坂茂的纸建筑

1/1坂茂的纸建筑坂茂的纸建筑日本建筑师坂茂（ShigeruBan）催生了世界首例的「纸的建築」，坂茂还將其应用在阪神地震后搭建的临时建筑及恆久建築物上。

一九八六年，从美国留学归国的坂茂，在AlvarAalto特展的会场设计，因为经费有限，无法使用芬兰最具代表性的建筑师Aalto爱用的木材，他以纸管作为展馆的內墙、天花板及展示台，這次的经验，让坂茂意外发现纸管的强度远超过想像，进而孕育「纸建筑」的创作原点。

一九八九年，名古屋设计博览会馆，展馆虽不大，但却让坂茂首次实现纸建筑的梦想，他以四十八支外径三十三公分、厚度十五公厘、長度四公尺，表面经过蜡纸防水加工的紙管，重现江戶時代造园名家所设计用來欣赏水琴窟的东屋。

这座纸建筑，白天里，一束束屋外的光线透过纸管间的空隙照射屋內，入夜之后，建筑物本身就像一座大型灯具，朝向四面八方射出四十八条灿烂的光束。

二○○○年德国汉诺威万国博览会占地五千平方公尺的日本馆，坂茂采用纸建筑，让世人重新评价我们身旁熟悉的素材，发挥纸柔软的特性，创造出美观、坚固而低环境负担的新可能性。

坂茂不仅在建筑上有杰出的表现，也是一位人道主义者，曾任联合国难民高等委员会(UNHCR)顾问的他曾说过：

「二十世纪的建筑大师为大众建造公共建筑，而冷战后一代的建筑师应该为少数人服务，例如种族冲突的受害者和无家可归的人。

」表现在行动上，他运用纸建材轻巧、组装迅速的特质，为阪神大地震的災民设计纸教堂及临时房屋，也为非洲庐安达难民搭蓋避难所及住家；「纸建筑」在他的理念中，已不单纯是一种结合高科技的创作，更深含对人类社会的关怀与责任。

PAPERARBOR-Nagoya,Japan,1989Thiswasthefirstinaseriesofpapertubeconstructions.Manufacturedasform.workforcircularconcretecolumns,thetubesareusedstructurallyhere.Forty-eightofthesetubes(325mmindiameter,15mmthickand4mhigh)aretreatedwithparaffinwater-proofingandfittedontoaprecastconcretebaseinacircle.总共有48根纸管（直径325，15厚，4米高）被插入混凝土现浇的圆形基础中。

Thesewerestiffenedwithagluecompound胶合物andjoinedattheirheadsbyawoodencompressionring.Theroofconsistedoftentingfabrichungfromtensionwirearrangedinaspoke-likeconfiguration.Afterthestructurewasdismantled,thestrengthofthepapertubeswasanalyzed.Despitebeingsubjecttosixmonthsofwindandrain,thehardeningoftheglueandmoderateexposuretoultravioletrays紫外线actuallyresultedinincreasingthecompressivestrengthofthetubes.ODAWARAHALLANDEASTGATE-Odawara,Kanagawa,Japan,1990TocommemoratethefiftiethanniversaryoftheOdawaramunicipality,thelocalgovernmentcommissionedatemporarymulti-purposehall.Themayorwantedawoodenbuildingatfirst,but,inlightofthebudgetandtimelimit,itwassuggestedthatthehallbeconstructedofpapertubesandthetubesthemselvesbeviewedasanevolvedwood.进化的木。

SincethescaleofthebuildingfarexceedsthatofthePaperArborwhichwasbuiltayearearlier,aspecialbuildingpermitwasrequiredbeforeconstructioncouldbegin.However,theconstructionperioddidnotallowenoughtimeforpermitprocess,sothepapertubesareusedintheself-standingexteriorandinteriorwalls(andcouldwithstandwindpressureonly)通过纸管来充当外墙和内墙并抵挡风压andcolumnsofsteelwereusedtosupporttheroof由钢柱支撑屋顶.Theinteriorspaceofabout1300squaremeterswascomposedof330papertubes(525mmindiameter,15mmthick,and8mlong).Thespacesbetweenthetubeswerefilledwithclearvinyltubingtofilternaturallight.纸管间填充透光的乙烯基管状材料。

