英语4阅读理解

PassageOne

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Mostpeoplewithallergiesconsiderthemanuisanceatbestwhilemoreseriouscasescanbe

life-threatening,thescientistsnowclaimthattheyhaveanupside.Hayfeverandeczema(湿疹)

couldbeyourbody'sdefenseagainstcancer.

Allergysymptoms,likesneezingorarunnynose,getridofforeignparticlesintheair,which

maybecapableofcausingcancer,theresearcherssay.Theymayalsoactasawarningthatalerts

ustoknowwhentherearedamagingsubstancesintheairthatshouldbeavoided.Infact,lead

researchersPaulSherman,fromCornellUniversityinNewYork,andhisteamwarnedthattaking

drugstosuppressallergiescouldbeabadidea.

Expertshavelongsuspectedthatallergiesmaybelinkedtocancer,butuntilnowthe

evidencehasbeenunconvincing.Somestudiesfoundthatcancerpatientswerelesslikelytohave

allergies,whileothertrialsfoundtheopposite.

Inthelateststudy,Shermanandhisteamexaminedtheresultsofalmost650studies

performedoverthepastfivedecades.Overall,cancerpatientshadfewerallergiesthanpeoplefree

ofcancer,theyreported.

Theyassociationwasthestrongestforpeoplewithcancersthatcomeintocontactwith

materialsoutsidethebody,suchasskincancerandcancerofthroat.Likewise,onlyallergieswith

symptomslinkedtotheoutsideofthebody,suchaseczema,hayfeverandanimalandfood

allergies,werelesscommoninpeoplewithcancer.Somecancers,likebreastcancer,whichare

isolatedfromtheexternalenvironment,showedmuchweakerassociations,thescientistsreported.

Giventheconcemingresults,Shermanandhisteamcallforstudiestotestwhetherturning

offthebody'sallergyreactionswithsomemedicineswillactuallydomoreharmthangood.They

toldTheQuarterlyReviewofBiology,44Wehopethatourworkwillstimulatereconsiderationof

theprevailingviewthatallergiesaremerelydisordersoftheimmunesystem,whichthereforecan

besuppressedwithoutanyharm.”

57.Whatismostallergicpatients,attitudetowardallergies?

A)Theyshowgreatfearofallergies.

B)Theyareunconcernedaboutallergies.

C)Theyshowstrongdislikeforallergies.

D)Theyseeallergiesassomethingthreateninglife.

58.Shermanthinksitharmfultousedrugstorestrictallergiesbecause

A)Thesedrugsthemselveshavebadinfluenceonourbodies.

B)Someallergysymptomscaneliminateharmfulsubstance.

C)Therearenodrugswhichcansuppressallergies.

D)Allergiescanhelpustocurecancers.

59.ItcanbeseenfromtheresultsofShermanandhisteam'sexperimentthat

A)Peoplefreeofcancerhadmoreallergies.C)Cancerpatientsweremorelikelytohaveallergies

B)Peoplefreeofcancerhadfewerallergies.D)Therelevantpreviousstudieswereconvincing.

60.Whatkindofcancerhaslittleconnectionwithallergies?

A)skincancerB)breastcancerC)nosecancerD)stomachcancer

61.AccordingtowhatShermantoldTheQuarterlyReviewofBiology,peoplegenerallybelieve

that_______

A)TheworkofShermanandhisteamwillstimulatepeople'sinterestinallergies

B)Allergicreactionscanbeturnedoffwithmoreharmthangood.

C)Allergiescanbepreventedwithoutdoingharmtothebody

D)Allergiesonlyoccurtothosewhoseimmunesystemisinorder

PassageTwo

Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

WithAmericanMidtermElectionover,someAmericansarealittlenervousaboutthe

nation'sfuture.Butothersfeelsecure,knowingthemantheyconsiderthemostpowerfulinthe

worldisn'lgoinganywhere.

Justwhoisthisbehind-the-sceneguytheythinkhasmorepowerthanGeorgeW.Bushever

will?He'sAlanGreenspan,a74-year-oldexperteconomistwhoheadstheFederalReserve,

commonlyknownastheFed.

