2025年中考英语重难点复习21 宾语从句

重难点21宾语从句 1.宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1.1.由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome.1.2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfor?Idon’tknowwhythetrainislate.1.3.由if或whether引导的宾语从句。if和whether在句中的意思是＂是否＂。Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere.2.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序，即按照主语、谓语的顺序。2.1.陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。Heisanhonestboy.Theteachersaid.→Theteachersaid(that)hewasanhonestboy.2.2.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。Doesheworkhard?Iwonder.→Iwonderif/whetherheworkshard.3.宾语从句主句与从句时态一致的问题。3.1.如果主句是现在的某种时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。3.2.如果主句是过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），那么宾语从句一定要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。3.3.如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。4.宾语从句种类具体分述4.1.that引导的宾语从句that是宾语从句的一个引导词，放在主句和从句之间。它引导的宾语从句由陈述句转化而来，故从句的语序不变。在that引导的宾语从句中，that作连接代词，无意义，在句中不作任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中通常可以省略。4.1.1.that引导的宾语从句的用法.位置：that引导的宾语从句通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）、介词或形容词之后。=1\*GB3①作及物动词，如：say，think，tell，know，hear，see，hope，wish，remember，forget等的宾语。如：ShesaysthatshewillhelpmelearnEnglishthisevening.她说今天晚上她会帮我学英语。=2\*GB3②作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except，but，in之后。如：Heisagoodboyexceptthatheiscareless.他是一个好男孩，只是有点儿粗心。=3\*GB3③作＂be+形容词＂结构的宾语。某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，如：sure，glad，certain，pleased，sorry，happy，afraid等，连词that可省略。如：I’mhappy(that)Ipassedtheexam.我很高兴我通过了考试。.时态：主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须用过去的某种时态。试比较：Hesaysthathewantstoseehimassoonaspossible.他说他想尽快见到他。Hesaidthathewantedtoseehimassoonaspossible.他说他想尽快见到他。【特别提醒】当主句是一般过去时，而宾语从句的内容表示的是客观真理、事实、科学原理、自然现象、名言警句、格言、谚语等时，此时宾语从句用一般现在时，这些情况下不受主句时态的限制。如：Theteachertoldusthattheearthgoesroundthesun.老师告诉我们地球围绕着太阳转。 .引导词that可以省略的几种情况：引导宾语从句的连词that通常可以省略：Shesaid(that)shewouldcometothemeeting.她说过要来开会的。Ipromiseyou(that)Iwillbethere.我答应你我会去的。.引导词that不能省略的几种情况：that在引导宾语从句时，并不是在任何情况下都可以省略，在以下几种情况下，that不能省略。=1\*GB3①从句的主语是that时，that不能省略；Weknowthatisaninterestingfilm.我们知道那是一部有趣的电影。=2\*GB3②and连接的两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时，有时省去第一个从句的连词that，但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如：Hetoldme(that)theycouldnotdecidewhattodoandthattheyaskedmyadvice.他告诉我他们决定不了去做什么并且问了我的意见。=3\*GB3③that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。如：Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth.对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：WethoughtitstrangethatXiaoZhangdidnotcomeyesterday.小张昨天没来，我们觉得很奇怪。.