2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》真题及解析

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》真题及解析材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题 HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou’reawriter,you’llfind（江南博哥）thetime;andthatifyoucan’tfindthetime,thenwritingisn’tapriorityandyou’renotawriter.Forhim,writingis 1 job—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas 2 itwithplumbing,pointingoutthatplumberdoesn’twakeupandsaythathecan’tworkwithpipestoday.  3 ,likemostwritersthesedays,you’reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it’snot 4 tofindthetimetowrite.Butit’snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness. 5 thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly 6 oftenhavetodootherworkto 7 theirwritingincome. AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it’sa 8 ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhaveto 9 someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour 10 andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite 11 theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto 12 theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You’llhavetomakesocialmediaan 13 activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming 14 .There’llprobablyhavetobelesssocializingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It’sa 15 learningcurveanditwon’talwaysmakeyoupopular. There’sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor, 16 yourwriting—andthat’sreading.Anywriteneedstoreadasmadeandaswidelyastheycan,it’stheone 17 supporter—somethingyoucan’tdowithout. Timeisfinite.Theolderyouget,the 18 itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitsocarefullyandas 19 aswecan,thatmeansprioritizingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou’reawriter,thatmeans— 20 —writing.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1题答案是_______.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant正确答案：B参考解析：A:difficult困难B:normal正常的C:steady持续地、平稳地D:pleasant讨人喜欢的。翻译：对HarlanCoben来说，作家就是一个  工作——同其他工作没有什么差别。根据破折号后面的解释，对HarlanCoben来说，作家只是一个普通平常的工作，并无特别之处，B正确。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2题答案是_______.A.combinedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted正确答案：B参考解析：A:combine结合，混合B:compare比较C:confuse疑惑D:confront面对翻译：HarlanCoben拿作家这个工作跟修管道____,指出管道工不会第二天起床并且说今天我不从事修管道了。上一段指出writerisnormaljob，然后跟plumber进行了一个对比，plumber是normaljob，writer也是。B正确。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3题答案是_______.A.IfB.ThoughC.OnceD.Unless正确答案：A参考解析：A:if如果B:though然而C:once曾经，一...就...D:unless除非翻译：像大部分作家一样，___你维持了一份工作去生计，对你来说抽时间去写作将不那么容易。空格处填写一个连词，表达两个句子之间的关系，如果你像大部分的作家一样，拥有一份其他的工作来维持生计，那么你就将没有很多时间去写作，两个是因果关系。A正确。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4题答案是_______.A.enoughB.stangeC.wrongD.easy正确答案：D参考解析：A:enough足够B:strange奇怪C:wrong错误的D:easy容易翻译：如果你像大部分作家那样拥有一份其他的工作去维持生计，那么多你来说不___抽时间来写作。根据题意，ifyouholddownajobtopaythebill（有一份工作去赚钱生活），那么抽时间写作不是很容易，D正确。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5题答案是_______.A.AcceptB.ExplainC.RememberD.Suppose正确答案：C参考解析：A:accept接受B:explain解释C:remember记住D:suppose假设翻译：___这个事实，大部分畅销作家开始写作的时候，都是有另一份工作来维持生计的。上一句，Itrequiredeterminationandsingle-mindedness，表明一边工作一边写作需要决心跟专注，然后指出大部分的畅销书作者都是这样过来的，remenberthat（记住），C正确。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6题答案是_______.A.well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chosen正确答案：A参考解析：A:well-known众所周知的B:well-advised谨慎的C:well-informed见多识广的D:well-chosen精选的翻译：现在，甚至是相对___作家都必须去做其他的工作来补贴他们的写作收入。根据前文，有名的作家都是一边工作一边写作的，and表递进，指出同样是有名的作家，现在也需要工作来补贴写作的收入。A正确。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7题答案是_______.A.donateB.generateC.supplementD.calculate正确答案：C参考解析：A:donate捐献B:generate产生C:supplement补充，增补D:calculate计算，估算翻译：现在甚至是相对有名的作家也需要做其他工作来___他们的写作收入。捐献/产生/补贴/计算通过其他工作只能是补贴写作收入，所以C正确。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8题答案是_______.A.causeB.purposeC.questionD.condition正确答案：D参考解析：A:cause原因B:purpose意图，计划C:question问题D:condition条件，影响，代价翻译：正如HarlanCoben所表明的，这是优先选择的____，如果写作优先，你就必须牺牲你的日常活动和你所喜欢的事情。根据后面Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhavetoscrificesomeofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingyoureallyenjoy.可知：当你更重视写作一点，你就没有时间去做你喜欢的事，这就是代价，conditionofpriority。D正确。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9题答案是_______.