Unlikethepresident,whohastopleasethevotersandcompromiseswithCongress,

Greenspandoesn'thavetoanswertoanyone.

Basically,Greenspanisinchargeofkeepingthenation^economystable.Theeconomyis

sortoflikeaballoon:blownintoomuchair,anditpops.Butwithtoolittleair,itfallstothefloor.

Greenspanhelpsdecidewhentoblowmoreairintotheeconomy.Inthiscase,theairinthe

balloonistheamountofmoneyintheeconomy.Greenspancanmaketheeconomygrowby

increasingthemoneysupply,orkeeptheeconomyfrominflatingtoomuchbydecreasingthe

moneysupply.Hisgoalisfortheeconomytogrowandcontractgradually.Rapidchangescan

harmbusinessandcustomers.

Anotherwayofthinkingaboutitislikestartingacar.Ifyoufloorthegasallofasudden,

yourpassengersgetjoltedbackintotheirseats.Ifyouslamonthebrakes,theyhitthewindshield,

oratleastgetabadcaseofwhiplash(颈椎扭伤).Theideaistoslowlychangethepaceof

economicgrowth,sonoonegetshurt.AndsinceGreenspanhashisfootonthegaspedal,his

everymoveiswatchedbyinvestorsaroundtheworld.

Afteryearsofrapidgrowth,theAmericaneconomyisstartingtoslowdown.Greenspanis

hopingtoeasetheeconomyintoasoftlanding—tomakethecarcometoagentlestopinsteadof

hittingthewall.Whilethere'snowaytoknowwhathewilldecide,onethingiscertain:the

decisionGreenspanmakeswillaffecteveryonewhoearns,borrowsorspendsmoney.

62.ThereasonwhypeoplehavefaithinGreenspanisthat.

A)HeismorepowerfulthanthepresidentinU.S.

B)HeisthechairmanoftheFed.

C)Heisagreatexperteconomist.

D)Hiswordsinfluencepersonalconsumption.

63.Comparedwiththepresident,Greenspandoesn'thaveanyobligationto.

A)answereveryone'squestion.

B)explainshisactionsordecisionstoeveryone

C)compromisewitheveryone

D)takegovernmentmeasurestostabilizetheeconomy

64.IfAmericaneconomyisbeginningtocontract,whatwouldGreenspanprobablydo?

A)Hewoulddecreasethemoneysupply.

B)Hewoulddiscouragepeopletospendorborrowmoney.

C)HewouldarrangetheFedtosupplymoremoney.

D)Hewouldfloorthegaspedalsuddenlytostarttheeconomycar.

65.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“AndsinceGreenspanhashisfootonthegaspedal''

(Para.5)?

A)HehasthefinalsayontheAmericaneconomicgrowth.

B)Heknowswhentostartorstopacar.

C)Hewillsteertheeconomythroughdifficulttimes.

D)Hewilltryeverymeanstoleadtheeconomyintoasoftlanding.

66.Accordingtothepassage,themaintaskofGreenspanisto.

A)offerafreshperspectiveonU.S.economy

B)maintainthestabilityofU.S.economy

C)easetheeconomicinflation

D)endtheeconomicslowdown

57—66CBABCBBCAB

PassageOne

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ItisgiveninAmericanlifethatgoalsareinseparablefromaccomplishments.Among

psychologists,thelinkbetweensettinggoalsandachievementisoneoftheclearestthatwe

concentratebetter,worklongeranddomoreifwesetspecific,measurablegoalsforourselves.

Butafewmanagementscholarsarenowlookingdeeperintotheeffectsofgoals,andfinding

thatgoalshaveadangerousside.Individuals,governments,andcompanieslikeGMshowample

abilitytohurtthemselvesbysettingandblindlyfollowinggoals,eventhosethatseemtomake

senseatthetime.

