高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语(新高考)阅读理解　文体分类练3　说明文之科普知识类

文体分类练(三)说明文之科普知识类(限时:25分钟)Passage1(2023浙江湖州、衢州、丽水二模)Incountriesaroundtheworld,womendomoreunpaidlabor—housework,childandeldercare,andthementalloadofmanagingafamilythanmen.Newresearchsuggestsittakesahealthtoll(代价)onmanyofthem.Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally,whichispublishedthismonthinTheLancet(柳叶刀)PublicHealth,foundthatthemoreofthislaborwomendo,theworsetheirmentalhealth.Thefindingspointoutwomenaremoreoftendiagnosedwithanxietyanddepressionthanmen.Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.That’sprobablybecausetheydosomuchlessofit.IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen,accordingtodatafromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.InGreece,womendo4.3hourswhilemendoanhourandahalf.Eveninthemostgender-equalcountries,likeSweden,womendo50minutesmoreadaythanmen.It’salsobecausethetypeofsuchworkmendoisgenerallylesstime-sensitive.Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.Men,ontheotherhand,areoftenpraisedfordoingdailytasksliketakingachildtoanappointment.TheLancetresearcherssaidthatdrawingclearconclusionsfromthe19studieswasdifficultandthatmoreresearchwouldbewelcome.1.Howdoestheauthorshowtheresearchfindingsinparagraphs2and3?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Bylistingfigures.C.Bymakinganalysis. D.Bytellingstories.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“time-sensitive”meaninparagraph4?A.Flexible. B.Valuable.C.Demandingintiming. D.Challenginginskills.3.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph5?A.Womenaregenerallyexpectedtodomorehouseholdlabor.B.Womenwillbepunishedbyjudgesiftheydon’tkeeptheirhomesclean.C.Menfeelstressedmoreoftenwhentheycan’ttaketheirchildrentothedentist.D.Menaresupposedtotakeachildtoanappointmentinsteadofdoingotherhousework.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Factsthatmenandwomenareunequal.B.Badeffectsthathouseworkhasonwomen.C.Responsibilitiesthatwomenshareinfamilies.D.Reasonswhyunpaidlaborhurtswomenmorementally.Passage2(2023浙江宁波二模)Humansarenottheanimalkingdom’sonlyfashionistas.Tits(山雀)canbefashionfollowers,too,apparently.Alateststudyshowsthat,giventhechance,theydecoratetheirnestswiththisseason’smust-havecolour.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinwerefollowinguponastudypublishedin1934byHenrySmithWilliams,anAmericannaturalist.Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarn(纱)outinhisgarden,almostalwaysoneandonlyonebecamepopularthatseasonforbeingincludedintolocalbirds’nests.Butwhichparticularcolourwasfavouredvariedfromseasontoseason.Thissuggestedthatthecolourchosenbyoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.Williams’sworkwas,however,forgottenuntiltheycameacrossitwhilefollowinguponadifferentstudy,publishedbyateamattheUniversityofToulouse,suggestingfashion-following,too.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.Thebirdstheyfollowedwerepartofawell-monitoredpopulationofbluetitsinawoodneartheinstitute.Mostbirdsinthiswoodcarriedtrackingdevicesfittedtothemaftertheircaptureinmistnets.Thatallowedtheinstitute’sresearcherstokeeptrackofavastnumberofindividualsbyrecordingtheirarrivalatfoodcontainersthroughoutthewood.Insteadoffood,thesecontainerswereloadedwithwoolofdifferentcolours.Interestingly,researcherssoonfoundthatmostnestsofbluetitsincludedonlythecolourofthewoolfirstchosenbyanestbuilder.Tits,then,doseemtobe“ontrend”,whenitcomestonest-buildingmaterials.Whythatshouldhappenremainsobscure.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.Williams’soriginalwork,though,suggestssuchinitialchoicesareatrandom—abitlikethoseoftheleadersofhumanfashions.5.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph2?A.Dr.WildandDr.AplincontributedtoWilliam’swork.B.Earlybirds’colourpreferencewascopiedbytheirfellows.C.Theyarnwasthemostpopularmaterialtodecoratelocalbirds’nests.D.Thecolouroftheyarnfavouredbylocalbirdswasfixedthroughouttheyear.6.HowdidDr.WildandDr.AplinimproveWilliams’sexperiment?A.Theyobservedthebluetits.B.Theystudiedthehabitsofbluetits.C.Theyadoptedthedata-collectingmethod.D.Theyfittedtrackingdevicestofoodcontainers.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“obscure”inparagraph5mean?A.Hidden. B.Evident.C.Complicated. D.Shallow.8.