’rebornwith.EvenBarackObamaworkshardtoperfecteveryspeech.Forabrilliantspeech,therearerulesthatyoucanputtogooduse．Tolearnthoserolesyouhavetopracticeandlearnfromsomeoutstandingspeechesinthepast.解題點拨：在第一、二段提出本文主旨後，作者就逐一简介publicspeaking的重要作用：Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview；Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions；Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus；Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeech…；Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives．由此可知，C可以概括全文主旨，故為對的答案。二、通過略讀（skimming）全文以掌握主旨略讀(skimming)又称“跳讀”(readingandskipping)或“浏览”(glancing)，是一种专门的、非常实用的迅速阅讀措施，其重要特性是有选择性地阅讀，其目的有二：一是以尽量快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文体，掌握构造(假如是记叙文，就要理解故事发生的時间、地點、背景和人物活動等重要线索；假如是论述文，就要弄清文章的中心论點及论述内容)。换句话說，略讀规定讀者有选择性地進行阅讀，跳過某些细节，以抓住文章的大意，從而加紧阅讀速度。其详细做法如下：(1)运用印刷细节，如文章的標題、副標題、小標題、斜体詞、黑体詞、標點符号等，對文章進行预测，從而理解作者的思绪、行文模式，以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其互相间的关系。(2)重點关注文章開頭，力争抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作風格、口吻或語气等。(3)阅讀段落的主題句和結论句。抓住主題句，略去细节不讀，以求提高速度=段落過長時可合适阅讀其中某一到两行，以强化理解。(4)注意转折詞和序列詞等起衔接作用的標志詞。下面以一篇英語阅讀短文為例来阐明略讀的妙用：如下文章只需阅讀画线的部分即可，其他细节可略去不讀。Therearesuperstitionsattachedtonumbers;eventhoseancientGreeksbelievedthatallnumbersandtheirmultipleshadsomemysticalsignificance．Thosenumbersbetween1and13wereinparticulartohaveapowerfulinfluenceovertheaffairsofmen.Forexample,itiscommonlysaidthatluck,goodorbad,comesinthree:ifanaccidenthappens,twomoreofthesamekindmaybeexpectsoonafterwards.Thearrivalofaletterwillbefollowedbytwootherswithinacertainperiod.Anotherbeliefinvolvingthenumberthreehasitthatitisunluckytolightthreecigarettesfromtheonematch.Ifthishappens,thebadluckthatgoeswiththedeedfallsuponthepersonwhosecigarettewasthelasttobelit.Theill-omenlinkedtothelightingofthreethingsfromonematchorcandlegoesbacktoatleastthe17thcenturyandprobablyearlier.Itwasbelievedthatthreecandlesalightatthesametimewouldbesuretobringbadluck;one,two,orfour,werepermissible,butneverjustthree.Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.Theancientastrologersbelievedthattheuniversewasgovernedbysevenplants;studentsofShakespearewillrecallthatthelifeofmanwasdividedintosevenages.Sevenhorseshoesnailedtoahorsewillprotectitfromallevil.Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumberbecauseitistheproductofthreetimesthree.ItwasmuchusedbytheAnglo-Saxonsintheircharmsforhealing.Anotherbeliefwasthatgreatchangesoccurredevery7thand9thofaman’slife.Consequently,theageof63(theproductofnineandseven)wasthoughttobeaveryperiloustimeforhim.Ifhesurvivedhis63rdyearhemighthopetolivetoaripeoldage.Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.Thecommonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.Thisbeingtheeveofhisbetrayal,itisnotdifficulttounderstandthesignificancegiventothenumberbytheearlyChristians.Inmoderntimes13isanespeciallyunluckynumberofadinnerparty,forexample.Hotelswillavoidnumberingafloorthe13th;theprogressionisfrom12to14,andnoroomisgiventhenumber13.Manyhomeownerswilluse121/2insteadof13astheirhousenumber.Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.解題點拨：通過略讀各段的主題句可知，本文重要讲诉数字与迷信。全文為“總-分-總”构造，第一段指出中心议題“数字被赋予了迷信的含义”，下文各段举例阐明某些数字的迷信含义，最终一段表明作者的态度。文章後的題目為：Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinggroupsofnumberswillcertainlybringgoodlucktopeople?A.3and7B.3and9C.7and9D.3and13解析：选C。通過略讀第五、六段的開頭句Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.和Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumber...便可得出對的答案為C。Theillluckassociatedwith13issupposedtohaveitsoriginin.legendB.religionC.popularbeliefD.certaincustoms解析：选B。通過略讀第八段的Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.和第九段的Thecommonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.便可得知B為對的答案。Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardspeople’ssuperstitiousbeliefs?Heismildlycritical.B.Heisstronglycritical.C.Heisinfavorofthem.D.Hisattitudeisnotclear.解析：选A。略讀全文最终一段Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.即可知，作者的态度為A。通過扫讀（scanning）定位以获取特定、关键信息扫讀（scanning）又称“寻讀”或“查讀”，同略讀同样是一种迅速阅讀技巧。它是一种從大量的资料中迅速查找某一种详细事实或某一种特定信息，如人物、事件、地點、数字等，而對其他不有关内容略去不讀的迅速阅讀措施。运用這种措施，讀者就能在最短的時间内略過尽量多的阅讀材料，找到所需要的信息。這种措施一般可应用于事实3细节題的查找中。作為一种迅速寻找信息的阅讀技巧，扫讀既规定速度，又规定精确。详细地說，扫讀带有明确的目的性，有针對性地选择問題的答案。因此，可以把整段的文字直接映入大脑中，不必逐字逐句過目。视线在阅讀材料上擦過時，一旦发既有关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘录下来，從而既保证扫讀的速度，又做到精确無误。扫讀与略讀不一样。略讀時，讀者事先對材料一無所知；而扫讀则是讀者在略讀之後，根据已知的文章大意与构造，按照題目规定确定所需特定、关键信息的位置，從而找到對的答案。例如，英語专业四级考试中曾出現過這样一道題：Accordingtothepassage,“...springcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp”meansthatspringcleaning.isnolongeraneasypracticetounderstandisnolongerpartofmodernfamilyliferequiresmorefamilymemberstobeinvolvedcallsformorecomplicatedskillsandknowledge原文如下：IknowwhenIknowwhenthesnowmeltsandthefirstrobins(知更鳥)cometocall,whenthelaughterofchildrenreturnstotheparksandplaygrounds,somethingwonderfulisabouttohappen.Springcleaning.I’lladmitspringcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp.Today’sbusyfamilieshardlyhavetimetoloadthedishwasher,muchlesscleanthedoormat.AskingthefamilytospendtheweekendcollectingwinterdogpilesfromthemeltingsnowinthebackyardislikeannouncingtherewillbenomoreWi-Fi.Itinterruptsthenaturalorder.“Honey,whatsaywespendtheweekendbeatingtherugs,sortingthroughtheboxesinthebasementandpaintingourbedroomanicelemonyyellow?”Isay.