宾语从句的否定转移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句，当主句的主语是第一人称时，谓语尽管是否定的意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式，英语称这种现象为否定转移。Idon’tthinkheisright,ishe?我认为他不对，是吗？HethinksIcancome,doesn’the?他认为我能来，是不是？.如果宾语从句中含有否定意义的副词或形容词。如：hardly，never，seldom，no，few，little等，其反意疑问句要用肯定形式。如：Wefindthatheseldomgoestovisithismother,doeshe?我们发现他不常看望他的妈妈，是吗？.that引导的宾语从句变成被动语态时，只变主句，不变从句。实际上，我们经常把Itissaidthat...（据ItissaidthatheisfromCanada.据说他来自加拿大。4.2.疑问词引导的宾语从句特殊疑问句作宾语从句时，由疑问词when,who,what,where,whatever,how，which,why等引导。宾语从句的词序一律用陈述句的词序，即＂主语+谓语＂词序。①带有系动词be（is，am，are，was,were)的特殊疑问句。主句宾语从句DoyouknowhowoldLizis?你知道兹几岁吗?IknowhowoldLizis.我知道莉兹几岁。Idon’tknowhowoldLizis.我不知道莉兹几岁。宾语从句＂howoldLizis＂是主句动词know的宾语。how在从句中作副词。注意从句的顺序，主语在动词前（Lizis)。②带有（情态）助动词is/am/are/have/has/can/should等的特殊疑问句WhenisAnngoingtolran?安什么时候去伊朗？→DoyouknowwhenAnnisgoingtolran?你知道安什么时候去伊朗吗？→Idon’tknowwhenAnnisgoingtolran.我不知道安什么时候去伊朗。WhatshouldIdo?我该怎么办？→CanyoutellmewhatIshoulddo?你能告诉我，我该怎么办吗？→PleasetellmewhatIshoulddo.请告诉我，我该怎么办。WherehasRongone?朗去了哪里？→DoyouknowwhereRonhasgone?你知道朗去了哪里吗？→Idon’tknowwhereRonhasgone.我不知道朗去了哪里。③带有助动词do/does/did的特殊疑问句。WheredidIputmyweddingring?我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了？→DoyouknowwhereIputmyweddingring?你知道我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了吗？→Idon’trememberwhereIputmyweddingring.我不记得我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了。WhatdoesSuethinkaboutLulu?苏对露露的看法是什么？→DoyouknowwhatSuethinksaboutLulu?你知道苏对露露的看法是什么吗？→IknowwhatSuethinksaboutLulu.我知道苏对露露的看法是什么。注意：（1）由于宾语从句要求陈述句语序，故而在从句中它变成了陈述语序。请看下列两组句子：Howmuchdoesthiscoatcost?→Iwanttoknowhowmuchthiscoatcosts.Wheredidyougoyesterday?→Pleasetellmewhereyouwentyesterday.（2）当疑问代词what、who在特殊疑问句中作主语时，该特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序，所以当该句用来作宾语时，语序不需要调整。What’swrongwithyou?怎么了？→Heaskedthegirlwhatwaswrongwithher.What’sthematter?怎么了？→Heaskedthegirlwhatwasthematter.Whathashappenedtohim?→Wewanttoknowwhathashappenedtohim.4.3.if/whether引导的宾语从句当从句部分是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时，常用if或whether引导宾语从句，if/whether意为＂是否＂。说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在see，ask，say，learn，tell，wonder，doubt，findout，beuncertain/doubtful/benotknown等后，二者通常可以互换。口语中多用if代替whether。在非正式的写作中，可以使用if或whether两个词来表达不定性，两者都算标准。Iwonderif/whetherheisadriver.我想知道他是不是个司机。Alicewantstoknowif/whethershehaspassedtheexam.爱丽丝想知道她是否考试及格了。【拓展】一般情况下，if和whether可互换，在口语中多用if，而在以下几种情况下，只能用whether。1.与or连用分别引导两个从句时，或强调两方面的选择,特别是句中有ornot时用whether，不用if。Idon’tknowwhetherornottheywillcome.我不知道他们是否会来。Letmeknowwhetheryoucancomeornot.2.在动词不定式之前只能用whether。Hedosen’tknowwhethertogoornot.他不知道是否会去。Pleasetelluswhethertogothereorstayhere.请告诉我们是去那里还是待在这里。Whethertogoorstayisstillaquestion.3.在介词之后只能用whether引导宾语从句，而If则不能。