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continueD.explore正确答案：B参考解析：A:highlight强调，突出B:sacrifice牺牲C:continue继续D:explore探索翻译：正如HarlanCoben所强调的，这就是优先选择的代价，如果你把写作作为优先事项，你就必须___你的日常活动跟你喜欢的事情。根据逻辑关系，如果你偏重写作，你就没有时间干其他的，所以你要牺牲你的日常时间跟活动，B正确。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10题答案是_______.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.skills正确答案：B参考解析：A:relation关系B:interest兴趣C:memory记忆力D:skill技巧翻译：根据你的____和生活方式，有的人意味着更少的时间看电视跟听音乐，然而有一部分人可以边听音乐边写作。and连接两个并列的词，lifestyle跟interest并列。B正确。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11题答案是_______.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before正确答案：C参考解析：A:until直...到...B:because因为C:while当...D:before在...之前翻译：根据你的兴趣和生活方式，有的人意味着更少的时间看电视跟听音乐，然而有一部分人可以写作____他在听音乐的时候。though表转折，前面说lesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic，后面应该是表达，一边听音乐一边写作，while当...时候。C正确。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12题答案是_______.A.putupwithB.makeupforC.hangontoD.cutdownon正确答案：D参考解析：A:putupwith忍受，容忍B:makeupfor弥补C:hangonto紧紧握住D:cutdownon减少，节省翻译：你可能需要___你的活动和运动的次数。根据前面的，spendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic，可知，应该是减少活动和运动的次数，D正确。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13题答案是_______.A.intelligentB.occasionalC.intensiveD.emotional正确答案：B参考解析：A:intelligent智力、有才智的B:occasional偶尔的、临时的C:intensive强烈的D:emotional

有感染力的翻译：你必须使社交媒体成为一个___活动，而不是一个日常的、耗时的习惯。insteadof连接两个相反意思的形容词，adaily,time-consuming跟occasional意思相反。B正确。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14题答案是_______.A.habitB.bestC.decisionD.plan正确答案：A参考解析：A:habit习惯B:best最好的C:decision决定D:plan计划翻译：你必须使社交媒体成为一个偶尔的活动，而不是一个日常的、耗时的____。insteadof连接两个意思想法的形容词，一个是occational，一个是time-consuming，同理activity跟空格处的词对应。activity对应habit。偶尔的活动跟耗时的习惯。A正确。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15题答案是_______.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny正确答案：A参考解析：A:tough棘手的，艰难的B:gentle文静的，柔和的C:rapid快速的D:funny有趣的翻译：这是____的学习曲线，并且不总让你受到欢迎。空格处填写形容词，根据后文itwon'talwaysmakeyoupopular可知，空格处的形容词，是贬义的，相比于gentlefunnyrapid，tough（艰难的）更合适。A正确。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16题答案是_______.A.inplaceofB.inchargeofC.inresponsetoD.inadditionto正确答案：D参考解析：A:inplaceof代替B:inchargeof掌管C:inresponceof回应D:inadditionto除...之外翻译：____写作之外，还有一件事你应该至少留一段时间———那就是阅读。根据前面lesstimewatchingtelevision，cutdownontheamountofexercise，makesocialmediaanoccasionalactivity，本段应该为除了写作之外，你应该留一点时间给阅读。D正确。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17题答案是_______.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant正确答案：A参考解析：A:indispensable不可缺少的B:innovative创新的C:invisible无形的D:instant立即翻译：任何写作和写出来的作品都需要广泛的阅读，这是一个___要素，没有它你就不能写作。根据题意，空格填写一个形容词，indispensablesupporter不可或缺的要素。A正确。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18题答案是_______.A.dullerB.harderC.quieterD.quicker正确答案：D参考解析：A:dull迟钝的、不活跃的B:hard艰难的C:quiet安静的D:quick快速的翻译：时间是有限的，你变得越老，它走的越______。后一句，Weneedtouseitsocarefully（我们要有效的利用时间），以及时间是有限的，可知，当我们越老的时候，所剩下的时间不多了，它流逝的也就越快。D正确。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19题答案是_______.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productivelyD.gratefully正确答案：C参考解析：A:peacefully平静地B:generously慷慨地C:productively有成果地D:gratefully感激地翻译：我们要尽可能小心和___地利用时间。本段第一句是，Timeisfinite（时间是有限的），然后and连接两个并列的词语，productively有效率的。C正确。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20题答案是_______.A.atmostB.inturnC.onaverageD.aboveall正确答案：D参考解析：A:atmost最多B:inturn转而、依次C:onaverage平均D:aboveall最重要的是，尤其是翻译：优先考虑活动，让我们把大部分时间花在我们真正想做的事情上，如果你是作家，那么____就是写作.如果你是作家（ifyouareawriter），最重要的就是写作了，thatmeanthethingswereallywanttodoiswriting。D正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题 Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexampleofdarkpatterns. Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,“darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststo“roachmotel”,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout. Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender. Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding“digitaldeception.” Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing“confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn’toptout.” Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.查看材料21.【阅读理解PartA】Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns______.A.improveuserexperiencesB.leakuserinformationforprofitC.undermineusers’decision-makingD.remindusersofhiddencosts正确答案：C参考解析：Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexampleofdarkpatterns.一些应该简单和透明的东西可能是有意或无意的，会损害消费者的选择，我们把这种模式称为“darkpattern”。impairconsemerchoice跟undermineusers’decision-making同义，C正确。查看材料22.【阅读理解PartA】The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow_____.A.theirmajorflawsB.theircomplexdesignsC.theirseveredamageD.theirstrongpresence正确答案：D参考解析：Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.在2019年一项针对5.3万个产品页面和1.1万个网站的研究中，研究人员发现，其中大约十分之一采用了这些设计模式。作者主要是想体现出darkpattern大量存在。D选项正确。查看材料23.【阅读理解PartA】Tohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould______.A.listentocustomerfeedbackB.talkwithrelevantteamsC.turntoindependentagenciesD.relyonprofessionaltraining正确答案：B参考解析：BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding“digitaldeception.”企业应该与IT、合规、风险和法律团队进行对话，以审查他们的隐私政策。并在讨论中包括负责公司用户界面的客户/用户体验设计人员和程序员，以及负责注册的市场营销人员和广告商。结账篮、定价和促销活动。任何一个或所有这些团队都可以在创造或避免“数字欺骗”中发挥作用。B正确。查看材料24.【阅读理解PartA】TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto______.A.guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesB.protectconsumersfrombeingtrickedC.grantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsD.restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent正确答案：B参考解析：theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”加州司法部长宣布批准根据《加州消费者隐私法案》(CCPA)制定的额外规定，以“确保消费者在寻求行使数据隐私权时不会被混淆或误导。”即保护消费者不受到欺骗，B正确。查看材料25.【阅读理解PartA】Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis______.A.newlegalrequirementsB.businesses’self-disciplineC.strictregulatorystandardsD.consumers’safetyawareness正确答案：B参考解析：Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butsonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.Darkpattern也可以在自我监管的基础上得到解决，但只有当企业对自己负责，不仅对法律要求，而且对行业最佳实践和标准负责。所以解决darkpattern的关键是businesses’self-discipline（企业的自觉）。B正确。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题 MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel. OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring—saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed. Financialneedsaren’ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression. “Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“It’snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.” Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthepopulation65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau.That’salsoup30.2%since2010. Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts. Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals. “Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,”Weisssaid.“It’snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan’tretire.”查看材料26.【阅读理解PartA】ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat_____.A.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworkB.theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeroneC.oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirementD.moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement正确答案：D参考解析：OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplanhaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring—saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.根据哈里斯民意调查进行的一项调查，40岁以上的美国人中就有三分之一为长寿做准备，有退休后继续工作的计划。更令人惊讶的是，调查显示，超过一半的“未退休人员”——那些计划退休工作或退休后回去工作的人——表示，即使他们有足够的钱安顿下来，他们在晚年也会有工作。所以表明，更多的美国人愿意在退休后工作。D正确。查看材料27.【阅读理解PartA】ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat_____.A.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemB.boredomcanberelievedafterretirementC.thementalhealthofretireesisoverlookedD.“unretirement”contributestotheeconomy正确答案：A参考解析：Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.About72%of“unretire”respondentssaidthattheywouldreturntoworkonceretiredtokeepmentallyfit.根据这项研究，其他原因还包括个人成就感，如保持精神健康、避免无聊或避免抑郁。约72%的“未退休”受访者表示，他们退休后会重返工作岗位，以保持精神健康。第三段开头，说明：除了经济原因之外，还有一些personalfulfillment的原因，百分之72受访者表示，他们会返回工作tokeepmentallyfit。A选项正确。查看材料28.【阅读理解PartA】Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto_____.A.laborshortagesB.populationgrowthC.longerlifeexpectancyD.risinglivingcosts正确答案：C参考解析：Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.退休模式发生改变的一个原因是：美国人活得更久了。C正确。查看材料29.【阅读理解PartA】Manyretiresareincreasingtheirsavingsby_____.A.investingmoreinstocksB.takingupoddjobsC.gettingwell-paidworkD.spendingless正确答案：D参考解析：Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.该公司表示，他们最受欢迎的方式之一是减少整体开支、获得人寿保险或最大化他们对退休账户的贡献。D“减少开销”正确。查看材料30.【阅读理解PartA】Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare_____.A.