考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷7（共190题）

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷7（共9套）（共190题）考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷第1套一、阅读（常规阅读理解）(本题共25题，每题1.0分，共25分。)On28March,scientistsgotawhiffofsomethingstrangeintheairoffapierinSanDiego,California.Theatmospherehadsuddenlybecomeflushwithradioactivesulfur(alight-yellownon-metallicsolid)atoms.Thatsulfur,itturnsout,hadtraveledacrossthePacificfromanuclearpowerplantinFukushima,Japan,thatwasshakenbythe11Marchearthquakeandthetsunamiandaftershocksthatfollowed.Nowthesameteamhasstudiedthoseradioactivewindstocomeupwiththefirstestimateofdamagetotheplant'scoresattheheightofthedisaster.Tocoolfuelrodsandspentfuelwhilestanchingatotalmeltdown,responderspumpedseveralhundredtonsofseawaterintothreereactorsattheFukushimaDai-ichinuclearpowerplant.Thewhite-hotrodsfizzledoffsteam,whichhadtogosomewhere.Soworkersventeditintotheair.Meanwhile,acrossthePacific,atmosphericscientistAntraPriyadarshioftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego(UCSD),rememberedastudyshehadreadawhileback:Followingunderwaternuclearbombtestsinthe1950sand60s,physicistsnoticedthataheavyformofsulfur—sulfur-35—hadmushroomed.Nuclearreactionsspitoutlotsoffastandtherefore"hot"particlescalledneutrons,whichcanthenbangintoabundantchlorideionsinsaltwater,convertingthemtosulfur-35.Priyadarshiandhercolleagueswerealreadytrackingtinytracesofradioactivesulfurtostudyhowlayersofairmixintheatmosphere,soalltheyhadtodowaswait.Theydidn'thavetowaitlong.ThesulfurwasalreadyswirlingoverFukushima,whereithadcombinedwithoxygentoformsulfurdioxidegasesandfineparticlesofsulfatescalledaerosols.Soon,strongwindspushedthemwest.Sulfur-35doesoccurnaturally—cosmicrayszapargonatomsintheupperatmosphere,orstratosphere,tomakeradioactivesulfur.Butlittleofitmakesitswaydowntothelowestsliceofatmosphere,calledthemarineboundarylayer.Onanormalday,Priyadarshiseesbetween180and475sulfur-35atomsassulfatespercubicmeterofair,butonthe28th,herteamrecordedabout1500."Noonehaseverseensuchahighpercentageofthestratosphericaircomingintothemarine-boundlayer,"shesays.TheUCSDteamranacomputersimulationtotracethepathofthegasesandaerosolsfromFukushimatotheWestCoast.Mostsulfur-35atomslikelydispersedorraineddownintotheseabeforehittingSanDiego,butPriyadarshiestimatesthatabout0.7%completedthetrip,toofewtobecomeharmful.Basedonthesimulation,about365timesthenormallevelsofradioactivesulfateshadgatheredoverFukushimaduringthedisaster.NowthatFukushima'sreactorshavecooledbackdown,thebiggestchallengefacingscientistswillbetocontainradioactiveelementsthatescapedduringthedisaster.MarkThiemens,thestudyco-author,anatmosphericscientistwhoisalsoatUCSD,willbeworkingwithJapaneseresearcherstofollowsulfur-35'spaththroughsoilandstreamsnearFukushimatofindwhereevenmoreharmfulelementsmayhavehidden.1、WhendidradioactivesulfuratomsappearatthewestcoastofAmerica?A、Atthemomenttheearthquakeandtsunamihappened.B、BeforethetsunamiattackedtheeastcoastofJapan.C、Aftertheearthquakeandtherelateddisastershappened.D、TwoweeksafteranuclearpowerplantinFukushimacollapsed.