“CanweatleastwaituntiltheNBAmatchesareover?”myhusbandanswers.ButItellmyfamily,springcleaningcan’twait.ThetemperaturehasrisenjustenoughtomeltsnowbutnotenoughforLittleLeaguepracticetostart.Someflowersarepeekingoutofthethawingground,butthereisnolawntoseed,norgardentotend.Newlywakenedfromourwinter’shibernation(冬眠),yetstillneedingextrablanketsatnight,weopenourwindowstothefirstfreshairfloatingonthebreezeandallofthenaturalworlddemanding“Awakeandbeclean!”Biologistsofferatheoryaboutthisprimalimpulsetocleanouteverydrawerandclosetinthehouseatspring’sfirstlight,whichhastodowithmelatonin,thesleepytimehormone(激素)ourbodiesproducewhenit’sdark.Whenspring’slightcomes,themelatonindiminishes,andsuddenlyweareawakenedtothedusty,virus-filledhousewe’vebeenhibernatinginforfourmonths.Itellmyfamilyaboutthescienceandpsychologyofagoodhealthycleaningatspring’sarrival.Ispeaktothemaboutlife’sgreatestrewardswaitingintheremovalofsoapscumfromthebathtub,whichhasn’tbeenproperlycleanedsincethefirstsnowfall.“I’lldoit,”saystheeldestchild,a21-year-oldcollegestudentwholivesathome.“Youwill?Wow!”Iexclaim.Maybeafteralltheseyears,he’sfinallygraspedtheconcept.Maybehe’sexpressinghisrightfulpositionaseldestchildandrolemodel.Ormaybehe’sgoingtoFloridaforabreakinacoupleofweeksandhe’sbeingnicetomewhoisthefinancial-aidofficer.Nomatter.Seeingmyadultsonwillinglycleaningthatdirtybathtubgivesmehopeforthefutureofhis12-year-oldbrotherwho,insteadofworking,isfoundtobesleepingintheseatofthewindowheissupposedtobecleaning.“Awakeandbeclean!”Isay.解題點拨：在通讀全文的基础上，考生通過扫讀可知，本文重要談论現代家庭看待春季大扫除的态度以及作者自已家一次大扫除的過程。扫讀後可将題干中的“...springcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp”定位到文章第三段第一句，然後再细讀背面的句子Today’sbusyfamilieshardlyhavetimetoloadthedishwasher,muchlesscleanthedoormat.AskingthefamilytospendtheweekendcollectingwinterdogpilesfromthemeltingsnowinthebackyardislikeannouncingtherewillbenomoreWi-Fi.可以看出，這裏是說人們不理解為何要進行春季大扫除，故A為對的答案。回查难點以保证無误“回查”是指考生在時间容許的状况下，對于把握不大或较难的试題（如概括归纳題、作者意图題等），将所給出的选项与原文中對应的部分進行仔细比较、反复推敲，從而得出結论。考生要尽量防止主观臆断，要在文中有关段落找到支撑的论据，以保证答案精确無误。克服不良阅讀习惯除了上文提到的阅讀技巧外，绝大多数考生在阅讀速度方面還必须努力克服如下不良阅讀习惯，從而到达加紧阅讀速度、提高理解效率的最终目的。“指讀”。用手指或笔尖指著文章逐詞阅讀以期“集中注意力”。一旦碰到生詞便停止下来，便無法在通篇理解的基础上继续進行阅讀理解。“唇讀”。出声地阅讀，或虽然不出声嘴唇也在動，大脑中仍在“讀”，無形中減少大脑的思索速度。“回讀”。在阅讀中碰到生詞或不熟悉的短語時，返回句首甚至段首重讀。“译讀”。在阅讀過程中，進行逐詞逐句的翻译，通過译成母語来辅助理解。样題示例下面以最新考纲样題中的两篇阅讀样題為例，深入阐明上述阅讀措施。先来看下最新考纲样題中的第二篇阅讀文章：SectionA:PassageTwoIwasasecond-yearmedicalstudentattheuniversity,andwasonmyseconddayofroundsatanearbyhospital.Myuniversity’sphilosophywastogetstudentsseeingpatientsearlyintheireducation.Niceidea,butitoverlookedonedetail:second-yearstudentsknownexttonothingaboutmedicine.Assignedtomyteamthatdaywasanattending–aseniorfacultymemberwhowastheremostlytomakepatientsfeeltheyweren’tinthehandsofamateurs.Manyattendingswereresearcherswhodidn’thavemuchrecenthospitalexperience.Minewasactuallyanarthritisspecialist.Alsoalongwasaresident(therealboss,withastaggeringmasteryofmedicine,atleasttoarookielikemyself).Inaddition,thereweretwointerns(住院实习醫生).TheseguyswerejustasgreenasIwas,butinascarierway:theyhadrecentlygraduatedfromthemedicalschool,sotheyweretechnicallyMDs.Ibeganthedayat6:30am.AninternandIdidaquickcheckofoureightpatients;later,weweretopresentourfindingstotheresidentandthentotheattending