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiastic正确答案：A参考解析：Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss.布伦特·韦斯说，不幸的是，许多选择退休后工作的人正准备减少他们的整体开支，确保人寿保险或最大化他们对退休账户的贡献，因为他们担心晚年的生活保障。由此得出，布伦特·韦斯认为很多人都没有准备退休之后的生活。A正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答31-35题。 Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown’s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs. Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey’realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture—specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange. “I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds’wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.” Theeggindustry’spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond. Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein). Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey’redoing.”查看材料31.【阅读理解PartA】Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproducted_____.A.ataconsiderablylowcostB.atthedemandofregularshoppersC.asareplacementfororganiceggsD.onspeciallydesignedforms正确答案：D参考解析：Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.这一切似乎都是随机的，但这是设计上的，是美国鸡蛋行业61亿美元押注的下一个大事的一部分：气候友好型鸡蛋。onspeciallydesignedforms与原文中的it’sbydesign呼应。D正确。查看材料32.【阅读理解PartA】LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin______.A.reducingthedamageofB.acceleratingthedisposalofusesC.creatingasustainablesystemD.attractingcustomerstohisproducts正确答案：C参考解析：“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds’wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”“我对我们的项目感到兴奋，”布朗说。他正在增加更多的覆盖作物，吸引蠕虫和蟋蟀让鸡吃。母鸡的废物然后给土地施肥。这样的改进“让我们的母鸡能够寻找更高质量的天然饲料，这对土地、母鸡和我们提供给客户的鸡蛋都是有益的。”LarryBrown之所以很兴奋，是因为，他们建立了一个可续发展的系统，肥沃的土壤吸引虫类，母鸡吃了虫类之后的排泄物肥沃了土壤，土壤又吸引虫类。所以C选项“creatingasustainablesystem”正确。查看材料33.【阅读理解PartA】Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedintheparagragh4tosuggest______.A.thedoubtstoovernaturalfeedsB.thesetbreaksintheeggsindustryC.thepotentialofregenerativeproductsD.thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets正确答案：C参考解析：organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.有机鸡蛋从被天然食品商店视为利基产品转向在沃尔玛销售。最近，人们对益生菌和植物性肉类也有类似的怀疑，但两者都已激增为主要的超市类别。如果可持续的鸡蛋推广成功，它可能会为再生牛肉、西兰花和其他领域打开闸门。文章举了三个例子，进行了类比，通过有机鸡蛋、跟益生菌和植物性肉类的发展，对可持续鸡蛋的可能性进行分析，Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedtosuggestthethepotentialofregenerativeproducts。C正确。查看材料34.【阅读理解PartA】Itcanbelearnedfromparagraghthatyoungpeople______.A.arereluctanttochangetheirdietB.arelikelytobuyclimatefriendlyeggsC.arecuriousaboutnewfoodD.areamazedatagriculturaladvances正确答案：B参考解析：Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.调查显示，年轻一代更关心气候变化，而植物性肉类的一些成功可以归功于那些想要表达他们保护环境的愿望的购物者。年轻人“真的很关心地球”。由此可以得出，年轻人更有可能去购买环境保护型鸡蛋，B正确。查看材料35.【阅读理解PartA】JohnBrungvellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts______.A.marketsprospectsB.standarddefinitionC.marketprospectD.moralimplication正确答案：A参考解析：Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton.再生产品可能很难销售，因为这个概念很难快速定义，朱莉·斯坦顿说。Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell.调查显示，年轻一代更关心气候变化，而植物性肉类的一些成功可以归功于那些想要表达他们保护环境的愿望的购物者。年轻人“真的很关心这个星球，”约翰·布伦奎尔说。JohnBrungvell觉得年轻人很爱地球，对于气候友好型的产品会愿意购买，所以对regenerativeproducts的市场前景很看好，A正确。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答36-40题 Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects. Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession’simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students’attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester—nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students. Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent—andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy’sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent. “That’sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,”Schwitzgebelsays. PsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo.” Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence—classmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistants’eatinghabitsandstudents’videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel—whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghiswords.查看材料36.【阅读理解PartA】Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare______.A.hardtodetermineB.narrowlyinterpretedC.difficulttoignoreD.poorlysummarized正确答案：A参考解析：Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior,evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.尽管伦理课程在世界各