Theargumentisnotthatgoalsettingdoesn'twork-itdoes,justnotalwaysinthewaywe

intend."Itcanfocusattentiontoomuch,oronthewrongthings;itcanleadtocrazybehaviorsto

getpeopletoachievethem,"saysAdamGalinsky,aprofessoratNorthwesternUniversity's

KelloggSchoolofManagement,“Goalsettinghasbeentreatedlikeansver-the-counter

medicationwhenitshouldreallybetreatedwithmorecare,asaprescriDtion-strengthmedication.”

Afewmanagementexpertsbegantowonderwhatsortofpricewepayforourgoals.Goals,

theyfeared,mightactuallybetakingtheplaceofindependentthinkingandpersonalinitiative.It

describeshowSears,RoebuckandCo.startedsettingsalesgoalsforitsautorepairstaffinthe

early1990s,onlytofindoutthatitsmechanicswereoverchargingcustomersandmaking

unnecessaryrepairstohittheirnumbers.

Otherworksuggeststhatgoalswithrewards,ifnotcarefullycalibrated(校准，标定)，can

dampenourintrinsicenthusiasmforatask.BarrySchwartz,asocialpsychologistatSwarthmore

College,foundthatsubjectspaidmoneytocompleteaslightlyconfusingtaskweresignificantly

worseatfiguringouttherulesthanthosewhohadreceivednoreward.

Althoughsimplenumericalgoalscanleadtoburstsofintenseeffortintheshortterm,they

canalsounderminethelonger-terminterestsofapersonoracompany.Inworkrequiringacertain

amountofcreativityandjudgment,thegreatestriskappearstolieinoverlysimplifiedgoal.

57.Whatisadvantageofsettinggoals?Pl

A)Itcanmakeusfeelmoreconscious.C)Itcanmakeusworkharderandlonger.

B)Wecandomanythingsatatime.D)Weshouldaccomplishmorethings.

58.ItcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceofParagraph3that.

A)Goalsettingismorelikeanover-the-countermedication.

B)Goalsettingismorelikeaprescription-strengthmedication.

C)Goalsettingisverydangerousandexciting.

D)Goalsettingneedsmorecaution.

59.Whatdoesthewordt<intrinsic^^(Paragraphs,Sentence1)probablymean?

A)InstinctiveB)OriginalC)InbornD)Great

60.Whatshouldwedotoensurethatgoalscanbeachievedeffectively?

A)Weshouldsetsimplegoals.C)Weshouldsetnumericalgoals.

B)Weshouldpursuethegoalswithrewards.D)Weshouldhavecreativityandjudgment.

61.Whichistherationalwaytoachievespecific,measurablegoals?

A)Mechanicsmakeunnecessaryrepairstoachievethesalesgoals.

B)Studentsworkhardtoenteragooduniversity.

C)Engineersworkwithinvaluableresearchonlyformorepatents.

D)Studentscheatintheexaminationtoattaingoodmarks.

PassageTwo

Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

MarkRamirez,aseniorexecutiveatAOL,couldworkinthemostcomfortableleatherchair,

ifhewanted.No,thanks.Hepreferstostandmostofthedayatadeskraisedabovestomachlevel.

'Tvegotmykneesbent,Ifeeltotallyalive,“hesaid,“Itfeelsmorenaturedtostand.M

Inthepastfewyears,standinghasbecomethenewsittingfor10percentofAOLemployees

atfirm'sVirginiacampus,partofastandingwelcomeamongaccountants,programmers,

telemarketersandotherofficeworkersacrossthenation.GeekDesk,aCaliforniafirmthatsells

$800desksraisedbyelectricmotors,saysaleswilltriplethisyear.

Standersgivevariousreasonsfortakingtotheirfeet:Itmakesthemfeelmorefocused,

preventsdrowsiness,makesthemfeellikegeneraleveniftheyjustdosomethingunimportant.

(FormerdefensesecretaryDonaldRumsfeldworksstandingup,SodoesnovelistPhilipRoth.)

Butunknowntothem,thereisadebatebetweenergonomics(人类工程学)expertsand

publichealthresearchersaboutwhetherallofficeworkersshouldbeencouragedtostand.