标准答案：C知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词radioactivesulfuratoms和thewestcoast定位到第一段第三句。由该句可知，放射性硫原子是从日本福岛的一家核电站逸出，随风飘过太平洋到达美国的。日本福岛曾于3月11日遭到地震和海啸的侵袭，之后经历若干次余震。显然地震、海啸过后放射性硫原子逸出，并飘到美国西海岸，故[C]正确。而文中并未说该核电站collapse，因此[D]与原文不符，故排除。2、ItcanbeinferredfromPriyadarshithatsurfur-35detectedinAmericaA、wasproducedbecauseoftheseawaterinfusedintothereactorsinFukushima.B、wassimilartothatgrewfromtheunderwaternucleartestinthe1950sand60s.C、willmushroomasthatderivedfromtheunderwaternucleartesthalfacenturyago.D、willspreadwidelyandmixwithairindifferentlayersofatmosphere.标准答案：A知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词Priyadarshi定位到第二段第一句和第三段第二句。第三段第二句指出，Priyadarshi了解到20世纪50年代和60年代水下核试验后，硫-35大量出现的原因是核反应堆释放出大量因快速移动而很“热”的物质，被称为中子，中子能够进入到盐水中丰富的氯离子中，将它们转化为硫一35。由第二段第一句可知，为了冷却燃料棒及止住燃料棒溶化时消耗燃料，应急泵曾将几百吨的海水注人福岛第一核电站的三个反应堆。因此可推测这些海水进入核反应堆后产生了硫一35，之后硫一35漂洋过海到了美国。[A]与原文意思相符，是正确答案。3、Priyadarshi’scommentonsulfur-35’sappearingintothemarineboundarylayerimpliesthatA、naturalsulfur-35canalsobefoundintheairabovethesea.B、thenuclearaccidentinJapanwasitsdirectmaker.C、man-madesulfur-35canexistinalllayersofatmosphere.D、naturalsulfur-35usuallyexistinalllayersbutthemarineboundaryone.标准答案：B知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词themarineboundarylayer定位到第四段第四、五句。由这两句可知，硫一35确实是自然形成的——大气层上部或平流层的宇宙射线轰击氩原子产生放射性硫。但几乎没有放射性硫到达被我们称为海洋边界层的大气最低层。由此可推断，日本核事故应是导致硫一35出现在海洋边界层的直接原因，因此[B]正确。[A]与原文意思相反；[C]中人造硫一35在原文中并未讨论，故排除；[D]的说法过于绝对，原文只说天然硫一35存在于大气层上部，故排除。4、Accordingtothecomputersimulation,sulfur-35inFukushimaA、mustarriveatthewestcoastofAmerica.B、willcausepsychologicalpanicinpeople.C、cannotaffectJapanesepeople’shealth.D、cannotaffectAmericanpeople’shealth.标准答案：D知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词computersimulation定位到第五段第二句，由该句可知，通过计算机模拟，Priyadarshi估计大约有O．7％的硫一35漂洋过海来到西海岸，但这个数字已经太微小而不会对我们造成危害。因此福岛的硫一35不会影响美国人的健康，故选[D]。[A]的说法过于绝对，故排除；[B]“将会造成人们心理恐惧”及[C]“不会影响日本人的健康”文中均未提及，故排除。5、Accordingtothepassage,MarkThiemenswoulddevotehimselftoA、trackingdownhowdeepsulfur-35cangetintothesoil.B、locatingthepositionofseverelyharmfulelements.C、calculatinghowmanyharmfulelementshavebeenproduced.D、detectingtherouteofsulfur-35inordertoeradicateit.标准答案：B知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词MarkThiemens定位到第六段最后一句，由该句可知，大气科学家MarkThiemens将与日本的研究者们一道跟踪硫一35在福岛附近渗人土壤和溪流的路径，并找出更加有害的元素可能隐藏的地点。因此[B]“定位极具危害性的元素的位置”与原文意思相符，故为答案。Cancerariseswhenthedescendantsofjustoneofourmorethantenthousandbillioncellsproliferateoutofcontrol,eventuallyinterferingwithnormalbodyfunctions.Sincesomanycellsareatrisk,themostamazingthingaboutcancertomeishowmanyyearsitusuallytakestodevelopthedisease.Onemajorobstructiontotheproliferationofcancerouscellsisthephenomenonofapoptosis,whichcausesnearlyallofourcellstokillthemselveswhenevertheystarttobehaveaberrantly.Acomplicatedcellularsignalingnetworkdeterminesthebalancebetweenthepro-apoptoticandanti-apoptoticproteinsinsideanimalcells.Eachofourmanycellsisconstantlysensingitsexternalandinternalenvironmentandwillsacrificeitself(forourowngood)ifitiseithernotcorrectlylocatedornotbehavingnormally.Withoutmechanismsofthistype,theevolutionoflargecomplexorganismssuchasourselveswouldprobablynothavebeenpossible,becausethetumorscausedbycancerlikediseaseswouldhaveovertakenusearlyinlife.Tumorsariseafteralongprocessofrandommutationfollowedbymultipleroundsofselectionforthosecellsabletoproliferatebest.Onechangeselectedforisinapoptoticmechanisms,whichwillbealteredindifferentwaysindifferenttumors.Imaginethatwecoulddeterminewhythecellsinanindividual'stumorincorrectlycomputethattheyneednotkillthemselves,asnormalcellswoulddointheircondition.Ifweunderstoodthefundamentalmechanismsbywhichcellsmakethesedecisions,wewouldstandanexcellentchanceofcreatingatailoredmixtureofdrugsthatcausesthetumorcellstocomputedifferently,sothattheycommitsuicidewithoutharmingnormalcells.Anotherpromisingstrategytakesadvantageofthefactthatessentiallyallcancercellshaveacquiredadefectinsomeaspectoftheir"DNAmetabolism",oftensomeaspectofDNArepairthatcausesthemtobecomehighlymutable.Thisgeneticinstabilityofcancercellsisselectedforearlyintumordevelopment,becauseonlysuchcellscanevolvethemultipleadditionalchanges,includingdefectsinapoptosis,thatarenecessaryformostcelltypestobecomemalignant.Cellsthataretoogeneticallyunstablewilldie.Therefore,atreatmentthatblocksaparticularDNArepairprocesscanbelethalforacancercell,whilesparingnormalcells.Ifwecoulddeterminewhythecellsinaparticularindividualtumoraregeneticallyunstable,wemightbeabletodesigndrugsthatkillthecellsinthatcancerhighlyselectively,withlittleharmtonormalcells.Theseexamplesofrationalapproachestocancertherapywereonlyadreamuntilrecently.Butbytargetingthesetypesofalterationsincancercells,researchershavemadeimpressiveprogressandarethusmuchclosertobeingabletodesignhighlyselectivetherapiesbasedonthecriticalmoleculardefectsinanindividualtumor.Butformosttumors,thistypeofapproachisstillhitormiss,becauseoncologistsareseverelyhamperedbyaninadequateunderstandingofthefundamentalprocessesthatarealteredinaparticulartumor.6、Theword"apoptosis"(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeansA、appearing.B、changing.C、dying.D、thriving.标准答案：C知识点解析：语义理解题。根据题干提示从第一段找到apoptosis出现的语境。在apoptosis出现的下文有定语从句“该现象会造成所有这些细胞每当表现异常时就自杀”对apoptosis进行修饰。据此可以推测出该词跟kill有关，与此相符的只有[C]dying。7、ThefunctionofthecellularsignalingnetworkistoA、maintainabalancebetweentheinternalandtheexternalenvironment.B、helpenhancetheproteinwithinourbody.C、wouldovertakehumanbeingsearlyinlife.D、killthoseill-locatedormal-functionedcells.标准答案：D知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干中的cellularsignalingnetwork可定位至第二段第二句。文章谈到cellularsignalingnetwork可以促使细胞“在其位置出错或表现异常的情况下牺牲自己”，即[D]。而[A]中的“保持内外环境之间的平衡”与文中的“决定动物体内促凋亡蛋白和抗凋亡蛋白的平衡”不符；[C]是对文中“如果没有这种机制的话，像人类这样庞大复杂的有机体就不会进化，因为癌症治疗的疾病所产生的肿瘤会使我们过早地夭折”的曲解；而[B]文章没有谈到，故均排除。8、WecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthatA、tumorwillcausealongprocessofrandommutation.B、multipleroundsofselectioncanpreventproliferation.C、normalcellswouldcommitsuicideiftumor-infectious.D、it’spromisingtomakedrugsthatcankilltumorcellsdirectly.标准答案：C知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干提示定位至第三段。