.Ihadthreepatientsandtheinternhadtheotherfive–pieceofcake.ButwhenIarrivedintheroomof71-year-oldMr.Adams,hewassittingupinbed,sweatingheavilyandpanting(喘气).He’djusthadahipoperationandlookedterrible.Ilistenedtohislungswithmystethoscope,buttheysoundedclear.NextIcheckedthelogofhisvitalsignsandsawthathisrespirationandheartratehadbeenclimbing,buthistemperaturewassteady.Itdidn’tseemlikeheartfailure,nordiditappeartobepneumonia.SoIaskedMr.Adamswhathethoughtwasgoingon.“It’sreallyhotinhere,Doc,”hereplied.SoIattributedhisconditiontothestuffyroomandtoldhimtherestoftheteamwouldreturninafewhours.Hesmiledandfeeblywavedgoodbye.At8:40am.,duringourteammeeting,“CodeBlueRoom307!”blaredfromtheloudspeaker.Ifroze.ThatwasMr.Adams’sroom.Whenwearrived,hewasmotionless.Theautopsy(尸体解剖)laterfoundMr.Adamshadsufferedamassivepulmonaryembolism(肺部栓塞).Abloodclothadformedinhisleg,workeditswaytohislungs,andcuthisbreathingcapacityinhalf.Hissymptomshadbeentextbook:heavyperspirationandshortnessofbreathdespiteclearlungs.Theonlythingwas:Ihadn’treadthatchapterinthetextbookyet.AndIwastooscared,insecure,andproudtoaskarealdoctorforhelp.Thismistakehashauntedmefornearly30years,butwhat’sparticularlyfrustratingisthatthesamemedicaleducationsystempersists.WhoknowshowmanypeoplehavediedorsufferedharmatthehandsofstudentsasnaiveasI,andhowmanymorewill?第一步：略讀全文，掌握主旨大意。本文作者重要對現行的醫疗体制表达了担忧，提出了批评。第一段简要简介了“我”到醫院实习的基本状况。第二段简介了醫院醫疗小组醫生的真实实力，暗示了作者對這种状况的担忧。第三段简介了自已當值的基本状况。第四至拾段讲述了自已經历的一种真实病例。第拾一段简介了病人死亡的状况，并分析了自已的過錯。最终一段總結全文，對現行的醫疗教育体制表达担忧，并提出批评。第二步：通過扫讀、回查等措施，仔细比较、辨别选项，寻找對的答案。Welearnthattheauthor’steammembershad.muchpracticalexperienceB.adequateknowledgeC.longbeenworkingthereD.Someprofessionaldeficiency解析：选D。根据題干关键詞teammembers定位至第二段。该段第二句Manyattendingswereresearcherswhodidn’thavemuchrecenthospitalexperience.指出主治醫生实践經验方面的缺陷。该段最终一句又提到TheseguyswerejustasgreenasIwas,butinascarierway:theyhadrecentlygraduatedfromthemedicalschool,sotheyweretechnicallyMDs.阐明名义上已經获得醫生頭衔的住院实习醫生，实际上名不符实，也存在知识上的缺陷，可見，D是對原文意思的對的理解，故為答案。“Hissymptomshadbeentextbook”meansthathissymptomswere.partofthetextbookB.nolongerinthetextbookC.RecentlyincludedinthetextbookD.explainedinthetextbook解析：选D。由題干定位至第拾一段。该段第三句中的冒号背面指出heavyperspirationandshortnessofbreathdespiteclearlungs,即大量出汗、呼吸困难但肺部清晰，這是教科書對這种症状的记载，本段第二句则阐明了這种症状的成因，而第四句提到Ihadn’treadthatchapterinthetextbookyet,即“我”還没有讀到教科書的這個章节。综合看来，這种症状背後的成因在教科書中有所解释，作者之因此不懂得，是由于他還没有讀到此处，故D為對的答案。Attheendofthepassage,theauthorexpressesaboutthemedicaleducationsystem.A.optimismB.hesitationC.concernD.support解析：选C。根据題干定位至最终一段。该段首句後半部分說what’sparticularlyisthatthesamemedicaleducationsystempersists,即尤其令人失望的是同样的醫疗教育体制還在延续，可見，作者并不赞同現行的醫學教育体制，故可排除A和D。而作者在该句中用了frustrating一詞，又在最终一句提出疑問WhoknowshowmanypeoplehavediedorsufferedharmatthehandsofstudentsasnaiveasI,andhowmanymorewill?即谁懂得又有多少人在像我這样一种没經验的學生手上丧命或受到伤害，未来還會有多少人遭此噩运？可見，作者對這种体制的态度非常关注，甚至是担忧，而非怀疑，因此C比B更精确，故為答案。