生态学概论-1-绪论课件

01生态学概论-1-绪论生态学概论01生态学概论-1-绪论生态学中文书籍《动物生态学原理》（第3版）.孙儒泳编著.北京师范大学出版社.2001.《普通生态学》（第2版）.尚玉昌主编.北京大学出版社.2002.《普通生态学》.孙儒泳等.高等教育出版社.1993.《生态学基础》（FundamentalsofEcology）（美）.

EugeneOdum（奥德姆）编著.人民教育出版社（中译本）.1983.《生态学概论》（法）.R.Dajor(让·达诺）编著.甘肃人民出版社.1981.《普通生态学-原理、应用与方法》.郑师章、吴千红主编.复旦大学出版社.1993.01生态学概论-1-绪论生态学英文书籍生态学(TheEconomyofNature)(5th

edition).RE

Ricklefs.孙儒泳等主译.2004.Ecology(2ndedition).AMackenzie,ASBallandSRVirdee.科学出版社.2003.EcologyofaChangingPlanet(3rdedition).MBBush.清华大学出版社.2003.Ecology:principlesandapplications(2ndedition).JLChapmanandMJReiss.CambridgeUniversityPress，清华大学出版社.2001.Ecology:ConceptsandApplications(影印版).MCMolles,Jr.McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.,科学出版社.2000.01生态学概论-1-绪论生态学书籍01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论《生态学报》《应用生态学报》《生物多样性》《生态学杂志》《水生生物学报》《生态环境》《生态与农村环境学报》《长江流域资源与环境》《应用与环境生物学报》生态学中文杂志01生态学概论-1-绪论《AfricanJournalofEcology》《AustralianEcology》《BehavioralEcology》《BiologicalConservation》《ConservationBiology》《ConservationEcology》《Ecologist》《Ecology》《EcologicalMonograph》《EcologicalModeling》《EcologicalApplication》《EcologicalResearch》《EnvironmentalManagement》生态学英文期刊01生态学概论-1-绪论《FunctionalEcology》《JournalofEcology》《JournalofAnimalEcology》《JournalofApplied

Ecology》《JournalofWildlifeManagement》《LandscapeEcology》《MolecularEcology》《Oecologia》《Oikos》《RestorationEcology》《TrendsinEvolutionandEcology》01生态学概论-1-绪论《Hydrobiologia》《FreshwaterBiology》《FisheriesManagementEcology》《JournalofFreshwaterEcology》《Aquaculture》《Wetland》01生态学概论-1-绪论期末考试成绩构成01生态学概论-1-绪论CONTENTChapter1Introduction绪论Chapter2Organismsandtheir

environment生物与环境Chapter3Populationecology种群生态学Chapter4Communityecology群落生态学Chapter5Ecosystemecology生态系统生态学01生态学概论-1-绪论第一章绪论WhatisEcology?什么叫生态学WhyshouldwestudyEcology?为什么要研究生态学HowtostudyEcology?如何研究生态学01生态学概论-1-绪论Definition定义WhomdoesEcologylookat?生态学工作者如何看待生态学NatureofEcology(therelationshipbetweenecologyandotherbiologicalsciences)生态学的本质HistoryofEcology生态学历史BranchesofEcology生态学分支1.

WhatisEcology?01生态学概论-1-绪论Ecologyisthescienceabouttherelationshipsamongorganismsandtheirenvironments(habitats栖息地).生态学是研究生物与环境相互关系的科学。Ecology=eco-(Oikos,houseorenvironment)+logos(knowledge),whereoikosandlogosareGreek.DefinitionofEcology生态学定义01生态学概论-1-绪论OrganismPredators捕食者Prey猎物diseaseweatherSpouse配偶Offspring后代

soil,waterOrganismanditsenvironment生物与环境01生态学概论-1-绪论TheOrganisms生物:

animals动物,plants植物,Microbe微生物TheEnvironment环境:

isacombination(综合)

ofthephysicalenvironment

物理环境(温度,水分的可获得性,太阳辐射,风,土壤等)andthebioticenvironment生物环境

(其它生物施加给目标生物的任何影响，如竞争、捕食、自相残杀、寄生及合作).

01生态学概论-1-绪论Otherdefinitions（其他定义）动物与其有机、无机环境关系的总和.(赫克尔Hackel,1869)scientificnaturalhistory自然科学史(Elton埃尔顿,1927).研究生物分布(distribution)与多度(abundance)的科学(Andrewartha安德列沃斯,1961)研究影响生物分布与多度相互关系的科学.(Krebs克雷布斯,1972,1978,1985,1994,2001)研究生态系统(ecosystem)结构(structure)与功能(function)的科学(EugeneOdum奥多姆,1953,1959，1971，1983)。01生态学概论-1-绪论DefinitionofEcology生态学的各种定义反应了三个阶段

第一阶段：naturalhistory自然史；第二阶段：populationecology种群生态学；第三阶段：ecosystemecology生态系统生态学。Insummary:Ecologyisthestudyofhoworganismsliveandhowtheyinteractwiththeirenvironment.01生态学概论-1-绪论Whomdoesecologylookat:Thebiologicalorganization生物学组织层次生态学研究重点：(individual个体),population种群,community群落,ecosystem生态系统经典生态学认为：生态学是研究（个体）、种群、群落和生态系统为中心的宏观生物学。现代生态学