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Birdsfavourcertaincoloursindecoration.B.Youngbirdsfollowtheireldersinfashion.C.Youngbirdsarejustasintelligentaspeople.D.Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.Passage3(2023福建厦门二模)Inanewstudy,IowaPsychologistEdWassermangavethepigeonscomplexcategorizationteststhathigh-levelthinkingwouldnotaidinsolving.Instead,thepigeons,bytrialanderror,eventuallywereabletomemorizeenoughsituationsinthetest.Thisbasicprocessofmakingassociations—consideredalower-levelthinkingtechnique—isthesamebetweenthetest-takingpigeonsandthelatestAIadvances.Theresearcherssoughttofigureouttwotypesoflearning:onedeclarativelearning,isbasedonexercisingreasonaccordingtoasetofrulesorstrategies—aso-calledhigherleveloflearningownedmostlybypeople.Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas“sky-blue”and“water-wet”.Wasserman’steamdesignedadifficulttesttofindoutwhetherthepigeonsusedeclarativeorassociativelearning.Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulus(刺激)andhadtodecide,bypecking(啄)abuttonontherightorontheleft,towhichcategorythatstimulusbelonged.Whatmadethetestsodemandingwasthatnorulesorlogicwouldhelpfinishthetask.Theyhavetomemorizetheindividualstimuliorregionsfromwherethestimulioccur.Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.“ThepigeonsarelikeAImasters,”Wassermansays.“Bothofthememployassociativelearning,andyetthatbase-levelthinkingiswhatallowedthepigeonstoultimatelyscoresuccessfully.”Ifpeopleweretotakethesametest,they’dscorepoorlyandwouldprobablygiveupbecausetheyrelysoheavilyonrulesorstrategies.Thoseruleswouldgetinthewayoflearning.Thepigeondoesn’thavethathigh-levelthinkingprocess.Butitdoesn’tgetinthewayoftheirlearning.Infact,insomewaysitfacilitatesit.“PeoplearestunnedbyAIdoingamazingthingsusingalearningalgorithm(算法)muchlikethepigeon,”Wassermansays,“yetwhenpeopletalkaboutassociativelearninginhumansandanimals,itisdiscountedasinflexibleanduncomplicated.”9.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofassociativelearning?A.Tomrefusestoputhandsonhotstovesafterburns.B.Dolphinsdetectobstaclesusingsoundwaves.C.Chimpanzeesusephysicalgesturestrategies.D.Emilyfiguresoutmathproblemswithlogic.10.Howdidthepigeonsimprovetheirperformanceinthetest?A.Bypeckingthestimuli.B.Byfindingrulesorlogic.C.Bycompetingwitheachother.D.Bymakingnumerousattempts.11.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.AIandmanusethesamelearningpattern.B.Associativelearningisunderestimated.C.Peoplethinkhighlyofdeclarativelearning.D.PigeonsfinishtaskswithAIalgorithms.12.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleofthetext?A.Pigeon’sPeckCanMirrorHighTechB.AIContributestoaNewLearningPatternC.AICanEnrichHumanLearningExperienceD.Pigeon’sLearningLargelyExtendsHighTech答案：文体分类练(三)说明文之科普知识类Passage1[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》上的一项对全球70,310人的19项研究的分析发现,女性从事的劳动越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。1.B推理判断题。根据第二段中“Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally”以及第三段中“IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen”可知,作者在第二段和第三段是通过列举数字展示研究成果的。2.C词义猜测题。根据下文“Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.”可知,男性负责的任务对时间的要求没有女性高,可推理出第四段中time-sensitive的含义应为对时间要求高的。3.A细节理解题。根据第五段中“Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.”可知,妇女被期望从事更多的家务劳动。4.D主旨大意题。根据文章第一段以及第三段中“Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.”以及第五段中“Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.”可知,本文第一段提出了无偿家务劳动对妇女心理有健康危害这一研究发现,后续段落对这一研究发现进行了原因分析和解释。Passage2[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。人类并不是动物界唯一的时尚达人。研究表明,山雀也像人类一样追随潮流,用流行色装点巢穴。5.B推理判断题。根据第二段中“Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarnoutinhisgarden...byoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.”可知,最开始的鸟类的颜色偏好被它们的同伴模仿了。6.C细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.”可知,Wild博士和Aplin博士采用了数据收集的方法来改进Williams的实验。7.A词义猜测题。根据第五段中“Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.”中的suspect可推知,为什么会发生这种情况还不清楚。obscure意为“不清楚的;隐蔽的”。8.D主旨大意题。根据第一段可知,本文主要讲的是鸟类像人类一样追随潮流。D项“Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.”最能概括本文大意。Passage3[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了同样的学习方法:联想学习。9.A推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas‘sky-blue’and‘water-wet’.”可知,联想学习的本质是建立联系。在“汤姆烫伤后不愿把手放在热炉子上”这一现象中,汤姆把烫伤和热炉子联系了起来,这属于联想学习。10.D细节理解题。根据第三段中“Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.”可知,鸽子在测试中通过多次尝试提高它们的表现。11.B推理