根据该段第三句“细胞在正常情况下会做出这样一种决定”，“这种决定”就是上文的killthemselyes，因此与[C]中的“如果发生癌变正常细胞会自杀”相符。[A]中的“肿瘤会造成一系列的随机突变”与文中的“肿瘤会在一系列的随机突变后产生”这一因果关系正好相悖，故排除；该段最后一句谈到了“生产出一种药物来改变这些肿瘤细胞的计算方式”，而非[D]中的“可以直接杀死癌细胞”，故也排除。9、ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatwecancurecancerbyA、makingtheinfectiouscellsunsteadyingene.B、killingthecellsinthepatient’sbody.C、designinglethalmedicinetochangethegeneofthebody.D、enhancingtheDNArepairprocess.标准答案：A知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示可以定位至第五段。该段首句谈到“那些在基因方面不稳定的细胞会死去”，并且在下文谈到“如果我们能够弄清楚为什么某个肿瘤内的细胞的基因不稳定，我们将能够研制出能选择性地杀死肿瘤内的癌细胞”，因此可以推断出，可以通过“使癌变细胞在基因上不稳定”来杀死它们治疗癌症，故选[A]。10、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?A、Theapproachesmentionedinthepassagehaslongbeenusedtocancer.B、Alterationsincancercellsisstillanexperimentalapproachtohealingcancer.C、Researcherscanalreadydesignhighlyselectivetherapiestocancertreatment.D、Oncologistshavemadeathoroughresearchonthefundamentalprocessesintumors.标准答案：B知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干提示可以定位至最后一段。该段最后一句谈到“这种方法还仍然处于尝试阶段”，[B]与此一致，其中解题关键就是理解短语hitormiss(尝试性的)。段落开头谈到“这些治疗癌症的方法在前不久还只是一个遥不可及的梦”，而不是[A]中的“被用了很久了”，故排除；第二句谈到“研究者们已经取得了很大进步，并且距离设计出相当有针对性的治疗方案又迈出了一步”，而不是[C]中的“已经可以设计出具有相当针对性的治疗方案”；[D]中“肿瘤学家已经对癌细胞内的基本变化做了深入研究”与文中的“对基本过程的认识还非常有限”相悖，故排除。TheuntrainedeyemighthavetroubledistinguishingthelatestimagesfromMercury—releasedlastweekataNASApressconferencehere—fromcountlessimagesofEarth'smoon,butdon'ttellthattoSeanSolomon.Mercury"wasnottheplaceweexpected,"saysSolomon,principalinvestigatoroftheMESSENGERmissiontoMercury."Itwasnotthemoon."Thefirstcloselookattheinnermostplanetin33yearsandthefirstlookeveratone-thirdofitrevealedanewsidetotheinnermostplanet:muchmorevolcanismthanseenbefore,deeplyexcavatingimpactcraters,and—uniqueinthesolarsystem—"TheSpider."TheMariner10spacecraftlastflewbyMercuryin1975,returningimagessuggestingthatlavaonceflowedacrossthesurface,atleastinplaces.Butvolcanism"wasn'tacceptedbyeveryone,"saysimagingteammemberLouiseProckterofJohnsHopkinsUniversity'sAppliedPhysicsLaboratoryinLaurel,Maryland.Now,"there'sverylittledoubttherehasbeenwidespreadvolcanicresurfacingofMercury."Shepointedtoimpactcratershundredsofkilometersacrosswithfloorssosmooththattheymusthavebeenpartiallyfilledbylava.TeammemberRobertStromoftheUniversityofArizona,Tucson,alsofoundthatthesideofMercuryseenbyMariner10turnsouttobemoreheavilycrateredbyimpactsthanthesideseenforthefirsttimebyMESSENGER.ThatmeansthatlavahasfloodedtheMESSENGERsideevenmoreextensivelythantheotherside."There'sbeenalotofvolcanicactivityonMercury,"saysStrom.Themoonhasitsvolcanicflooding,too—witnessthedark"scars,"ormaria,thatshapetheman(orwoman)inthemoon—butMESSENGERfoundamercurialvariationonsuchlight-darkpatterning.Calorisisahuge-1550-kilometer-wide-impactbasinglimpsedbyMariner10butnowseeninitsentiretybyMESSENGER.Onthemoon,suchgiantimpactbasinswereoftenfilledwithdarklavatoformmaria,butCalorishastheoppositepattern.Itsinteriorislighterandissurroundedbyadarkerring.PerhapstheCalorisimpactexcavateddeep,lighter-coloredrockandleftitatthesurfacewithoutfloodingitwithlava,saysSolomon,directoroftheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington'sDepartmentofTerrestrialMagnetisminWashington,D.C.Includingsmallercraterswithdistinctivedarkrims,"we'vegotavarietyofnaturaldrillholesintoMercury'sinterior,"saysSolomon.Thenthere'sTheSpidermorethan50troughsradiatefromnearthecenterofCaloriswherea40-kilometer-widecraterhasformed.Whetherthecraterhasanythingtodowiththeradiatingtroughs,Procktercan'tsay;noonehaseverseenanythinglikeTheSpider.OnepossibilityisthattheformationofCalorissomehowcreatedaplumeofmoltenrockthatrosebeneaththebasin'scenter,bulgingthebasinfloorupwardandcrackingthecrusttoformthetroughs.Thecraterwouldthenhavebeenanaccidentalimpact.MESSENGERreturnsinOctoberforanotherlookatMercuryonitswaytoenteringorbitin2011.11、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A、OnemayhavedifficultytellingtheimagesofMercuryfromtheimagesoftheearth’smoon.B、SeanSolomonwasveryangrythatwefindnodifferenceamongtheimages.C、NASAisafamousspaceshuttlewhichsendsbackcountlessimagesfrommoon.D、TheSpiderisanothernameofMercury.标准答案：A知识点解析：事实细节题。由题干提示定位至第一段。根据第一句可知，人们很难区分水星照片和月球照片，故[A]正确。虽然文中说don’ttellthattoSeanSolomon，但并不能推出他会生气，故排除[B]；根据NASA定位至第一段第二行可知，NASA应该是一个机构的名字，而不是宇宙飞船的名字，另外根据常识也可以知道，NASA是美国国家航空航天局，故排除[C]；由上下文可知，theSpider应该是水星的一种地形地貌，故排除[D]。12、WemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatA、notallofusbelievedthattherewasvolcanisminMercuryinthe1970s.B、LouiseProckterandRobertStromhadoppositeideasaboutthevolcanisminMercury.C、RobertStromwastheleaderoftheAppliedPhysicsLaboratory.D、MESSENGERflewbyMercuryintheyearof1980.标准答案：A知识点解析：推理判断题。由题干提示定位至第二段。根据该段第二句的butvolcanismwasn’tacceptedbyeveryone可知，并不是人人都赞同在水星上有火山活动。故选[A]；从文中可以看出，路易斯·普罗克特和罗伯特·斯特罗姆都认为水星上有火山活动，故[B]错误；AppliedPhysicsLaboratory是路易斯·普罗克特的工作地点，罗伯特.斯特罗姆和她分属不同的大学，不太可能去领导AppliedPhysicsLaboratory，故排除[C]．[D]也难以从文中推出，故排除。13、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothethirdparagraph?A、ThegiantimpactbasinsoftheCalorisandthatofthemoonareallthesame.B、ThegiantimpactbasinsoftheCalorisarefilledwithdarklavatoformmaria.C、MESSENGERfoundanewpatterningofimpactbasininMercury.D、Solomonfoundnaturaldrillholesinthesurfaceofthemoon.标准答案：C知识点解析：推理判断题。由题干提示定位至第三段。该段对水星和月球进行了比较，发现两者的火山活动是有不同点的，故[A]错误；根据该段第三句的onthemoon，suchgiantimpactbasinswereoftenfilledwithdarklavatoformmaria可知，darklava，toformmaria是月球的特征，而不是Caloris的特征，排除[B]；根据第三段可知，“信使”号发送的图片使人们对水星有了新的看法，故[C]正确；按照本段最后一句，可以知道，Solomon谈naturaldrillholes指的是水星，故排除[D]。14、WecanlearnfromthefourthparagraphthatA、Prockterknowstherelationbetweenthecraterandtheradiatingtroughs.B、theSpiderisauniquephenomenoninthesolarsystem.C、theSpiderisformedbythelavainCaloris.D、anotherinvestigationwillbedonebyMariner10intheyear2011.标准答案：B知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至第四段，本段讨论的是水星的一种奇怪地形。该段第二句说Whetherthecraterhasanythingtodowiththeradiatingtroughs，Procktercan’tsay。故[A]错误；同样，根据noonehaseverseenanythinglikeTheSpider一句，可知[B]正确；[C]对TheSpider形成原因的描述有误；2011年探测水星的是MESSENGER而不是Mariner10，故[D]错误。15、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A、MercuryandMoonB、SpiderintheMercuryC、MESSENGERRevealsaMoreActiveandStrangeMercuryD、TheStoryofMESSENGER标准答案：C知识点解析：主旨大意题。