ItdependsonwhetherIhaveenoughtime.那取决于我是否有足够的时间。Successdependsonwhetherwemakeenougheffort.4.宾语从句置于句首表示强调时，用whether，不用if。Whetherthisistrue,Ican’tsay.Whetherheissingle,Idon’tknow.5.在某些动词（如discuss，decide）之后，只能用whether，而不用if引导宾语从句。Wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosetheshop.（虚拟语气）6.在引导否定概念宾语从句时，只能用if，而不用whether。HeaskedmeifIhadn’tfinishedmywork.注意：doubt否定句用that引导。因为don’tdoubt意为相信，不怀疑，if是否表示疑虑。91．（2023·湖北武汉·统考模拟预测）—WhatdidourChineseteachersaytoyoujustnow?—Heaskedme________.A．whyIamsad B．ifhadIdonemyhomeworkC．wheredidIdomyhomework D．howIplannedtogoonvacation92．（2023·江苏泰州·统考二模）—Doyouknow________anewnationalpark?—Yes,Ido.Toprotectwildlifeandimprovelocalpeople’slife.A．howdidChinasetup B．whyChinasetupC．wheredidChinasetup D．whenChinasetup93．（2023·江苏南通·统考二模）Nowadays,manyfamouspeopleappearinadstotell________

.A．howisaproductwonderful B．howiswonderfulaproductC．howwonderfulaproductis D．howwonderfulisaproduct94．（2023·山东菏泽·统考二模）—Amy,Iwonder________inthestreetwhenIcometopickyouup.—Well,there’sabigtreebythefrontgateandit’scoveredinlovelywhiteflowersatthemoment.A．howwillIfindyourhouse B．howIwillfindyourhouse C．whenIwillfindyourhouse95．（2023·辽宁葫芦岛·统考二模）—Iwonder_________.—You’dbetternotwearit.Itissupposedtobemuchhotter.A．whereIshallgotobuyacoatB．whetherIshouldwearacoatornotC．whattheweatherwillbelikeD．whyyouwouldliketowearthiscoat96．（2023·江苏连云港·统考二模）—Iwonder________.—Maybenextweek.A．wherewillJimgiveatalk B．whenwillJimcomebackC．whereJim’sfamilywillgo D．whenJimwillseeusagain97．（2023·广西南宁·统考二模）—Couldyoupleasetellme________?—Goalongtheroadandturnleftatthethirdturning.A．whenwecanentertheScienceMuseumB．whatwecanseeintheScienceMuseumC．howwecangettotheScienceMuseum98．（2023·广西南宁·统考二模）—Doyouknow________?—Letmesee.IrememberitwasMay10th,2021.A．whytheymovedtothesmalltownB．whentheymovedtothesmalltownC．Howtheymovedtothesmalltown99．（2023·江苏泰州·统考二模）—IfIamcuriousaboutTaizhou’slocalculture,couldyoutellme________?—TaizhouMuseumwouldbeawonderfulplace.A．wherecanItravel B．whichplacemyfirstchoiceisC．howIcangotoTaizhouMuseum D．ifTaizhouMuseumwouldbeawonderfulplacetovisit100．（2023·江苏扬州·统考二模）—Canyoutellme_________?—Goalongtheroad.Takethefourthturningontheleft.It’sdownthatroadontheright.A．howcanIgettothelibrary B．whichisthewaytothelibraryC．Howlongittakestogettothelibrary D．howmanybooksIcanborrowinthelibrary【详解】句意：——你能告诉我到最大的图书馆有多远吗？——大约一公里。考查宾语从句。根据答语“Aboutonekilometer.”可知此处应是对距离进行提问。howfar多远，对距离进行提问；how怎样、如何，对方式、方法进行提问；which哪一个；howlong多长，是对长度或一段时间进行提问。故选A。91．D【详解】句意：——我们的语文老师刚才对你说了什么？——他问我打算怎么去度假。考查宾语从句。askedme后面是宾语从句，用陈述句的语序，即“从句引导词+主语+谓语动词”，B和C选项的语序错误，排除B和C。根据“asked”可知主句是一般过去时态，从句时态要一致，用过去时态，A选项是一般现在时，时态不符合，排除A。故选D。92．B【详解】句意：——你知道中国为什么要建立一个新的国家公园吗？——是的，我知道。为了保护野生生物和改善当地人民的生活。考查why引导的宾语从句。