Doctorspointtosurprisingnewresearchshowinghigherratesofdiabetes(糖尿病)，obesity,

heartdiseaseandevenmortalityamongpeoplewhositforlongstretches.Astudyearlierthisyear

intheAmericanJournalofEpidemiologyshowedthatamong123,000adultsfollowedover14

years,thosewhosatmorethansixhoursadaywereatleast18percentmorelikelytodieduring

thetimeperiodstudiedthanthosewhosatlessthanthreehoursaday."Everyrockweturnover

whenitcomestosittingisstunning,saidMarcHamilton,aleadingresearcheroninactivity

physiologyatthePenningtonBiomedicalResearchCentreinLouisiana."Sittingishazardous.It\

dangerous.Weareonthecusp(风口浪尖)ofamajorrevolution.vHecallssitting“thenew

smoking”.

Notsofast,otherexpertssay.Standingtoomuchatworkwillcausemorelong-termback

injuries.Incidencesofvaricoseveins(静脉曲张)amongwomenwillincrease.Theheartwillhave

topumpmore.Hedge,theCornellprofessor,isn'tafanofallthisstanding.Thekey,hesaid,is

movement,notstanding.

62.WhydoesMarkRamirezliketostandmostoftheday?Pl

A)Hischairisnotcomfortable.

B)Thereissomethingwrongwithhisknees.

C)Hewillfeelsleepywhenhesitsonthechair.

D)Itismorenaturalandaliveforhimtostand.

63.Whydomanypeopleliketostandatwork?P3

A)Theycanconcentratebetter.C)Generalsliketostandatwork.

B)Theywillfeelmorerespectable.D)Theycanexercisetheirbodies.

64.Whatcaninferfromtheunderlinedsentence(Paragraph5)that.

A)Thosewhositsevenhoursadayarehealthierthanthosewhosittwohours.

B)Thosewhositfivehoursadayarehealthierthanthosewhositfourhours.

C)Thosewhositshorthoursaremorelikelytodiethanthosewhositlonghours.

D)Thosewhositshorthoursarehealthierthanthosewhositlonghours.

65.Whatisthebadeffectofstandingtoomuchatwork?P6

A)Higherratesofdiabetesamongmen.C)Higherratesofvaricoseveinsamong

women.

B)Higherratesofoverweightamongtheold.D)Higherratesofdeathamongchildren.

66.Whatistheresultofthedebate?

A)Doctorswonastheyshowlong-hourofsittingcancausemanydiseases.

B)Expertswonastheypointthekeyismovement,notstanding.

C)Thedebatehadnoconclusionthoughbothsidesputforwardtheirviews.

D)Thedebateendinatieasbothsidesgavesufficientreasons.

57—66CDBDBDADCC

PassageOne

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Nowadays,morethan14millionpeoplearepracticingyoga(瑜伽)inAmerica,up136%

since2000.Overthepastthreeyears,13,000Americansweretreatedinanemergencyroomora

doctor?sofficeforyoga-relatedinjuries,accordingtotheConsumerProductSafetyCommission.

Oftenpeoplegethurtbecausetheyassumethatyogaissimpleandthatanybodycanbend

himselforherselfondemand.EdwardToriello,anorthopedic(整形手术的)surgeonand

spokesmanfortheAmericanAcademyofOrthopedicSurgeons,saysmostoftheinjurieshesees

aresufferedby“weekendfighters"，Hesaid,“theythinkthatyogaisaneasywaytostart

exercising,sotheygotoclassonceaweek,notspreadoutatalbandtheygethurt.^^

Atthesametime,othersseeyoga—apracticeoriginallyconceivedtohelppeopleachieve

innerpeace-asawaytogetavigorousexercise.Morethanfivetimesasmanypeopletakeyoga

classesathealthclubstodayastheydidadecadeago,andenthusiastshavecreatedallkindsof

differentyogaformsshockingthepurists：discoyoga,poweryoga,nottomentionquestionable

hotyoga,whichurgespeopletopushthemselvestotheirlimitsinveryhotroomsinwhich

temperaturesaresetat105°F(41℃).

Thetruthis,yoga,regardlessoftheform,doesn'tofferacomprehensivewaytogetfit.