根据全文可知，信使号的新照片让我们更好地了解了水星，故[C]正确；文章对水星和月亮进行了对比，但目的在于介绍水星，而不是进行比较，[A]有失偏颇；Spider只是水星上的一个典型地貌，虽然文中花了大量篇幅介绍，但目的并不是只介绍Spider，故[B]错误；文章主要介绍了水星，而不是信使号，故排除[D]。Thankstomicrobes,methanebubblesoutofricepaddiesandescapesfromthebackendsoftermitesandthefrontendofcows.Overtheyears,researchershavegainedagoodhandleontheseandothersourcesofthispotentgreenhousegas.Butareportinthe12JanuaryissueofNaturesuggeststhatonesourcehasbeenoverlooked:plants.Althoughthesurprisingfindingdoesn'tchangethetotalamountofmethaneemittedtotheatmosphere,itcouldforceareappraisalofhowmuchvarioussourcescontribute,howtomitigatesomeofthem,andhowtheymightchange."Thispaperwillshakethemethanecommunity,"predictsChristianFranken-bergoftheUniversityofHeidelberg,Germany.Methaneislargelymadebymicrobes.Livinginoxygen-poorenvironments,theyfermentorganicmatterorreducecarbondioxide.Methaneisalsoproducedinmassivequantitiesfromwildandcontrolledfiresandisreleasedfromnaturalgasleaks.Butamongbiologicalprocesses,researchershadnoideathatanythingotherthanmicrobialanaerobicreductionwasresponsible.Theclueforthenewresearchcamefromchloromethane,ahalogenatedorganicgasthatavidlydestroysozoneandwasthoughttocomemainlyfromburningbiomass.Butafewyearsago,FrankKeppler,ageochemistnowattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelberg,andcolleaguesdiscoveredthatlivingplantsmakechloromethane.Becausemethaneisalsoreleasedfromburningbiomass,Kepplerandhiscolleagueswonderedwhetherplantsmightmakeit,too.Thegroupfirsttesteddeadplants,placingleavesfromabout30speciesinachamberwithtypicalatmosphericoxygenconcentrations.Theyreleasedbetween0.2and3nanogramsofmethanepergramofdryplantmatter,arelativelypaltryamount.Whentheythenconductedsimilarexperimentswithlivingplants,however,theratespergramofplantmatter"increaseddramatically,"Kepplersays,jumpingto10to100timesthoseofthedeadleaves.Asacontrol,theygrewsomeplantshydroponicallytoexcludemicrobesandsawcomparableresults.Moreover,themethanewasslightlyenrichedincarbon-13comparedtobacteriallyproducedmethane,furthersuggestingthattheplantsweremakingit."Itmustbeanewmechanism,"saysKeppler,althoughwhatthatcouldbe,nooneknows.Someexpertsremainskeptical."I'mkindofincredulous,"saysmethanechemistRonaldSassofRiceUniversityinHouston,Texas.Howmuchcouldplantscontributetothemethanebudget?Theauthorsestimate—veryroughly,theyadmit—thatitcouldbebetween10%and30%ofthe500millionto600millionmetrictonsthatentertheatmosphereannually.Otherexpertscautionthattheirassumptionsarequiteuncertainandthatfurtherlabandfieldexperimentsarenecessarytodeterminewhethertheseemissionsaccountformuchinthewild.16、Theword"reappraisal"(Line6,Para.1)mostprobablymeansA、apositivecomment.B、aconstructiveproposal.C、aheartfeltappreciation.D、asecondevaluation.标准答案：D知识点解析：语义理解题。根据题干提示从第二段找到reappraisal出现的语境。该词的上文谈到“虽然这起惊人的发现不能改变散发到大气中的沼气的总量”，由此可以推断出下文itcouldforcea…中的reappraisal是与上句中的change一词相呼应，表示某种change(改变)概念。而reappraisal后面的几个疑问词how，howmuch所构成的概念也可以显示出它们所修饰的reappraisal表示某种评估。另外，从构词法上来看，reappraisal一词中的前缀re-也表明“重新……”的意思。综合来看，也就是[D]“重新评价”之意。