考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解节选

考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解

2010年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepast

quarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeand

seriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortyto

imagineatimewhenhighqualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.

Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20th

centuryconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthe

factthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneralcirculation

dailies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEngland

betweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwas

dirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichit

appeared.Inthosefaroffdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswould

writeindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeven

thosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,

couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,and

wereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.4tSofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygift

enoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine

'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'.”

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe

ManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasa

writerofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland's

foremostclassicalmusiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)

becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonly

oneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsaveto

specialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.

Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefor

therichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtradition

inmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that.

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby.

[A]freethemes

[B]casualstyle

[C]elaboratelayout

[D]radicalviewpoints

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness

methods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynch

gotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftinga

box.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness

methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.

Inamovethathasintellectualpropertylawyersabuzz,theUSCourtofAppealsfortheFederal

Circuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.

IntheBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,“saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversity

ofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.^^

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticaboutface,becauseitwasthe

FederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledState

StreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatruling

producedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompanies

tryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablished

companiesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat

mightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmore

than300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgranting

them.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancial

products,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.

TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthe

court'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateis

whetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupreme

Courtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexample,the

justicessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.The

judgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheantipatenttrendattheSupremeCourt,"says

HaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof.

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheUS.

28.Theword“aboutface”（Line1,Para.3）mostprobablymeans.

[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents.

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

3O.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattothebusiness-methodpatents.

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.

Text3（略）

Text4（略）

2009年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解

Text1

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonautopilotand

relaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulesthe

unreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21st

century,eventheword“habit“carriesanegativeimplication.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.

Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreate

parallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtonto

new,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirect

ourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry一the

morewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothinthe

workplaceandinourpersonallives.

Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothe

brain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreate

parallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,saysDawnaMarkova,

authorofTheOpenMind."Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide/justasourpresidentcalls

himself'theDecider.9Sheadds,however,thatt4todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.A

goodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.^^

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.Researchersin

thelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebomwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfour

primaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atthe

endofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythose

modesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthat

fewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought."Thisbreaksthe

majorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,explainsM.J.Ryan,

authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill...andMs.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethat

wehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingeven

moreofitcreatesexcellence.^^Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.InWordsworth'sview,“habits”ischaracterizedbybeing

[A]casual.[B]familiar.[C]mechanical.[D]changeable.

22.Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe

[A]predicted.[B]regulated.[C]traced.[D]guided.

23.Theword"ruts”(line1,paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]tracks.[B]series.[C]characteristics.[D]connections.

24.DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat

[A]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind.[B]innovativenesscouldbetaught.

[C]decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas.[D]curiosityactivatescreativeminds.

25.Ryan'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting

[A]preventsnewhabitsfrombeingformed.

[B]nolongeremphasizescommonness.

[C]maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmode.

[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem.