howdidChinasetup错误表达，从句应用陈述语序；whyChinasetup中国为什么建立；wheredidChinasetup错误表达，从句应用陈述语序；whenChinasetup中国什么时候建立。根据答句“Toprotectwildlifeandimprovelocalpeople’slife.”可知问句提问的是建立新的国家公园的原因，因此应用why来引导宾语从句，从句应用陈述语序。故选B。93．C【详解】句意：如今，许多名人出现在广告中，讲述产品有多好。考查宾语从句。tell后缺少宾语，所以空处应是宾语从句，从句用陈述句语序，A、B语法结构错误，D是疑问句语序，故选C。94．B【详解】句意：——艾米，我想知道当我来接你的时候怎样在街上找到你的房子。——前门旁边有一棵大树此刻它开满了可爱的白花。考查宾语从句。宾语从句应用陈述语序，故排除A；由“there’sabigtreebythefrontgateandit’scoveredinlovelywhiteflowersatthemoment”可知，此处是描述房子，故前面是问怎样找到房子。故选B。95．B【详解】句意：——我想知道我是否应该穿外套。——你最好别穿它。天气应该会热得多。考查宾语从句。根据“You’dbetternotwearit.Itissupposedtobemuchhotter.”可知，问句在问是否应该穿外套。故选B。96．D【详解】句意：——我想知道吉姆什么时候才能再见到我们。——也许下周。考查宾语从句。宾语从句的语序应是陈述语序，选项A和B是疑问语序，可排除；根据“Maybenextweek”可知是时间，应用when引导的宾语从句。故选D。97．C【详解】句意：——你能告诉我我们怎么去科学博物馆吗？——沿着这条路走，在第三个转弯处向左拐。考查宾语从句。whenwecanentertheScienceMuseum我们什么时候可以进入科学博物馆；whatwecanseeintheScienceMuseum我们可以在科学博物馆看到什么；howwecangettotheScienceMuseum我们怎么去科学博物馆。根据“Goalongtheroadandturnleftatthethirdturning.”(沿着这条路走,在第三个转弯处向左拐。)可知，问的是怎么到达科学博物馆，用how引导宾语从句。故选C。98．B【详解】句意：——你知道他们什么时候搬到小镇的吗？——让我想想。我记得那是2021年5月10日。考查宾语从句。whytheymovedtothesmalltown他们为什么搬到这个小镇；whentheymovedtothesmalltown当他们搬到小镇的时候；Howtheymovedtothesmalltown他们是怎么搬到小镇的。根据“IrememberitwasMay10th,2021.”可知，此处问什么时间搬来的，用when引导宾语从句。故选B。99．B【详解】句意：——如果我对泰州的地方文化很好奇，你能告诉我我的第一选择是哪里吗？——泰州博物馆是个不错的地方。考查宾语从句。宾语从句用陈述语序，排除A选项；根据“TaizhouMuseumwouldbeawonderfulplace.”可知，是问自己可以去哪里学习泰州的地方文化，B选项“我的第一选择是哪里”符合语境，故选B。100．B【详解】句意：——你能告诉我去图书馆走哪条路吗？——沿着这条路走。在第四个路口向左拐。就在那条路的右边。考查宾语从句。根据“Goalongtheroad.Takethefourthturningontheleft.It’sdownthatroadontheright.”，可知在问路怎么走，排除CD；根据“Canyoutellme…”可知原句是宾语从句，从句应用陈述语序，排除A。故选B。ATeenAdventureCamp(Ages13—15)Betweenexploringthelakeinboats,hikingtothewaterfalls,andcampinginremotenaturalenvironments,youllhaveahardtimepickingafavorite!2023CampDates:Term1:June11—16Term2:June18—23Term3:June25—30Term4:July9—14Term5(L.I.T.Week):July16—212023PricingOptions:FullPrice:$485/weekEarlyBirdDiscount(UntilApril17th):$455/weekL.I.T.Week:$0LeadersInTraining(L.I.T.Program)(Ages14—15)OurL.I.T.programisapartofourTeenAdventureCampprogramandisatransitional(过渡的)programforcamperstobecomestaffmembers.Itisaprogramthatishighlyselectiveandcompetitive.Thisprogramallowscampersages14and15toseewhatbeingapartofthePleasantHillOutdoorCampfamilyislike.Howdoesmycamperbecomeinvolved?★ThecampermustattendapreviousweekofTeenAdventureCampwithinthesamesummer.★Havetobe14or15yearsoldduringtheirweekofcamptoqualify.★ThecampershouldexpressinterestintheL.I.T.programduringtheirTeenAdventureWeekandreceivearecommendationfortheprogramfromtheircounselor(辅导员)!