考研英语真题91-00年A篇阅读

1991

Text1

Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmen

todonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.

DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgone

terriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.

Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.

Accountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisor

heractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.

Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether一一honesty,kindness,andsoon一一

accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,

nolaw-and,ultimately,nosociety.

Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhavenever

learned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople's

behaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.

Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities一一smallertowns,usually-whereschoolsmaintain

disciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:"Inthisfamilycertainthings

arenottolerated一一theysimplyarenotdone!

Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsare

loosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhat

hewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.

Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifa

crimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it'sthe

criminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthat

didn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bythe

parentswhodidn'tprovideastablehome.

Idon'tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengage

incriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecome

asocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.

WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrime

istheoneresponsibleforit.

31.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat.

[A]it'sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevil

[B]it'scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit

[C]it'sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevil

[D]it'sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil

32.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,.

[A]societyistobeheldresponsible

[B]moderncivilizationisresponsibleforit

[C]thecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblame

[D]thestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved

33.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave.

[A]lessself-discipline

[B]bettersenseofdiscipline

[C]moremutualrespect

[D]lesseffectivegovernment

34.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat.

[A]peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals

[B]peopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards

[C]today'ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficulty

[D]peopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities

35.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat.

[A]stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamilies

[B]moregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollow

[C]morerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople'sbehavior

[D]morepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountability

Text2

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelong

orshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety'sdefinitionastowhatconstitutes

maturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshort

periodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwith

lawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostofthe

seconddecadeofone,slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinition

ofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.

Examplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthe

nineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofan

agriculturalsociety.

Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolic

significanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Social

oneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocial

status.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduation

constitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocial

recognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducational

ambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegal

definitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyears

fromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsof

childhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.

Thetwe1ve-year-o1disnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,

theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivileges

withoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertain

adultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.

Henowcanobtainadriver,slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithoutthe

restrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilities

aswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparental

permission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.

Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitled

torunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageafter

majoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpoint

adulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.

36.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause.

[A]thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged

[B]theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped

[C]moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade

[D]ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance

37.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto.

[A]graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges

[B]socialrecognition

[C]socio-economicstatus

[D]certainbehavioralchanges

38.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis.

[A]elevenyearsold

[B]sixteenyearsold

[C]twenty-oneyearsold

[D]betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold

39.Startingfrom22,.

[A]onewillobtainmorebasicrights

[B]theolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhave

[C]onewon'tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21

[D]onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysociety

40.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat.

[A]inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceand

adulthoodnolongerexisted

[B]noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one

[C]oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver,slicense

[D]oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy

Text3

Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Barnes

hassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposed

mainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowth

anddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplant

mustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarried

toallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolved

state.Thecarbondioxide(C02)fromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwater

intheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars--thebase

materialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally

75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,

mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.

Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpart

ofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbon

dioxideandwaterarecombined-inthepresenceofchlorophyll(叶绿素)andwithenergyderived

fromlight一一toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.This

occursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminute

openings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegas

toentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas--watervapor-tobelostfromit.Sincecarbon

dioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)

andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80°F,saturatedair

wouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwater

vaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,

thelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelative

concentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafis

synthesizedintocarbohydrates(碳水化合物).

41.Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept.

[A]formingsugars

[B]sustainingwoodystems

[C]keepinggreen

[D]producingcarbondioxide

42.Theessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis.

[A]toformsugars

[B]toderiveenergyfromlight

EC]topreservewater

[D]tocombinecarbondioxidewithwater

43.Thesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat.

[A]aplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritabsorbs

[B]carbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantdevelopment

[C]aplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscomposition

[D]thestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporloss

44.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

[A]Themineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinits

root.

[B]Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves.

[C]Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated.

[D]Onlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantsissynthesized.

45.Thispassageismainlyabout.

[A]thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandwater

[B]theroleofwaterinagrowingplant

EC]theprocessofsimplesugarformation

[D]thesynthesisofwaterwithcarbondioxide

1992

Text1

Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodern

life,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecome

monstersbehindthewheel.Itisverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveone

inthedriver'sseatisanothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,the

rudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontothe

rule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora“BeKindtoOtherDrivers”campaign,otherwiseitmay

getcompletelyoutofhand.

Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headed

andgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilized

behavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensions

ofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpoliteness

helpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmoderntrafficconditions.

Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon't

evenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.

However,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwho

brakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,

whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacross

azebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesame

goesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italways

amazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies.

Aveterandriver,whosemannersarefaultless,toldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnt

tofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthat

giverisetobadtemper.Unfortunately,modernmotoristscan'tevenlearntodrive,letalone

masterthesubtleraspectsofboatmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownership

explosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforall

ofustotakethismessagetoheart.

31.Accordingtothispassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby.