Onelargepapertubewithadiameterof1.2masarestroom.一个巨大的直径为1.2米的纸管充当休息室。

LIBRARYOFAPOET-Zushi,Kanagawa,Japan,1991ThislibrarywasbuiltasanannextoahouseIhadpreviouslyexpandedpreviouslyexpandedandimproved.TheprojectwasinfluencedbytheOdawaraPavilion,whichtheownerhadseen.Hefeltthatapaperlibrarywouldbebestsuitedtohousepaperbooks.Avariationofthepapertubetruss纸管束usedintheEastGateatOdawarawasusedhere.Thetubesusedinthelibrarywere100mmindiameterand12mmthick,用于书房的纸管直径为100，12厚。

slightlysmallerthanthoseusedatOdawara,butsimilarly,post-tensionedsteelwires承担后张力的铁丝wereusedforthespanningsections.Wheresteelangleswereusedtoform.thejointsatOdawara,38squaremmtimberpieceswereemployedforthelibrary.Thefourfloortoceilingbookshelvesalongthesidesoftheroomarestructurallyindependentofthepapertubesandarecantileveredoffthefloor,书架与主结构桁架系统是独立的，absorbingthehorizontalload.Thebookshelves,whichcontaininsulatingmaterialandhaveanexteriorfinish,werefabricatedseparatelyatafactory.MIYAKEDESIGNSTUDIOGALLERY-Shibuya,Tokyo,Japan,1994Zoninglawsnecessitatedafire-resistantexternalwallinordertousepapertubesastheprimarystructure.将纸管作为主要结构，对防火区的划定是重要的。

Thepapertubestaketheverticalloads.Thustheintersectionofthepapertubesandthefloorhasbeendesignedverysimplytoavoidslippage.纸管承担竖向荷载，因此在纸管交叉处以及在与地面的连接处被特殊处理以避免滑移。

Thebuilding’splan,a16.5by5.2mrectangle,isbasedupontheGrecianagora希腊的集会市场-aspacecreatedsimplybycolumnsandshade.Theouterrowofpapertubescaststripedshadowsacrossthefloor,whichchangeduringtheday,andprovideasenseofanimation.Theceilingcastsacurvedshadowonthepapertubeandchairswerecreatedspecificallyforthisspace.PAPERHOUSE-LakeYamanaka,Yamanashi,Japan,1995AnS-shapeconfigurationcomprisedof110papertubes(2.7mhigh,275mmindiameterand148mmthick)definestheinteriorandexteriorareasofthepaperhouse.Thiswasthefirstprojectinwhichpapertubeswereauthorizedforuseasastructuralbasisinapermanentbuilding.这是第一例将纸管结构用于永久性的建筑。

Tenpapertubessupporttheverticalloadandtheeightyinteriortubesbearthelateralforces.10根纸管支撑竖向的荷载80根室内纸管承担侧向力。

Thecruciform.woodenjointsinthebasesofthecolumnsareanchoredtothefoundationbylugscrewsandcantileveredfromthefloor.在基础部分的木制十字接头通过螺丝钉铆固在地基上。

Thelargecircleformedbytheinteriortubesformsabigarea.Afreestandingpapertubescolumnwitha1.2mdiameterinthesurroundinggallerycontainsatoilet.Theexteriorpapertubessurroundingthecourtyardstandapartfromthestructureandserveasascreen.Thelivingareainthelargecircleiswithoutfurnishingordetailotherthananisolatedkitchencounter,slidingdoors,andmovableclosets.Whentheperimetersashesareopened,theroof,supportedbythecolonnadeofpapertubes,isvisuallyemphasizedandaspatialcontinuityiscreatedbetweenthesurroundinggalleryspaceandtheoutdoorterrace.PAPERCHURCH-Nagata-ku,Kobe,Japan,1995-2005(disassembled)ThiscommunitycenterwasbuiltbychurchvolunteerswhosehouseofworshipwasdestroyedbyKobeearthquakein1995.Materialsweredonatedbyanumberofcompanies,andconstructionwascompletedinonlyfiveweeksbythe160volunteers.Theplan(10x15m)isenclosedwithinaskinofcorrugated,polycarbonatesheeting聚碳酸酯护墙板.Withinthis,58papertubes(325mmindiameter,14.8mmthick,and5mhigh),wereplacedinanellipticalpattern.TheeclipseisbasedonthoseinBerninischurchdesigns,andthespacebetweentheeclipseandtheouteredgeofrectangular-shapedsiteformedacorridorandprovidedlateralsupport.Attheentrancetotheeclipse,thespacingofthepapertubeswaswidened,andthefacadefullyglazedtoform.acontinuous,unifiedspacebetweentheinteriorandexterior.JAPANPAVILLION,EXPO2000HANNOVER-Germany,2000Despiteconstructionproblems,theabruptreplacementoftheengineer,monthslongconstructiondelays,andthenecessaryadditionofaPVCmembraneoverthepapermembraneforfiresafetyissues在纸膜上加PVC膜以做防火的需要,thePavilionshasbeenagreatleapforwardinthefieldofpaperarchitecture.ThemainthemeoftheHanoverExpowastheenvironmentandthebasicconceptbehindtheJapanPavilionwastocreateastructurethatwouldproduceaslittleindustrialwasteaspossiblewhenitwasdismantled.创造一种结构当它被拆除时产生最小的工业浪费。