SectionBPassageTwoWhywastheauthordoingroundsinahospital?答案：Itwaspartofhismedicaltraining.解析：根据題干中的doingroundsinahospital定位至第一段。该段第二句說Myuniversity’sphilosophywastogetstudentsseeingpatientsearlyintheireducation.即我們大學的逻辑是在學生受教育期间尽早地見到病人。可見，作者参与醫院當值是大學的统一安排，因此，這应當是作者大學醫科训练的一部分，故答案為Itwaspartofhismedicaltraining。再来看下最新考纲样題中的第四篇阅讀文章：SectionAPassageFourAttachmentParentingisnotIndulgentParenting.Attachmentparentsdonot“spoil”theirchildren.Spoilingisdonewhenachildisgiveneverythingthattheywantregardlessofwhattheyneedandregardlessofwhatispractical.Indulgentparentsgivetoysfortantrums(发脾气)，icecreamforbreakfastAttachmentparentsdon'tgivetheirchildreneverythingthattheywant,theygivetheirchildreneverythingthattheyneed.Attachmentparentsbelievethatloveandcomfortarefreeandnecessary.Notsweetsortoys.AttachmentParentingisnot“afraidoftears”parenting.Ourkidscry.Thedifferenceisthatweunderstandthattantrumsandtearscomefromemotionsandnotmanipulation.Andourchildrenunderstandthistoo.Theycryandhavetantrumssometimes,ofcourse.ButtheydothisbecausetheiremotionsaresooverwhelmingthattheyneedtogetitoutTheydonotexpecttobe"rewarded"fortheirstrongnegativeemotions;theysimplyexpectthatwewilllisten.Wepickupourbabieswhentheycry,andwerespondtothetearsofourolderchildrenbecausewebelievefirmlythatcomfortisfree,loveisfree,andthatwhenachildhasneedforcomfortandlove,itisourjobtoprovidethosethings.Wearenotafraidoftears.Wedon'tavoidthem.Weholdourchildrenthroughthemandteachthemthatwhentheyarehurtorfrustratedweareheretocomfortthemandhelpthemworkthroughtheiremotions.AttachmentParentsisnotClingyParenting.Idonotclingtomychildren.Infact,I'mprettyfree-range.Assoonastheycanmovetheyusuallymoveawayfrommeandletmesetupachaseastheycrawl,run,skipandhopontheirmerrywaytoexploretheworld.Sure,Icarrythemandhugthemandchasethemandkissthemandrockthanandsleepwiththem.Butthisisnotmefollowingthemeverywhereandpullingthembacktome.Thisismebeingahomebase.The“attachment”comesfromtheirbeingallowedtoattachtous,notfromusattachingtothanlikeparentalleeches.AttachmentParentingisnotSelfishParenting.Itisalsonotselflessparenting.Wearenotdoingitforus,andwearenotdoingittotormentourselves.AttachmentparentingisnotHelicopterParenting.Idon'thover.Isupervise.Ifollow,Iteach,Idemonstrate,Iexplain.Idon'tslapcurioushandsaway.Ishowhowtodothingssafely.Iletmychilddothethingsthatmychildwishestodo,firstwithhelpandthenwithsupervisionandfinallywithtrust.Idon'tinsistthatmy23montholdholdmyhandwhenwewalkonthesidewalkbecauseIknowIcanrecallhimwithmyvoicebecausehetrustsmetoallowhimtoexploreandhetrustsmetoexplainwhensomethingisdangerousandtohelphimsatisfyhiscuriositiessafely.MostofthenegativethingsthatIhearabout“attachmentparents”arecompletelyoff-baseanddescribesomethingthatisentirelyunlikeAttachmentParenting.AttachmentParentingischild-centricandfocusesontheneedsofthechild.Childrenneedstructure,rules,andboundaries.AttachmentParentssimplybelievethatthechildandtheparentareallies,notadversaries.Andthatchildrenaretaught,nottrained.