=分子生态学+经典生态学+全球生态学即现代生态学同时在向宏观(macroscopic)和微观(microscopic)两个方向发展。01生态学概论-1-绪论Natureofecology生态学本质Abranchofbiology生物学分支Relationshipwithotherbiologicalsciences(aninterdiscipline)与其他生物科学的关系Anindependentdiscipline一门独立的学科01生态学概论-1-绪论

thecakeofbiologicalsciencesGeneEngineering基因工程EcologyBiochemistry生物化学Genetics遗传学Evolution进化论Behavior行为学Morphology形态学Taxonomy分类学Physiology生理学Histology组织学Cytology细胞学Molecularbiology分子生物学Ornithology鸟类学MicrobiologyPhycology藻类学Botany植物学Zoology动物学Protozoology原生动物学biologyIchthyology鱼类学Conchology贝类学被子植物学Bacteriology细菌学Mammalogy兽类学Virology病毒学Abranchofbiology

生物学分支学科01生态学概论-1-绪论Ecologyisaninterdisciplinaryscience交叉学科01生态学概论-1-绪论Ecology生态学Physiology生理学Evolution进化论Genetics遗传学Behavior行为学Relationshipbetweenecologyandotherbiologicalsciences与其他生物学科的关系01生态学概论-1-绪论NatureofecologyAbranchofbiology生物学的分支学科Relationshipwithotherbiologicalsciences(aninterdiscipline)交叉学科Anindependentdiscipline独立的学科01生态学概论-1-绪论HistoryofEcology

生态学发展史Beforetheestablishmentofecology(before1670)生态学建立前期Establishmentandthegrowingupofecology(1670-1950)生态学发展期ThedevelopmentofModernEcology(after1950)现代生态学发展期01生态学概论-1-绪论1600195020051670117351760180718691877189018592351067891896生态学建立前期生态学成长期现代生态学发展期BeforeestablishmentofecologyIneraoffishingandhunting（渔猎时代）,peoplelivedbyhunting（打猎）andgathering（采集）.Later,theyalsolivedbyplanting（种植）andrearing（养殖）.Theknowledgeobtainedintheprocessofhunting,gathering,planting,andrearingareinrelationtoecology.打猎、收集、种植、养殖过程中的知识与生态学相关。01生态学概论-1-绪论1670年，动物生理生态学[鲍尔(Boyle)研究气压对动物影响的实验]，标志着动物生态学的开端1735年，雷莫尔[aFrenchman]描述昆虫生态学[Entomology]1869年，生态学定义[赫克尔(Hackel)]1896年,斯洛德(Schrode)提出autecology(个体生态学)和syneology(群落生态学).Establishmentandgrowingupofecology01生态学概论-1-绪论Periodofdevelopmentofmodernecology种群生态学[populationecology]（种群调节populationregulation和数学模型）的进一步发展，

如

Naturalregulationofanimalnumbers(Lack拉克,1954)Establishmentofevolutionaryecology(进化生态学)Developmentofbehavioralecology(行为生态学)EstablishmentofChemicalecology(化学生态学)01生态学概论-1-绪论Periodofdevelopmentofmodernecology1970年后,群落生态学（communityecology）研究取得重大进展,同时生态系统生态学(ecosystemecology)成为researchhotspot.生态学研究领域朝宏观和微观尺度拓展，如景观生态学(landscapeecology)、全球生态学(globalecology)，分子生态学(molecularecology)应用生态学(appliedecology)分支学科的形成，如保护生物学(conservationbiology)、恢复生态学(restorationecology)和生物监测(biologicalmonitoring)01生态学概论-1-绪论克列门茨01生态学概论-1-绪论赫克尔01生态学概论-1-绪论坦斯利01生态学概论-1-绪论埃尔顿01生态学概论-1-绪论Branchesofecology

生态学分支学科01生态学概论-1-绪论BranchesofecologyDividedbylevelsoforganization(组织层次):分子生态学Molecularecology个体生态学Autecology(autoecology,individualecology,idioecology)种群生态学Populationecology群落生态学Communityecology(synecology)生态系统生态学Ecosystemecology景观生态学Landscapeecology全球生态学GlobalecologyNamelyecologicalspectrum（生态学谱）01生态学概论-1-绪论GalaxiesSolarsystemEarthEcosystemsCommunitiesPopulationsOrganismsOrgansTissuesCellsMoleculesAtomsScaleEcosystemecologyCommunityecologyPopulationecologyIndividualecologyCELLBIOLOGYECOLOGYPHYSIOLOGYBIOCHEMISTRYTheorganizationallevelsofecology01生态学概论-1-绪论Animalecology(动物生态学)suchasfishecology,insectecology,mammalecolgy,ect.Plantecology(植物生态学)Microbialecology微生物生态学Humanecology人类生态学Dividedbytaxonomicgroup(类群)