Thegoalwaseithertorecycleorreuse再循环利用almostallofthematerialsthatwentintothebuilding.Thefirststructuralideawasforatunnelarchofpapertubes,similartothePaperDome.However,thePaperDomewaslimitedbythehighcostofwoodenjoints.纸圆顶因为昂贵的木节点而受限制Iproposedagridshellusinglengthypapertubing长型的纸管格栅andwithoutjointstomycollaborator,FreiOtto.Thetunnelarchwouldbeabout73.8mlong,25mwide,and15.9mhigh.Themostcriticalfactor临界因子waslateralstrainalongthelongside长型方向上的横向张力,soinsteadofasimplearchIchoseagridshellofthree-dimensionalcurvedlineswithindentationsintheheightandwidthdirections,whicharestrongerwhenitcomestolateralstrain.PAPERTHEATER-Amsterdam,Holland,2003PAPERTEMPORARYSTUDIO-Paris,France,2004Thetemporarystructureisatubularspaceof34.5minlengthand4.4minwidth.Thecircularvaultspaceisentirelycoveredinitslengthbyawaterproofmembraneandpanelsystemthatissupportedonasystemofcylindricalribs圆柱肋骨.Thesearemadeof29semi-circulararches,由29个半圆弓形结构组成equalinlength,andanetworkoftransversalwind-bracingelements横向的抗风支撑原理.Thearchesareat1.2mintervals.弓形肋骨间距1.2米。

Theribsaremadeofpapertubes,inside120mmdiameter,760mmexternaldiameter.Thewholestructure,vaultandbase,iscoveredbyasystemofexternalmembraneinPTFE(PolyTetraFluoroEthyleneinstrictaccordancewithcurrentfireregulations)thatprovidesthewater-proofing.整个拱顶结构和基础覆盖了一层聚四氟乙烯膜。

Thetwolateralfacadesandgablesareintimberstructureandinfillpanels.Thetemporarystructureisconceivedasonewholecontinuousspace.Thedifferentzonesarecreatedbypartialpartitioningformedbytallshelvingunits.Thespaceissub-dividedintosuccessiveareas:receptionhall,conferenceroom,workspace,restzoneandmodelworkshop.CENTRED’INTERPRETATIONDUCANALDEBOURGOGNE-Pouilly-en-Auxois,France,2005Theboathouseisthe1stphaseofalargeculturalcomplexdedicatedtothehistoryoftheCanaldeBourgognethatalsoincludesasmallmuseum.Ithasbeenconceivedasapapertubestructureandwillshelteranoldboattopresentittothepublic.Thesmallmuseumisaplaceforviewingexhibitionsandholdingpedagogicalactivities教育活动.Itsbuildingisatransparentglassbox,opentothesurroundinglandscape.Itsstructurereliesonlightmetallicshelfangles轻质的角钢usedthroughoutthebuilding,thusprovidingflexiblepartitionsanddisplayintheexhibitionarea.Theboathouseandthemuseumarelocatedneareachotherinaruralarea,ontheborderofthecanalwhereitformsapool.NAKEDHOUSE-Saitama,Japan,2000Theexternalwallsmadeoftwosheetsofcorrugatedfiber-reinforcedplasticsandtheinnerwallsmadeofanylonfabricarebothmountedonwoodenstudframesandsitinparallel.外墙由两层纤维增强塑料板组成内墙采用尼龙纤维，并固定在木框架上。

Inbetweenareattachedclearplasticbags,carefullystuffedwithstringsoffoamedpolyethyleneforinsulationpurpose.中间是塞满聚乙烯泡沫的塑料袋，用于绝缘。

Throughthesebagsasoftdiffusedlightfillsintheinteriorofthehouse.Thehouseconsistsofoneuniquelargespaceoftwo-storyhighinwhichfourpersonalroomsoncasterscanbemovedfreely.Toreduceweightandoptimizemobility灵活性,theseroomsarenotverylargeandholdaminimumofbelongingsandfittings.Theycanbemovedaccordinglytotheneedsoftheiruse.Placedagainstthewallsofthehouse,infrontoftheheatingorair-conditioningunits,warmairoracoolingbreezecanflowintoit.Theycanalsobeputsidebysideandcreatealargerroom,whentheirslidingdoorsareremoved.Theycanbetakenoutside,ontheterrace,forthefulluseofthespaceinside.Theycanalsoworkasasupplementaryfloorforthechildrentoplayontop.NomadicMuseumLA,2006首尔