核心词汇

analyticallyad.分析地；分解地

bypassvt,绕过；n.(by+pass)旁道

collaborativelyad.合作地

fascinationn.魔力，入迷，魅力，迷恋，强烈爱好

fostervt.养育;收养;怀抱;鼓励a.收养的n.养育者

herdn.群，兽群，牛群v.放牧，群集

highlightv.使显著，使突出;强调n.最精彩的部分

implicationn.含意，暗示，暗指；牵连（im—进入+plic+ate+ion名词后缀）

ingrainv.使根深蒂固；把……深深地印在头脑中

inherenta.固有的，内在的,天生的（in里面+her+ent形容词后缀一天生连着一天赋的）

innovationn.革新；新方法，新技术（in进入+nov+ate动词后缀一进入新的状态+ion名词

后缀一革新）

paradoxicala.矛盾的

parallela.平行的相同的，类似的n.平行线，类似

perpetuatev.使永久（per全部，永久+pet+uatef追求永久）

preservev.保护,维持;保存，保藏（pre预先+serve~*预先保留f保存）

proceduren.程序；办事程序；手续；步骤（pro在前+ced行走，前进+ure名词后缀在前

面走完的程序）

syn叩tica.突触的，染色体结合的

trackn.跑道,小路;轨迹，轮迹v.跟踪，追踪

unconsciousa.un-不、非、未+conscious意识到的，自觉的;神志清醒的（un-+con+sci+ous

形容词后缀f未知道的f没有意识的）

unreflectinga.缺乏思考的，不反省的（un不、非、未+reflecting）；reflectv反射；（常

与that,how连用）表达；反映；（常与on,upon连用）仔细考虑（re反+flect弯曲返回f反

射）

难句剖析

难句IButbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,we

createparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsof

thoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

［分析］此句的主干是brainresearchershavediscoveredthat…，discovered之后的引导的宾

语从句是个复合句：开始是when引导的状语从句，接着是主句wecreateparallel,newbrain

cells,之后的that引导的从句thatcanjump…onto…是一个定语从句，修饰先行词parallel

synapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincellso

［译文］但是，大脑研究人员已经发现：当我们有意识地培养新习惯时，我们也创建了平行

的突触路径，甚至还会形成全新的脑细胞——这些能把我们的思绪引入到不同于过去的创新

的轨道上。

难句2Infact,themorenewthingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone——the

moreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.

［分析］此句包含themore,,,themore….themore句型结构。注意第一个themore后谓语和

宾语的倒装，第三个themore后表语和系动词倒装。

［译文］事实上，我们对新事物尝试的越多，我们就越能够跨出令自己倍感舒适的范围，我

们就会变得越有创造力，不管是在职场还是个人生活中。

难句3"Buiwearetaughtinsteadto"decide/justasourpresidentcallshimself'the

Decider.;“Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agood

innovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities."

［分析］此句由三个句子：第一个句子是复合句，主句在前，as引导的从句在后；第二个

句子的主干是Sheadds….that…，在that引导的宾语从句中,不定式todecide作主语，不定

式tokilloffallpossibilities作表语，but的意思是"除了"：第三个句子的结果比较简单。

［译文］“相反，我们被教导要做各种‘决策'，就像我们的总裁称自己为‘决策者'样

但是她补充说：“做决策就意味摒弃其他，把所有可能性扼杀到只有一种可能。一位优秀的

创新型的思想家总是考虑很多其他的可能性。"

难句4Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preserving

onlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

［分析］此句是复合句。句子的主干是是ebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity(＜现在分词

preserving….作状语，其中包含that引导的定语从句，修饰thosemodesofthoughto

［译文］然而，在青春期末期，大脑就关闭掉了其中一半的能力，只保留了那些人生的前十

年左右看起来有价值的思维模式。

文章类型：社会科学——社会心理学——培养习惯

本文谈论的是习惯(habits)带给人们的好处以及可能存在的积极意义——创造

和创新(creativityandinnovation),指出人们应该多使用创新和合作的思维方式，在自己擅

长的领域多做一些，争取卓越。文章主要使用引证和说理两种手段分析了现实中它们是如何

被扼杀的。文章是总分结构，但是段落较多，分割了意群，理解上有一定困难。

试题解析

21.根据华兹华斯的观点，“习惯”具有的特点是

［A］随意的。［B］熟悉的。［C］机械的。［D］多变的。

细节事实题［正确答案］［C］

第一段第三句提到威廉•华兹华斯的讲话，他的语言显然是对前•句“Wereachforthem

mindlessly,settingourbrainsonautopilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortof

familiarroutine”进行解释，这说明他认为人们在II常做事情时，通常不用思考，自然而然

地就做了，因此可以得出他认为习惯是机械性的，无需选择和创新。［B］是第二句中提到

的习惯的特点，不是WilliamWordsworth的观点，［D］与WilliamWordsworth的观点相悖，

［A］在文中并未提及，排除。

22.大脑研究人员发现新习惯的形成能够被

［A］预测。［B］调整。［C］追踪。［D］引导。

细节事实题［正确答案］［D］

第二段第二句提到了研究人员的发现"whenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreate

parallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,

innovativetracks.,其中"develop,create,jump…”这几个关键词说明了新习惯的形成模式。

只有guided可以对develop,create,jump…这个过程进行归纳，说明新习惯的形成是可以培

养的，故［D］为正确选项。［A］和［B］未提及；［C］为强干扰项，虽然在第四段提及了

don'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits,但在描述新习惯的形成过程中没有提到旧习惯对新