★GoodperformanceduringTeenAdventureWeek.Howtoconfirmavailability(有空)&acceptance?Attheendofthecamper’sTeenAdventureCampsession,thecamperswhoareacceptedintotheprogramwillreceiveanofficialinvitationbasedontheircounselor’sopinion.Fromthere,theparentofthecampermustconfirmthecamper’savailabilityassoonaspossible.Therearelimitedspotswhichareonafirst-come-first-servedbasisonly.ParentscanconfirminpersonatCheckOut,byphone(419-938-3715),orbyemail(info@).WewillmakesuretoaddL.I.T.weektothecamper’sonlineregistration.21.WhenwillL.I.T.weektakeplace?A.DuringJune11—16. B.DuringJune25—30.C.DuringJuly9—14. D.DuringJuly16—21.22.WhatisrequiredofthecamperstogetinvolvedintheL.I.T.program?A.PayingfortheircampbeforeApril17th.B.Joininginmorethantwoweeksofcamp.C.Being13yearsoldduringtheirweekofcamp.D.Gettingarecommendationfromtheircampcounselor.23.WhatissuggestedtotheparentsofpotentialparticipantsoftheL.I.T.program?A.Confirmingtheirchildren’savailabilitysoon.B.Printingofficialinvitationstotheirchildreninperson.C.Keepinginclosetouchwiththeirchildren’scounselors.D.AddingL.I.T.weektotheirchildren’sonlineregistration.【答案】21.D22.D23.A【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个露营项目的情况。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据2023CampDates部分中“Term5(L.I.T.Week):July16—21(第五学期（L.I.T.周）：7月16-21日)”可知，L.I.T.周7月16日至21日期间举行。故选D。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据Howdoesmycamperbecomeinvolved?部分中“★ThecampershouldexpressinterestintheL.I.T.programduringtheirTeenAdventureWeekandreceivearecommendationfortheprogramfromtheircounselor(辅导员)!(露营者应该在他们的青少年冒险周期间表达对L.I.T.项目的兴趣，并从他们的辅导员那里收到项目的推荐信！)”可知，营员参加L.I.T项目需要得到野营辅导员的推荐。故选D。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Fromthere,theparentofthecampermustconfirmthecamper’savailabilityassoonaspossible.(从那里，露营者的父母必须尽快确认露营者是否有空)”可知，建议L.I.T项目潜在参与者的父母尽快确认他们的孩子是否有空。故选A。BByday,RobertTittertonisalawyer.Inhisspare

timethoughhegoesonstagebesidepianistMariaRaspopova—notasamusicianbutasherpageturner.“I’mnotatrainedmusician,butI’velearnttoreadmusicsoIcanhelpMariainherperformance.”MrTittertonischairmanoftheOmegaEnsemblebuthasbeenthegroup’sofficialpageturnerforthepastfouryears.Hisjobistositbesidethepianistandturnthepagesofthescoresothemusiciandoesn’thavetobreaktheflowofsoundbydoingitthemselves.Hesaidhebecamejustasnervousasthoseplayinginstrumentsonstage.“Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.Youhavetomakesureyoudon’tturntwopagesatonceandmakesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot.”MrTittertonexplained.Beingapageturnerrequiresplentyofpractice.Somepiecesofmusiccangofor40minutesandrequireupto50pageturns,includingbackturnsforrepeatpassages.Silentonstagecommunicationiskey,andeachpianisthastheirownstyleof“nodding”toindicateapageturnwhichtheyneedtopractisewiththeirpageturner.Butlikeallperformances,therearemomentswhenthingsgowrong.