2021.12六级真题第2套

年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第2套）PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayrelatedtotheshortpassagegivenbelow.Inyouressay,youaretocommentonthephenomenondescribedinthepassageandsuggestmeasurestoaddresstheissue.Youshouldwriteatleast15..Qwordsbutnomorethan200wordsNowadaysstarchasingisprevalentamongmanyteenagers.Theytakepopstarsastheiridols,血itatingtheirwayoftalking,followingtheirstyleofdressing,andseekingeverychancetomeettheminpersonatgreatexpenses.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)Ithasgivenrisetomuchcontroversy.C)ItwasprimarilywrittenforvegetariansB)IthasbeenveryfavorablyreceivedD)Itoffendsmanyenvironmentalists.2.A)Sheneglectspeople'seffortsinanimalprotection.B)Shetriestoforcepeopletoacceptherradicalideas.C)Sheignoresthevariousbenefitsofpublictransport.D)Sheinsistsvegetariansareham血gtheenvironment.3.A)TheyaresignificantC)Theyarerational.B)Theyarerevolutionary.D)Theyaremodest4.A)Itwouldhelptoprotecttheenvironment.B)ItwouldgeneratemoneyforpublichealthC)ItwouldneedsupportfromthegeneralpublicD)ItwouldforcepoorpeopletochangetheirdietQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)Wheresuccessfulpeople'sstrengthscomefromB)Whymanypeoplefightsohardforsuccess.C)Howsheachievedherlife'sgoal.D)Whatmakespeoplesuccessful.6.A)Havingsomeonewhohasconfidenceinthem.B)Havingsomeonewhoisreadytohelpthem.C)Havingafirmbeliefintheirownability.D)Havingarealisticattitudetowardslife.7.A)Theyadjusttheirgoalsaccordingly.C)Theystaypositive.B)TheytryhardtoappearoptimisticD)Theyremaincalm.8.A)AnunderstandingleadershipC)Mutualrespectamongcolleagues.B)Anurturmgenvironment.D)Highlycooperativeteammates.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),BJ,C)andD)ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)TheyusetheirsenseofhearingtocapturetheirpreyB)Theirfoodmainlyconsistsofsmallanimalsandfish.C)Theyhavebigeyesanddistinctivevisualcenters.D)Theirancestorisdifferentfromthatofmicrobats.10.A)WiththehelpofmoonlightB)Bymeansofecholocation.C)Withtheaidofdaylightvision.D)Bymeansofvisionandsmell.11.A)Tomakeupfortheirnaturalabsenceofvision.B)ToadaptthemselvestoaparticularlifestyleC)Tofacilitatetheirtraveloverlongdistances.D)Tosurviveintheever-changingweather.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Theyacquireknowledgenotfoundinbooks.B)Theylearnhowtointeractwiththeirpeers.C)Theybecomemoreemotionallyaggressive.D)Theygetmuchbetterpreparedforschool.13.A)Theyarefarfromemotionallyprepared.B)Theytendtobemoreattractedbyimages.C)Theycan'tfollowtheconflictsintheshow.D)Theylackthecogn巾veandmemoryskills14.A)Chooseappropriateprogramsfortheirchildren.B)Helptheirchildrenunderstandtheprogram'splot.C)Outlinetheprogram'splotfortheirchildrenfirst.D)Monitortheirchildren'swatchingofTVprograms15.A)Explainitsmessagetotheirchildren.B)Checkiftheirchildrenhaveenjoyedit.C)Encouragetheirchildrentoretellthestory.D)Asktheirchildrentodescribeitscharacters.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedAJ,BJ,CJandDJ.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Theyareafraidofinjuringtheirfeet.C)Theybelievealittledirtharmsnoone.B)Theyhaveneverdevelopedthehabit.D)Theyfinditrathertroublesometodoso.17.A)Differenttypesofbacteriaexistedonpublic-toiletfloors.B)Thereweremorebacteriaonsidewalksthaninthehome.C)Officecarpetscollectedmorebacteriathanelsewhere.D)Alargenumberofbacteriacollectedonasingleshoe.18.A)Thechemicalsonshoescandeteriorateairquality.B)Shoescanupsetfamilymemberswiththeirnoise.C)Themarksleftbyshoesarehardtoerase.D)Shoescanleavescratchesonthefloor.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Itissinfulandimmoral.C)Itisanuncontrollablebehavior.B)Itisdeemeduncivilized.D)Itisaviolationoffaithandtrust.20.A)Assesstheirconsequences.C)Acceptthemasnormal.B)Guardagainsttheirharm.D)Findouttheircauses.21.A)Trytounderstandwhatmessagestheyconvey.B)Payattentiontotheirpossibleconsequences.C)Considerthemfromdifferentperspectives.D)Makesuretheyarebroughtundercontrol.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A)Cultivationofnewvarietiesofcrops.B)MeasurestocopewithclimatechangeC)Developmentofmoreeffectivepesticides.D)Applicationofmorenitrogen-richfertilizers.23.A)Theexpansionoffam仆andindevelopingcountries.B)TheresearchoncroprotationindevelopingcountriesC)Thecooperationoftheworld'sagriculturalscientists.D)Theimprovementofagriculturalinfrastructure.24.A)ForencouragingfarmerstoembracenewfarmingtechniquesB)Foraligningtheirresearchwithadvancesinfarmingtechnology.C)Forturningtheirfocustotheneedsoffarmersinpoorercountries.D)Forcooperatingcloselywithpolicymakersindevelopingcountries25.A)Rapidtransitiontobecomeafoodexporter.B)Substantialfundinginagriculturalresearch.C)QuickrisetobecomealeadinggrainproducerD)Assumptionofhumanitarianresponsibilities.