AccordingtoastudybytheAmericanCouncilonExercise,peoplewhooftenpracticeyogashow

noimprovementincardiovascular(心血管的)health.It*snotthebestwaytoloseweighteither.

Partoftheproblemisthatincreasingly,thepeopleteachingyogadon'tknowenoughaboutit.

Yogawastraditionallytaughtone-on-onebyaninstructoroveraperiodofyears,buttoday

instructorscanleadaclassafterjustaweekendcourse."Yogameansbringingtogethermind,

bodyandspirit,butinWesternyoga,we'veextracteditdowntobody,“saysShanaMeyerson,

aninstructorinLosAngeles."That'snotevenyogaanymore.IfthegoalistolooklikeMadonna,

you'rebetteroffrunningorswimming.^^

57.AccordingtoEdwardToriello,somepeoplearehurtbyyogabecause.

A)Theymerelylikepracticingthesimpleactionsofyoga

B)Yogaisactuallyaveryviolentsportformostpeopletopractice

C)Mostpeoplepracticemerelyyogainweekends

D)Theymistakeyogaassomethingeasyandfailtopracticegradually

58.Yogawasinventedinitiallyforthepurposeof.

A)makingpeoplemorevigorous.C)helpingpeoplefindtheinwardcalmness

B)helpingpeoplegetridofalldiseasesD)makingpeoplebecomeslimmer

59.ItcanbeseenfromParagraph3thatthedifferentchangedformsofyoga.

A)arerewardingforpeopletopracticeC)arecompletelywelcomedbyallpeople

B)makesomepeoplepracticingyogaamazingD)areveryhelpfultoimprovepeople'shealth

60.AccordingtoShanaMeyerson,ayogainstructorinLosAngeles,.

A)peopleshouldpaymoreattentiontomentalpracticeofyoga.

B)runningandswimmingarebettertoourhealththanpracticingyoga

C)Madonnaprefersrunningandswimmingtopracticingyoga

D)yogaisnolongerbeneficialtopeople'shealthnowadays

61.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

A)yogainstructorsshouldnotteachtoomanyclasses

B)itisunwiseforpeopletotakeanyyogaclassatpresent.

C)nowadaystherearemanyincompetentyogainstructors

D)yogashouldnotbetaughtthroughtheweekendcourse

PassageTwo

Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

WhenMobamedElBaradeiwonNobelPeacePrizein2005,Egyptianshappilyconsidered

himanationalhero.Buinowthathehasretiredafter12yearsasheadoftheInternationalAtomic

EnergyAgency,somearecallinghimavillain(恶棍).HemaybeanAmericanorevenanIranian

agent,hint(暗指)editorialsinEgypt'sstate-ownedpress.Hebearsastrongdislikeagainsthis

nativecountryaftersolongabroad,complainingtoothergovernmentofficials.

Thereasonforthissuddencruelcriticism?Respondingtopleasfromreform-minded

Egyptiansdespairingoflocalpolitics,Mr.ElBaradeihassuggestedhemayreturntoEgyptand

runforpresidentinelectionsin2011.Worseyet,hehasproposedconditionsforhispossible

candidacy.Thepoll,hesays,mustmeetinternationallyacceptedstandards.

Forsuchafamouscitizentojointheelectionwouldcausescarcelyanyresponseelsewhere.

InEgypt,wherefivedecadesunderasinglepartyandalmostthreeunderitspresentleader,

PresidentHosniMubarak,havesuppressedallbutapretenceofdemocracy,ithasraisedabig

cloudofdust.TheplanofMr.ElbaradeFsparticipationbringsunpredictabilitytowhatEgyptians

hadassumedwouldbeadefiniteoutcome,givingeitherasix-yeartermtoMr.Mubarak,now81,

orawinforhisson,Gamal,whoisinchargeofNationalDemocraticParty(NDP).

MoreannoyinglyforEgypt'srules,Mr.ElBaradei'sdeclarationofconditionhasdrawn

people'sattentiononthepresentcunning(狡猾的)constitutionalmechanicsthatallowthe

stage-managingofEgypt5sso-calleddemocracy,Eventobecomealegalindependentcandidate,

forinstance,Mr.ElBaradeiwouldneedtocollect250signaturesfromarangeof“elected”

officials,allofwhomhappentositinbodieslargelydominatedbytheNDP.