习惯的影响，自然无需对旧习惯进行追踪，排除［C］。

23.与第四段第一行出现的“ruts”的含义最接近的意识是

［A］途径。［B］系列。［C］特点。［D］联系。

词汇题［正确答案］［A］

根据第四段首句的内容“Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsof

procedurearewornintothebrain,they'retheretostay."可以得知thoseruts指oldhabits»第

二段末句提至Unewhabits的时候指出"jumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks”

而第四段末句提至了thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathways

thatcanbypassthoseoldroads；显然作者用newtracks指newhabits；oldroads指oldhabits,

故［A］为正确选项。

24.DawnaMarkova最可能同意的观点是

［A］思想源自放松的思维。

［B］创新是可以传授的。

［C］决定来自新奇的想法。

［D］好奇心可以激发创造力。

细节事实题［正确答案］［D］

根据第五段首句DawnaMarkova的观点"Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascination

withwonder,"可以得知［D］是对该部分内容的归纳总结，故为正确选项。文中没有提到

是否能够由学习得到的问题，［A］［B］和［C］无依据。

25.Ryan的评论表明标准化测试的做法

［A］阻碍了新习惯的形成。［B］不再强调平庸。

［C］保留了美国人固有的思维方式。

［D］与美国人的信念体系一致。

推理题［正确答案］［A］

通过最后一段首句的内容“Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisand

procedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesof

thought.”结合前文及后面的引证可以看出Ryan认为标准化测试使人们的思维模式单一，这

不利于人们的创新，自然也无法形成新的习惯，故［A］为正确选项。

全文精译

习惯是一种有趣的现象。我们无意中养成了习惯，把我们的大脑如同自动驾驶仪般设定

为自动操作，然后放松地进入到熟悉的常规的无意识舒服状态。威廉•华兹华斯在19世纪

说：“是习惯——而非选择——常常支配那些没有思想的人。”如今，到了瞬息万变的21世

纪，甚至''习惯”这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和创新的背景下我们谈论习惯，

这似乎显得有些矛盾。但是，大脑研究人员已经发现：当我们有意识地培养新习惯时，我们

也创建了平行的突触路径,甚至还会形成全新的脑细胞——这些能把我们的思绪引入到不同

于过去的创新的轨道上的脑细胞。我们可以通过有意识地培养新的习惯来指导改变自己，而

非把自己当作•成不变的拥有习惯的动物来否定。事实上，我们对新事物尝试的越多，我们

就越能够跨出令自己倍感舒适的范围，我们就会变得越有创造力，不管是在职场还是个人生

活中。但是，不要白费力气试图戒除一切旧习惯。因为，•旦这些惯有程序融进大脑，将会

永远留在其中。相反，那些被我们有意养成的根深蒂固的新习惯会创建绕过那些旧路线的平

行路径。“创新需要的第一样东西就是带有好奇的着迷。”《开放性思维》一书的作者达瓦纳•马

克瓦说到，“相反，我们被教导要做各种‘决策’，就像我们的总裁称自己为‘决策者‘一样」

但是她补充说：“做决策就意味摒弃其他，把所有可能性扼杀到只留下一个答案。一位优秀

的创新型的思想家总是考虑很多其他的可能性。”她还说，我们所有人都是在用我们自己并

没有觉察到的方式解决这样或那样的问题的。研究人员在二十世纪六十年代发现，人类天生

就具有用四种基本方法应对挑战的能力：分析法、程序法、联系法(或合作法)和创新法。

然而，在青春期末期，大脑就关闭掉了其中一半的能力，只保留了那些人生的前十年左右看

起来有价值的思维模式。目前对于标准化测试主要强调分析和程序这两种思维模式，也就意

味着我们中很少有人自觉地运用创新和合作的思维模式。M.J.瑞恩，2006年出版了《今年我

将……》一书的作者，同时也是马克瓦女士的商业合作伙伴，解释道：“这违背了美国信仰

体系中'任何人都可以做任何事'这条主要规则。这是我们延续的一个谎言，它助长了共性。

其实，了解你擅长什么，再多做一些就能成就卓越而这恰恰就是我们培养的新习惯如何

形成的。

第一段：讲述习惯如何影响人们，以及它的负面涵义。前两句为引子，引出威廉•华兹

华斯的观点，末句对该观点进行总结。

第二段：通过一个过度句，引出研究人员的发现，提出全文论点：开发新习惯具有积极

意义，有助于培养创新性和创造力。

第三段：指出发展新习惯的好处。

第四段：通过说理法说明培养新习惯无需戒除I日习惯的原因。

第五段：通过举例说明人们的创新性受到抑制的原因。

第六段：讲述了现实当中创新性、创造性习惯的缺失。

第七段：通过引证法提及如何成就卓越。

Text2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)

wisdom一oratleastconfirmthathe,sthekid,sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30fora

paternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore—andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecameavailablewithout

prescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,which

makestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothe

public,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofind

theirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtesting

isalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists—andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearch

forafamily'sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothe

companyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

Butsomeobserversareskeptical,''Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeople

claimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.

Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors——numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturies

back.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinherited

throughmeninafather'slineormitochondrialDNA,whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers.

ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,for

example,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreatgrandparentsor,four

generationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollections

towhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondatacollected

systematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.Thismeans

thataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers,soaperson'stest

resultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputer

programsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerreview

oroutsideevaluation.