[A]people'sattitudetowardstheroad-hog

[B]therhythmofmodernlife

[C]thebehaviorofthedriver

[D]trafficconditions

32.Thesentence“Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog...therule.(Para.1)impliesthat

[A]oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotorists

[B]rudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionally

[C]thewell-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-hog

[D]nowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotorists

33.By"goodsense,“thewritermeans

[A]thedriver?sabilitytounderstandandreactreasonably

[B]thedriver'spromptresponsetodifficultandsevereconditions

[C]thedriver'stoleranceofrudeorevensavagebehavior

[D]thedriver'sacknowledgementofpolitenessandregulations

34.Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion,.

[A]roadusersshouldmakemoresacrifice

[B]driversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachother

[C]driversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongthemselves

[D]driverswillsuffergreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoothers

35.Inthewriter'sopinion,.

[A]stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneeded

[B]driversshouldapplyroadpolitenessproperly

[C]rudedriversshouldbepunished

[D]driversshouldavoidtrafficjams

Text2

Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirror一一theglassintheroof

ofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun'sraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping.

Accordingtoaweatherexpert?sprediction,theatmospherewillbe3℃warmerintheyear

2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarmingup

tookplace,theicecapsinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetres

andseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldlead

togreatchangesintheclimateofthenorthernhemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalteration

ofearth,schieffood-growingzones.

Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArctic

becausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.Buttheweatherexperts

arenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegrees

ofwarming:inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenext

fiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.

SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.The

evidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbon

dioxidewarmstheearth.

However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemto

befalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweather

haveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis:Whichnaturalcausehasmosteffectonthe

weather?

Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstation

havestudiedthehotspotsand“cold"spots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthe

sun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror“colder“facestotheearth,

anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableeffect

onthedistributionoftheearth?satmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.

Thesunisalsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatest

trendbeingdownward.

Scientistsarenowfindingmutualrelationsbetweenmodelsofsolar-weatherinteractions

andtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.Theproblem

isthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.

Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadelayofthousandsofyearswhile

thesolareffectsovercometheinertia(惯性)oftheearth?sclimate.Ifthisisright,the

warmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulcounter-balancetothesun,s

diminishingheat.

36.Itcanbeconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould.

[A]preventthesun,sraysfromreachingtheearthJssurface

[B]meanawarmingupintheArctic

[C]accountforgreatchangesintheclimateinthenorthernhemisphere

[D]raisethetemperatureoftheearth'ssurface

37.Thearticlewaswrittentoexplain.

[A]thegreenhouseeffect

[B]thesolareffectsontheearth

[C]themodelsofsolar-weatherinteractions

[D]thecausesaffectingweather

38.Althoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseem

tobefalling.Thisis.

[A]mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerising

[B]possiblebecausetheicecapsinthepolesaremelting

[C]exclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertiaoftheearthJsclimate

[D]partlyduetovariationsintheoutputofsolarenergy

39.Onthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsareoftheopinionthat.

[A]theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooler

[B]itwilltakethousandsofyearsfortheinertiaoftheearth?sclimatetotakeeffect

[C]theman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffects

[D]thenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffect

40.IftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,.

[A]thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetoburnmorefuels

[B]icewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemisphere

[C]theincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecouldwarmuptheeartheven

morequickly

[D]thegreenhouseeffectcouldworktotheadvantageoftheearth

Text3

Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthat

ifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheopposite

istrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstanding

andhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGames

havedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonly

wastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruined

bylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.

Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockey（曲

棍球）final.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjecting

tothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowed

andthattheiropponents'victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"This

wasn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished."Thepresident

oftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamfor

atleastthreeyears.

TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,after

adisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.Itwasthoughtatfirst

thattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethree

secondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttothe

other,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlost

anOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbefore

announcingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilver

medals.

Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthan

fortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orin

non-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympics

thereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.

41.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGameshave.

[A]createdgoodwillbetweenthenations

[B]bredonlyfalsenationalpride

[C]barelyshowedanyinternationalfriendship

[D]ledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandhatred

42.Whatdidthemanagermeanbysaying,"・・・HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederation

arefinished”?

[A]Histeamwouldnolongertakepartininternationalgames.

[B]HockeyandtheFederationarebothruinedbytheunfairdecisions.

[C]ThereshouldbenomorehockeymatchesorganizedbytheFederation.

[D]TheFederationshouldbedissolved.

43.Thebasketballexampleimpliedthat.

[A]toomuchpatriotismwasdisplayedintheincident

[B]theannouncementtoprolongthematchwaswrong

[C]theappealjurywastoohesitantinmakingthedecision

[D]theAmericanteamwasrightinrejectingthesilvermedals

44.Theauthorgivesthetwoexamplesi