PerhapsnotevenMr.ElBaradeihimselfexpectsthathemaybeallowedtobecomeaserious

challenger.Suiprisingly,consideringthathehasspentmostofthepast40yearsoutsideEgypt,and

rarelypronouncedonitstroubles,some21,000enthusiastshavesignedontoaFacebooksupport

group.PerhapstheirsisthevoiceofEgypt'sfuture.

62.TheviolentattackonMohanedElBaradeiarosebecause.

A)hedidn'twintheNobelPeacePrizeforasecondtime

B)heretiredfromtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency

C)hedecidedtojointheelectionandputforwardanewrule

D)hedidn'tcareforhisowncountryatallformanyyears

63.ItcanbeseenfromwhatMr.ElBaradeisaysthatthepresentpollinEgypt.

A)isabletoensurethedemocracytoalargeextent

B)isnolongersupportedbyalloftheEgyptianpeople

C)hasbeenchangedformanytimesinthepastyears

D)isdifferentfrominternationallyacceptedstandards

64.IfMohanedElBaradeidoesnotjointheelection,then.

A)therewillappearanenormousdisturbanceinEgypt

B)EgyptwillbestillruledbyNationalDemocraticParty

C)HosniMubarakwilldefinitelybethepresidentinthenextterm

D)Gamalwillcontinuetobethepresidentforanotherterm

65.ItisimpliedinParagraph4thatthepresentconstitutioninEgypt.

A)isrelativelyhelpfultocandidatesfromNationalDemocraticParty

B)hasbeensuitablefordemocracytobecarriedouttosomeextent

C)hasbeencriticizedbyanumberofcitizensinEgyptformanyyears

D)isbeneficialtoprotectMohanedElBaradeitojointheelection

66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

A)ElBaradeishowsnointerestinbeingachallenger

B)allEgyptiansdonotcareforthiselectionaction.

C)thereisnoEgyptianwhosupportsElBaradei

D)someEgyptiansarefirmlyinfavorofElBaradei

57—66DCBACCDBAD

PassageOne

Question57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thesecretofyouthmayultimatelybehiddeninapoorly-understoodgenethatnotonly

extendsthelifespanbutenhancesqualityoflife,accordingtoanewstudy.

Inaseriesofexperimentsonroundworms,ateamofscientistsattheSalkInstituteinSan

Diego,California,haveidentifiedthecriticalgene,knownasPHA-4,whichplaysacriticalrolein

prolonginglife.

Othermolecular(分子的)biologistsarehailingthestudyassignificantasitwillchange

researchagendasinthenewbutburgeoningfieldoflongevity(长寿)genetics.

Onlywithinthepastdecadehavescientistsunderstoodthatsinglegenescansignificantly

affectageing,oncethoughttobeanuncontrollableprocessofperish.

''Therearetwomajorwaystoprolonglife/saysbiologistDrHugoAguilaniu,oneofthe

study'sauthors,explainsinaninterview.Oneistodecreasesensitivityatthecellularlevelto

insulin(胰岛素).“Thisisalreadywellknown.Geneticallymodifiedmicehavebeencreatedthat

livetwiceaslongasaresult,"saysAguilaniu,whoisnowattheUniversityofLyoninFrance.

Butthereareunwelcomeside-effects,forexample,itmayhindergrowthanddoharmto

reproductiveability.

Theotherwaytoprolonglifeisdietaryrestriction.nIfyougiveananimal70%ofitsnormal

intake,itwilllive20-30%longer,"saysAguilaniu.Inahumanbeing,thataddsuptoanadditional

15-20yearsoflife.Arestricteddiet,however,isnotthesameasnearstarvation,andmustconsist

ofabalancedmixofnutrientstobeeffective.

Thelinkbetweeneatinglessandlivinglongerhasbeenknownfordecades.

"Bulwehadnoideawhatthemolecularactorofthisprocesswas,"Aguilaniusays.