第一步：略讀全文，掌握主旨大意。本文的主題是“亲密育儿法”和“宠愛育儿法”進行對比，找出這两种育儿法的差异。第二段简介了“亲密育儿法”的特點。第三至第五段将“亲密育儿法”和“粘人育儿法”“自私育儿法”以及“直升机式育儿法”進行了對比。最终一段继续總結“亲密育儿法”的特點。第二步：通過扫讀、回查等措施，仔细比较、辨别选项，寻找對的答案。49.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldparentsdowhentheirkidscry?A.Providingcomfortandlove.B.Tryingtostopkidscrying.C.Holdingthemtilltheystop.D.Rewardingkidswithtoys.解析：选A。根据題干关键詞parents和theirkidscry定位至第二段。该段第八句提到：Wepickupourbabieswhentheycry,andwerespondtothetearsofourolderchildrenbecausewebelievefirmlythatcomfortisfree,loveisfree,andthatwhenachildhasneedforcomfortandlove,itisourjobtoprovidethosethings.即當孩子哭的時候，他們需要的是安慰和愛，而作為父母有责任給孩子提供這些，可見A為對的答案。该段倒数第二、三句提到：Wearenotafraidoftears.Wedon’tavoidthem.由此可知，當孩子哭泣時，家長不应當胆怯眼泪或制止他們，由此可排除B和C；第一段最终一句提到：Notsweetsortoys.由此可知，作者倡导的“亲密育儿法”不倡导給孩子糖果和玩具，同步這与孩子哭泣没有关系，故排除D。50.Whatdoes“free-range”meanaccordingtothepassage?A.Fondofprovidingahomebase.B.Readytoplaygameswithmykids.C.Curioustowatchwhatgamestheyplay.D.Willingtogivekidsfreedomofmovement.解析：选D。根据題干关键詞“free-range”定位至第三段。该段第三句提到：Infact,I'mprettyfree-range.接下来作者提到：Assoonastheycanmovetheyusuallymoveawayfrommeandletmesetupachaseastheycrawl,run,skipandhopontheirmerrywaytoexploretheworld.由此可知，该句是對第三句的解释，即當孩子可以自由活動的時候，孩子常常遠离作者，互相追逐、玩耍、探索世界，可見D為對的答案，同步排除A、B以及C。SectionBPassageFourWhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?答案：Differenttypesofparenting.解析：第一段作者将“亲密育儿法”和“宠愛育儿法”進行了對比，找出了這两种育儿法的差异。第二段简介了“亲密育儿法”的特點。第三至五段将“亲密育儿法”和“粘人育儿法”“自私育儿法”以及“直升机式育儿法”進行了對比。最终一段继续總結“亲密育儿法”的特點。由此可知，答案為Differenttypesofparenting。选择題題型分类及解題技巧通過對阅讀理解选择題題型的分析，可以看出其考核指標重要体目前如下四個方面：一、對中心思想的把握；二、對细节的关注；三、語言解讀能力；四、推理判断能力。因此在选择題的设计上，一般都會有這五类題型：主旨題、细节題、推理題、态度題和語义題。下面我們来分析一下解答阅讀這几种常見选择題題型的详细方略和措施。主旨題主旨題重要考察考生對文章的主体思想、作品的基调以及文章大意的理解和掌握。常常出現的提問方式有：Whichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyconcernedwith?Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?Fromthepassage,wecanconcludethat.解題技巧：主旨題的題型很轻易判断，不過做起来却不轻易。考生一定要精确捕捉文章的主体思想和作者的写作意图。其重要判断措施有两种：第一，根据主題句来判断。英語中基本上每篇文章均有主題句，文章中的每一段也有主題句，主題句一般在文章的開頭或結尾，位于文章中间的状况也有，但不多。第二，為了迅速得出答案，可用排除法来解題。一般出題人设置的选项不一定每個都具有很强的干扰性，因此要迅速找出某些选项和漏洞或者不确切的地方，缩小选择范围，最终锁定答案。例如：Whatisthemessageofthepassage?Understandinggainedismoreimportantthanmoneylost.Itisnaturaltoseevariedresponsestofinancialcrises.Desireformoneyishumannature..Onehastobedecisiveduringcrises.很明显，這是一道考察文章主旨大意的试題，让我們先来看文章：IwasstandinginmykitchenwonderingwhattohaveforlunchwhenmyfriendTajcalled.