17、WecanlearnfromthesecondparagraphthatA、microbesliketoliveinoxygen-poorenvironments.B、peopleknowlessaboutplantmethaneproduction.C、methanecanbemadeintonaturalgas.D、methaneisalwaysproducedinquantities.标准答案：B知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至第二段。四个选项的内容文章似乎都有所提及。但在谈到oxygen-poorenvironments时文章指的是微生物在厌氧环境下才会产生沼气，而非[A]所论及的微生物喜居厌氧环境；文章谈到naturalgas但没提及沼气可以生产天然气，[C]属偷换概念；而[D]是对句子“沼气大量产生于野火或控制的火”的断章取义。而第二段末则谈到“除以上所谈之外研究者们没有其他方式”，也就是[B]“人们对植物形成沼气知之甚少”。18、AccordingtotheexperimentsconductedbyFrankKepplerandhiscolleagues,A、livingplantsproduceahighrateofmethane.B、deadplantsproduceahighrateofmethane.C、methanemainlycomesfromburningbiomass.D、methanecanonlybeproducedhydroponically.标准答案：A知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词experimens和FrankKeppler可以在文章第三、四段找到弗兰克.凯伯勒及其同事所做实验。第三段最后一句话指明，他们的实验目的是查明whetherplantsmightmakeit，而在第四段又谈到实验结果进一步证明植物可以形成沼气，同时在第四段实验过程中也描述到，每克植物成分的产沼气率就“大为提升”……是死叶子的10到100倍，因此只有[A]符合文意。19、FromthelastparagraphwecanlearnthatA、500millionto600millionmetrictonsmethaneareproducedyearly.B、theproductionofmethaneincreasedby10%and30%.C、expertsarecautiousaboutlabandfieldexperiments.D、thereisnodefiniteanswertoplantmethaneproductionatpresent.标准答案：D知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示可以定位至最后一段。在该段首句作者提出问题Howmuchcouldplantscontributetothemethanebudget?并说明那些研究者们自己也承认只是一个大致估计，而该段最后又指出专家认为其研究不够确定，需要做进一步的试验室和实地实验，即[D]。[A]和[B]是对文中百分比和具体吨数的曲解；而[C]则是对caution和最后一句的错误理解。20、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A、HistoryofMethaneResearchesB、VarietyofMethaneSourcesC、PlantProducingMethaneD、MicrobeProducingMethane标准答案：C知识点解析：主旨大意题。从整篇文章的叙述来看，作者主要在介绍《自然》杂志上所发表的一篇文章，通过介绍沼气的产生条件以及他们研究的实验过程，并最终推出其实验发现：植物也可以产生沼气，故选[C]。Thecompetitionforspotsinmedicalschoolsmaygetalittlelessfierceoverthenextfewyears,butthecompetitionforpostgraduateresidencies(theperiodofspecializedtraininginahospitalthatadoctorreceivesafterleavinguniversity)maybeheatingup.Thenumberoffederallyfundedresidencieshasremainedcappedsince1997,despitetheexpectedsignificantincreaseinthenumberoffirst-yearmedicalstudentsby2017.ThesetrainingpositionsarelargelyfundedbythefederalhealthcareprogramknownasMedicare.Therearehardlymoreresidencyspotsbeingcreatedtomeetthedemandofnewgraduates.MedicalorganizationsarepushingHouseofRepresentativeandSenateleaderstocreatemorespotstooffsetthesechallenges,buttheireffortsmaybeineffectiveintheshortterm.InMarchtheAssociationofAmericanMedicalCollegesbackedtwobillsintroducedintheHouseandoneintheSenatethatoutlineaplanforadding3,000residencypositionseachyearfrom2015through2019.Eventhoughthebillsprovideacompromise,theymaynotenactimmediatechange."MembersofCongressmightagreethatweneednewresidencyspots,"saysRayQuintero,directorofthedepartmentofgovernmentrelationsfortheassociation.But"thecostofresidencyspotsisquiteexpensive.Sothere'sbeenaninabilitytofindthefunding."TheUniversityofNevadaSchoolofMedicineispreparingstudentstogetintoresidencieswhenfewerspotsareavailable.lnthelastfewyearstheschoolhasstartedgatheringmoredataabouttheprofilesofstudentswhomatchincompetitiveresidenciesandusingdatafromtheNationalResidentMatchingProgramtoadvisestudentsaboutthespecialtiesinwhichtheyshouldattemptamatch.Thatdata,combinedwithananalysisofastudent'sstrengthsandlikes,cangivethemabetterchanceatsolidifyingaresidencymatch.AttheSchoolofMedicineatOregonHealthandScienceUniversity,professorsaretryingavarietyofwaystomakestudentsmorecompetitiveresidencycandidates.Theynowreceivetrainingintopicssuchasinformatics,whichexamineshowinformationisdelivered.StudentsareencouragedtothinkabouthowtoolssuchasFacebook,Twitterandemailfactorintocorrespondingwithpatientsandothersinthehealthcarecommunity.Residencyprogramshavechangedandwhatthey'relookingtodohaschanged,saysGeorgeMejicano,theschool'sseniorassociatedeanforeducation."It'sbothanadvisingandacurriculumprocess,"hesays.Prospectivestudentstryingtoplantheirmedicalcareersshouldspendtimewithphysiciansinmultiplehealthcaresettingstoseeifbeingadoctorisreallywhattheywanttodo,saysMargoVener,afamilyphysicianwhoalsoteachesmedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia—SanFrancisco.ShehasbeenadvisingUCSFstudentsontheircareerandresidencychoicessince1999."Thisisanincrediblylongandhardtrainingprocess,"saysVener.Andbecauseit'sfollowedbypossiblya30-to40-yearcareer,"trainingisthetipoftheiceberg."21、Theword"capped"(Line4,Para.1)mostprobablymeansA、sealed.B、topped.C、unchanged.D、lowered.标准答案：C知识点解析：语义理解题。根据题干提示定位到第一段第二句。该句阐述的是自1997年以来，由联邦政府资助的住院医生数量的变化情况，根据后面的分句可知，截止到2017年，一年级的医学学生数量会有显著增加，despite表示转折，再根据capped前面的remained可知，这里表示“始终处于同一水平，没有变化”，因此选[C]。[A]“密封的”、[B]“顶尖的”和[D]“降低的”均不符合句意，故排除。22、Whatisthemainobstacleofsettingupmoreresidencypositions?A、Thelimitationofthebudget.B、Thenegativeattitudeofthegovernment.C、Thereluctantreactionofthepatients.D、Thepushingofthemedicalassociations.标准答案：A知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词obstacle和residencypositions定位到第三段最后两句可知，虽然各方面都认为应该增加住院医生的岗位，但增设住院医生岗位的最大难题是资金问题。换句话说，紧张的预算限制了住院医生岗位的数量，因此选[A]。文章当中并没有提到政府对增加住院医生持否定态度，相反，该段第一句说到美国众议院和参议院都有增加住院医生岗位的议案，因此排除[B]；文章中没有任何内容与病人的态度有关，故排除[C]；该段第一句提到，美国医学院协会对众议院和参议院的议案表示支持，但没有说这种支持反而成了增加住院医生岗位的障碍，故排除[D]。23、InwhichwayarestudentsatUniversityofNevadaSchoolofMedicinebetterprepared?A、TheyhaveaccesstoNationalResidentMatchingProgram.B、Theyknowwhattheirspecialtiesandstrengthsare.C、Theschoolhasgatheredtheirfullprofiles.D、Theschoolprovidesthemwithusefulsuggestions.标准答案：D知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词UniversityofNevadaSchoolofMedicine定位到第四段。该段第二句提到，在过去的几年里，内华达大学医学院已经在努力收集更多符合高竞争力的住院医生职位的学生资料，并利用从全国住院医生配对项目中获得的信息向学生提供建议。由此可知，该学校的学生可以从校方那里获得十分有用的建议，因此选[D]。该段第二句提到了该医学院很好地利用从全国住院医生配对项目中获得的信息，但没有说别的医学院不能从这个项目中获得信息，因此，这不是该医学院学生的优势，故排除[A]；该段最后一句提到该校将自己的信息与学生的个人情况相结合，但并没有说其他学校的学生不了解自己的优势和长处，故排除[B]；该段第二句也提到了该校收集了更多符合高竞争力的住院医生职位的学生的资料，但没有提到将所有学生的资料都收集起来，故排除[C]。24、HowdoesthefiercecompetitionofresidencypositionsaffectOregonHealthandScienceUniversity?A、Professorschangethecontentoftheirteaching.B、Theymakealternationsoftheircourses.C、Thetechnicalsupportofthecampushasbeenimproved.D、Theyenhancecorrespondencewithotherhealthcarecommunity.标准答案：B知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词OregonHealthandScienceUniversity定位到第五段可知，由于现在住院医生项目已经发生了改变，在俄勒冈健康与科