26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's

[A]easyavailability.[B]flexibilityinpricing.

[C]successfulpromotion.[D]popularitywithhouseholds.

27.PTKisusedto___________________

[A]locateone?sbirthplace.[B]promotegeneticresearch.

[C]identifyparentchildkinship.[D]choosechildrenforadoption.

28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto

[A]tracedistantancestors.[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines.

[C]fullyusegeneticinformation.[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy.

29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis

[A]disorganizeddatacollection.[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding.

[C]excessivesamplecomparison.[D]lackofpatentevaluation.

30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe

[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNATesting.LB]DNATestingandIt*sProblems.

[C]DNATestingOutsidetheLab.[D]LiesbehindDNATesting.

Text3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidely

misunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedly

necessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;

however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesfor

promotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,

becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemto

improveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearch

institutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobto

achieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,with

thecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitsprebubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewas

deridedaspoorlyeducatedandoneoftheprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.

Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotiveassemblyproductivity.Yettheresearch

revealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentofthe

productivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedon

thejob.

Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthat

illiterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest

practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry'swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavebegunto

suspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhen

governmentsdon'tforceit.Afterall,that'showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswere

huntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn'thavetimetowondermuchaboutanything

besidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywas

theretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthe

competitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnafford

moreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnota

sufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomic

performance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpolitical

changesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,

however,doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantially

improveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimproving

productivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries

[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts.[B]hasfallenvictimofbias.

[C]isconventionallydowngraded.[Dhasbeenoverestimated.

32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thattheconstructionofaneweducationsystem

[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians.[B]takeseffortsofgenerations.

[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment.[D]requiressufficientlaborforce.

33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat

[A]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined.

[B]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive.

[C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation.

[D]theU.Sworkforceismoreorganized.

34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged

[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime.[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood.

[C]whenpeoplenolongerwenthungry.[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment.

35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation

[A