“Sitdown,”shesaid.Ithoughtshewasgoingtotellmeshehadjustgottenthehaircutfromhell.Ilaughedandsaid,“Itcan'tbethatbad.”Butitwas.Beforethephonecall,Ihad30yearsofretirementsavingina“safe”fundwithabrilliantfinancialguru（金融大亨）.WhenIputdownthephone,mysavingsweregone.IfeltasifIhaddiedand,forsomeunknownreason,wasstillbreathing.SinceBernieMadoff’sarrestonchargesofrunninga$65millionPonzischeme,I’vereadmanyarticlesabouthowweinvestorsshouldhaveknownwhatwasgoingon.IwishIcouldsayIhadreservationsaboutMadoffbefore“theCall”,butIdidnot.OnNewYear'sEve,threeweeksafterwelostoursavings,sixofusMadoffpeoplegatheredatTaj'shousefordinner.Asweweresittingaroundthetable,someoneasked,“Ifyoucouldhaveyourmoneybackrightnow,butitwouldmeangivingupwhatyouhavelearnedbylosingit,wouldyoutakethemoneyorwouldyoutakewhatlosingthemoneyhasgivenyou?”Myhusbandwasstillinfinancialshock.Hesaid,“Ijustwantthemoneyback.”Iwasn'tcertainwhereIstood.Iknewthatlosingourmoneyhadcrackedmewideopen.I’dbeenwalkingaroundlikewhattheBuddhistscallahungryghost:alwaysfocusedonthebitethatwasyettocome,nottheoneinmymouth.NomatterhowmuchIateorhadorexperienced,itdidn’tsatisfyme,becauseIwasn’treallytakingitin,wasn’tabsorbingit.NowIwasforcedtopayattention.Still,Icouldn'thonestlysaythatifsomeonehadofferedmethemoneyback,Iwouldturnitdown.Buttheotherfourallsaidthatwhattheywereseeingaboutthemselveswasincalculable,andtheydidn’tthinkitwouldhavebecomeapparentwithoutthegroundoffinancialstabilitybeingrippedoutfromunderneaththem.MyfriendMichaelsaid,I’dstartedtogetcomplacent.It’sasifthemusclesofmyheartstartedtoatrophy（萎缩）.Nowthey’reawake,alive—andIdon’twanttogoback.”Theseweren’tjustemptywords.Michaelandhiswifeneededtotakeinboarderstomeettheirexpenses.Tajwassobrokethatshewasmovingintosomeone’sgarageapartmentinthreeweeks.Threefriendshaddeclaredbankruptcyandweren’tsurewhereorhowtheyweregoingtolive.解析：选A。通讀全文可知，文章前半部分均在论述作者的遭遇，只是在倒数第二至四段談及作者和朋友對此遭遇的見解。由倒数第四段中的NowIwasforcedtopayattention,倒数第三段中的whattheywereseeingaboutthemselveswasincalculable和倒数第二段中的Nowthey’reawake,alive—andIdon’twanttogoback.可推知，A可以概括全文主旨，故為答案。B為客观表象，并非作者想体現的意图，故排除；C观點偏颇，与原文不符，故排除；原文并未强调危机中的“决断性”，而是强调看待危机的态度，故排除D。细节題细节題重要考察考生對文章中的详细信息的理解程度，如详细的時间、地點、人物、事件、原因、数字、方式等，問題一般會以What,Why,Where,How,Howmany(much,long)等疑問詞或詞组開頭，常見的提問方式有：Accordingtothepassage,who/what/where/which/when/why/how...?Thestudyshowsthat.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.Theauthorargues...because.Thedirect/mainreasonfor...Isthat.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCCORRECT(CORRECCT)accordingtothepassage?Thewriterwantstoprovewiththeexampleof....that.Theexampleof...isusedto.Thewritermentionsthecaseof...tojustify.Whatdoestheexampleof...show/illustrate?解題技巧：细节題是阅讀选择題中出現频率最高的題型，因此考生要予以高度重视。细节題考察考生對文章中事实细节的把握，考生应對文章中的细微之处予以充足的重视。在形式上，细节題重要有两种，一种试正选，即問什么答什么；另一种试反选，即选择与文章内容不相符的一项，一般會出現INCORRECT或EXCEPT等詞語。由于考试時考生精神高度紧张，時常有讀錯題的状况发生，因此养成认真讀題、冷静判断、精确作答的习惯至关重要。详细的解題措施就是要迅速浏览文章的段落，找到有关内容，得出對的答案。下面来看阅讀理解題中的一道细节題：TheauthorbeginswithanepisodefromTheGraduateinorderto.supportthefactthatmorewomenareworkingnowshowthatfewgraduatesstartedworkingrightaftergraduationdemonstratethatthereweremuchfewergraduatesthannowemphasizethesharpcontrastbetweennowandthen這是一篇议论性的文章，重要阐明了當今毕业生就业压力大的問題。我們先来看這篇文章：“I'malittlewor