01生态学概论-1-绪论Freshwaterecology淡水生态学Marineecology(海洋生态学)Estuaryecology河口生态学Wetlandecology湿地生态学(freshwaterwetlandandlittoralwetland)Terrestrialecology陆地生态学(forestecology森林生态学,grasslandecology草原生态学,desertecology沙漠生态学,tundraecology冻原生态学)Dividedbyhabitat(栖息地)

01生态学概论-1-绪论Intersectantsubjectsofecology

生态学交叉学科Mathematicalecology数学生态学Physiologicalecology生理生态学Chemicalecology化学生态学Geographicecology

地理生态学Evolutionaryecology

进化生态学Eco-genetics

遗传生态学Behavioralecology

行为生态学Economicalecology

生态经济学Politicalecology

政治生态学Biophysicalecology

生物物理生态学01生态学概论-1-绪论Appliedecology应用生态学Agro-ecology(agriculturalecology)农业生态学Industrialecology工业生态学Resourceecology资源生态学Fisheryecology渔业生态学Ecologyofwildlife野生动物生态学Urbanecology城市生态学Ecologicalengineering生态工程Environmentalecology环境生态学01生态学概论-1-绪论2.Whyshouldwestudyecology?

研究目的Ecologyandthehumanenvironment生态学与人类环境Ecologyandthesustainabledevelopment生态学与可持续发展Variousenvironmentalproblemtobesolvedbythemeansofknowledgeofecology.生态学是解决各类环境问题的手段01生态学概论-1-绪论GlobalEnvironmentalProblems

全球环境问题5crises:population,food,resources,environment,andenergy5大危机：人口、食物、资源、环境和能源Globalwarming全球变暖Ozonedepletion臭氧耗竭El-Ninosouthernoscillationetc厄尔尼诺与南方涛动theglobaldeclineofbiodiversity全球生物多样性丧失01生态学概论-1-绪论GlobalEnvironmentalProblemsFivecrises:populationfoodenergyresourcesenvironment01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论海湾、伊拉克战争，包括两伊战争都是为了能源。美苏争霸的时候石油价格很低？

01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论HumandominationoftheEarthEcosystem

Vitouseketal.,Science,1997,277(5325)1/3-1/2landareashavebeenalteredbyhumanactivities.ConcentrationofCO2inatmospherehasincreased30%ArtificialNfixation>NaturalNfixation>1/2Surfacefreshwater1/4birdshavediedout灭绝2/3marinefisheryresourcesuseduporoverfished01生态学概论-1-绪论01生态学概论-1-绪论Wemustbeawareof：

Oneearth（Barbara,1972）Weareonlyoneofthemembersofthebiosphere,thoughwecanultimatelychangeandevencontrolthenature.Anychangeontheearthmadebyuswouldreactandeventuallydetrimenttothesurvivalofus(silentspring).Theearthenvironmentisfragileandsusceptible,aswhatVitousekhassaid：Itisthetimeforhumantorealizetheecologicallimitsoftheearth,….,thismaybethelasttimeforus.01生态学概论-1-绪论3.Howtostudyecology?

如何研究生态学？Goodecology,likeallscience,isinvestigative可调查的Methodologyforecologicalresearches生态学研究方法Logisticalstructureofscientificthoughts科学思维的逻辑结构Significanceofmethods方法的重要性Basicmethodsinecologicalresearch生态学研究的基本方法01生态学概论-1-绪论科学思维的逻辑结构ObservationHypothesis(predictable)DatagatheringTestModeling:modelingisabstractdescriptionofstructureandfunctionofactualsystem.Ecologicalmodeling:descriptionandpredictionofbehaviorsofecosystem.01生态学概论-1-绪论ParentsofLarusridibundus黑头鸥

removethebrokeneggshellfromtheirnest,Why?

01生态学概论-1-绪论Conclusion:Theriskofpredationbytheir

enemyreduced!Thesamebehavioralsowasseenintheprocessofreproductionofforestmuskdeer（林麝）01生态学概论-1-绪论SignificanceofmethodMeasurementofvariables:howtosample?thesizeofsample,selectionofvariables,etc.ExperimentaldesignIstherea‘control’?Aretherereplicatesintheexperiment?Aretherightdatabeingcollected?Arethedatacorrectlyinterpreted?MethodofstatisticsSimplestatisticalanalysis:T-test,F-test,etc.Multivariateanalysis:PrincipleComponentAnalysis,ClusterAnalysis,etc.01生态学概论-1-绪论BasicmethodsinecologicalresearchFieldwork野外调查ExperimentinalaboratoryorthefieldMathematicalmodeling01生态学概论-1-绪论野外调查NaliniNadkami,female,在哥斯达黎加热带雨林(1981,1984)研究营养盐收支(budgetofnutrient)树枝与树干的附生植物垫(Epiphytemat)(30cm)，cantrap有机质(organicmatter)01生态学概论-1-绪论FieldworkswerefacilitatedbynewwayssuchasGPS,hotairballoon,aerialtram,largecrane,andairplaneetc.

GPS（通过离四个人造卫星的距离准确估计经纬度和高度）Craneoffersscientistsaccesstoanylevelwithina70mtallconiferousforest01生态学概论-1-绪论