Throughtheresearch,itisfoundthattheearthwormsenjoyedalongerlifespanwhentheir

foodwasaddedmorePHA-4genes.

"Whatismostinterestingisthatdiet-restrictedanimalsaremoredynamic.Weliketotalknot

justaboutlifespanbut'health-spanexpansion1-beinghealthieroveralongerperiodoftime,"

Aguilaniusays.

57.Thescientistshavefoundpeoplecanlivemuchlongerbecause_.

A)thequalityoftheirlivesisrelativelygood

B)theyhavesomehiddensecretstobecomeyoung

C)theyalwayslikehidingtheirpoorlivesfromothers

D)theyarebornwithPHA-4,ageneplayingacriticalrole

58.Abouttenyearsago,peoplethinktheprocessofageing.

A)cannotbecontrolledbypeople

B)isverynaturalforourhumans

C)canbeinfluencedbysomegenes

D)canbetotallycontrolledbyhumans

59.Whatcanbeconcludedaboutthefirstmethodofprolonginglife?

A)Itpreventsthegrowthoflife.

B)Itisbeneficialtoreproductiveability.

C)Itdoesn*thelpmicetolivelonger.

D)Ithassomepositiveeffectswhenused.

60.WhydidAguilaniusayweshouldn'tonlytalkaboutlifespan?

A)Becausethereisnoadvancedtechnologytoprolonglife.

B)Becauseitisverydifficultforustoexpandlifespanatpresent.

C)Becauseitisnouseforustoprolonglifeatpresenttime.

D)Becauseweshouldpaymoreattentiontohealthierlife.

61.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A)molecularbiologistsdon'tsupportthisstudyatall

B)ifpeoplewanttolivelonger,theyshouldeatlesscorrectly

C)bothofthetwowaystoprolonglifehavebadeffects

D)peoplehaveknownthemolecularactorofeatinglessandlivinglonger.

PassageTwo

Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Peoplewhowanttolearnthingsmightdobetterbysimplystoppingtosmelltheroses,

accordingtoastudypublishedinthelatestissueofNaturemagazine..

Germanresearchersfoundtheycoulduseodorstore-activate(重新唤起)newmemoriesin

thebrainsofpeoplewhiletheyslept-andthevolunteersrememberedbetterlater.

Theresearcherssaidtheirstudyshowedthatmemoriesareindeedconsolidatedduringsleep,

andshowthatsmellsandperhapsotherstimulicanreinforcebrainlearningpathways.

JanBornoftheUniversityofLubeckinGermanyandcolleagueshad74volunteerslearnto

playgamessimilartothegameof“Concentration"inwhichtheymustfindmatchedpairsof

objectsorcardsbyturningonlyoneoveratatime.

Whiledoingthistask,someofthevolunteersinhaledthescentofroses.Thevolunteersthen

agreedtosleepinsideanMagneticResonanceImaging(MRI核磁共振成像)tube.Functional

magneticresonanceimagingwasusedto"watch"theirbrainswhiletheyslept.Atvariousstages

duringsleep,Born'steamwaftedinthesamescentofroses.

Thevolunteersweretestedagainthenextdayonwhattheyhadlearned,"Aftertheodornight,

participantsremembered97.2percentofthecardpairstheyhadlearnedbeforesleep/the

researcherswrote.Buttheyonlyremembered86percentofthepairsiftheydidnotgettherose

smellwhilesleeping.

Theresearcherssaidinafindingthatwilladdtothedebateoverwhetherpeople"learn'1in

theirsleepthewaysomeanimalshavebeenshownto.Researchhasshown,forexample,thatrats

learninganewmazewillrehearsetheirmovementsduringsleep,andthatsongbirdsrehearsetheir

songs.

Andthestageofsleepwasimportanttoo.Born'steamsaidthescentimprovedlearningwhen

itwasadministeredduringslow-wavesleep,buthadnoeffectduringrapideyemovementsleep.

TheMRIshowedthatthehippocampus(海马体)，thepartofthebrainassociatedwithlearning

newthings,wasactivatedwhentheodorwaswaftedoverthevolunteersduringslowwave