“Iwasturningthepagetogetreadyforthenextpage,butthedraftwindfromtheturncausedthesparepagestofalloffthestand,”MrTittertonsaid,“LuckilyIwasabletocatchthemandputthemback.”Mostpageturnersarepianostudentsorup-and-comingconcertpianists,althoughMsRaspopovahasonceaskedherhusbandtohelpheroutonstage.“Myhusbandistheworstpageturner,”shelaughed.“He’sinterestedinthemusic,feelingeverynote,andIhavetosay:‘Turn,turn!’RobertisthebestpageturnerI’vehadinmyentirelife.”24.WhatshouldTittertonbeabletodotobeapageturner?A.Readmusic. B.Playthepiano.C.Singsongs. D.Fixtheinstruments.25.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesTitterton’sjobonstage?A.Boring. B.Well-paid.C.Demanding. D.Dangerous.26.WhatdoesTittertonneedtopractise?A.Countingthepages. B.Recognizingthe“nodding”.C.Catchingfallingobjects. D.Performinginhisownstyle.27.WhyisMsRaspopova’shusband“theworstpageturner”?A.Hehasverypooreyesight. B.Heignorestheaudience.C.Hehasnointerestinmusic. D.Heforgetstodohisjob.【答案】24.A25.C26.B27.D【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了为钢琴演奏者做翻页工作的RobertTitterton和他的工作情况。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“I’mnotatrainedmusician,butI’velearnttoreadmusicsoIcanhelpMariainherperformance.(我不是受过训练的音乐家，但我学会了识谱，这样我就可以在Maria的表演中帮助她)”可知，因为Titterton识谱，所以可以在Maria的钢琴表演中为她翻页。故选A项。【25题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.Youhavetomakesureyoudon’tturntwopagesatonceandmakesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot.(这项工作需要很多技能。你必须确保你不会一次翻两页并且必要的时候确保你回到前面找到音乐重复的部分)”可知，为钢琴家翻页这项工作很需要技巧，所以Titterton的工作要求是很高的。故选C项。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“Silentonstagecommunicationiskey,andeachpianisthastheirownstyleof“nodding”toindicateapageturnwhichtheyneedtopractisewiththeirpageturner.(无声的舞台交流是关键，每个钢琴家都有自己的“点头”风格来表示翻页，他们需要和翻页者进行练习)”可知，Titterton需要练习识别钢琴演奏者的“点头”示意来翻页。故选B项。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“He’sinterestedinthemusic,feelingeverynote,andIhavetosay:‘Turn,turn!’(他对音乐很感兴趣，感受着每一个音符，所以我不得不说：“翻页，翻页！”)”可知，MsRaspopova的丈夫因为对音乐感兴趣，所以帮她翻页的时候总是沉浸在音乐中而忘掉自己的工作，她不得不去提醒。故选D项。CThebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiainlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDr.HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular（心血管的）fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia."Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeak（最大值）cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Atotalof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscategory,definedasapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However,thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant."Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.28.Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B.Exercisessuitableforthemiddle-aged.C.Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D.Advantagesofsportywomanover