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisident访edbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonceAccordingtopsychologistSharonDraper,ourclothingchoicescanabsolutelyaffectourwell-being.Whenwewearill-fittingclothes,orfeelover-orunder-dressedforanevent,it'snaturaltofeelself-consciousorevenstressed.Conversely,shesays,optingforclothesthatfitwelland26withyoursenseofstylecanimproveyourconfidence.Butcanyouimproveyourhealththroughyour__27_clothing,withouthavingtodashoutandbuyawholenew____28_?"Absolutely,"saysDraper.Ifyourgoalistoimproveyourthinking,sherecommendspickingclothesthatfitwellandareunlikelytoencouragerestlessness,so,avoidbows,tiesandunnecessary____29__.Italsohelpstooptforclothesyou_30__astyinginwithyourgoals,so,ifyouwanttoperformbetteratwork,selectpiecesyouviewasprofessional.Drapersaysthisfitsinwiththeconceptofbehavioralactivation,whereby___31_inabehavior(inthiscase,selectingclothes)cansetyouonthepathtothenachievingyourgoals(workingharder)Anotherwaytoimproveyour__32___ofmindistomixthingsup.Drapersaysweoftenfeelstuckinarut(常规）ifwewearthesameclothes—evenifthey'reourfavorites—thusoptingforanitemyoudon'twearoften,oraddingsomethingdifferenttoanoutfit,suchasahat,can____33__sh巾yourmood.Ondayswhenyou'rereally___34__tobravetheworld,Drapersuggestsselectingsentimentalitemsofclothing,suchasonesyouworeonaspecialday,orgiventoyoubyalovedone,asclotheswith__35associationscanhelpyoutapintoconstructiveemotions.A)accessonesI)perceiveB)alignJ)positivelyC)concurrentlyK)profileD)currentL)prospenngE)engagingM)reluctantF)fondN)showcaseG)frame0)wardrobeH)locationsSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Domusiclessonsreallymakechildrensmarter?A)Arecentanalysisfoundthatmostresearchmischaracterizestherelationshipbetweenmusicandskillsenhancement.B)In2004,apaperappearedinthejournalPsychologicalScience,titled"MusicLessonsEnhanceIQ."Theauthor,composerandpsychologistGlennSchellenberghadconductedanexperimentwith144childrenrandomlyassignedtofourgroups:onelearnedthekeyboardforayear,onetooksinginglessons,onejoinedanactingclass,andacontrolgrouphadnoextracurriculartraining.TheIQofthechildreninthetwomusicalgroupsrosebyanaverageofsevenpointsinthecourseofayear;thoseintheothertwogroupsgainedanaverageof4.3pointsC)Schellenberghadlongbeenskepticalofthesciencesupportingclaimsthatmusiceducatione咄anceschildren'sabstractreasoning,math,orlanguagesk仆ls.Ifchildrenwhoplaythepianoaresmarter,hesays,itdoesn'tnecessarilymeantheyaresmarterbecausetheyplaythepiano.Itcouldbethattheyoungsterswhoplaythepianoalsohappentobemoreambitiousorbetteratfocusingonatask.Correlation,afterall,doesnotprovecausation.D)The2004paperwasspecificallydesignedtoaddressthoseconcerns.Andasapassionatemusician,Schellenbergwasdelightedwhenheturnedupcredibleevidencethatmusichastransfereffectsongeneralintelligence.Butnearlyadecadelater,in2013,theEducationEndowmentFoundationfundedabiggerstudywithmorethan900students.ThatstudyfailedtoconfirmSchellenberg'sfindings,producingnoevidencethatmusiclessonsimprovedmathandliteracyskills.E)Schellenbergtookthatnewsinstridewhilecontinuingtocastaskepticaleyeontheresearchinhisfield.Recently,hedecidedtoformallyinvestigatejusthowoftenhisfellowresearchersinpsychologyandneurosciencemakewhathebelievesareerroneous一oratleastpremature—causalconnectionsbetweenmusicandintelligence.Hisresults,publishedinMay,suggestthatmanyofhispeersdojustthatF)Forhisrecentstudy,Schellenbergaskedtworesearchassistantstolookforcorrelationalstudiesontheeffectsofmusiceducation.Theyfoundatotalof114paperspublishedsince2000.Toassesswhethertheauthorsclaimedanycausation,researchersthenlookedfortelltaleverbsineachpaper'stitleandabstract,verbslike"enhance,""promote,""facilitate,"and"strengthen."Thepaperswerecategorizedasneuroscienceifthestudyemployedabrainimagingmethodlikemagneticresonance,orifthestudyappearedinajournalthathad"brain,""neuroscience,"orarelatedterminitstitle.Otherwisethepaperswerecategorizedaspsychology.Schellenbergdidn'ttellhisassistantswhatexactlyhewastryingtoprove.G)Aftercomputingtheirassessments,Schellenbergconcludedthatthemajorityofthearticleserroneouslyclaimedthatmusictraininghadacausaleffect.Theoverselling,healsofound,wasmoreprevalentamongneurosciencestud比s,threequartersofwhichmischaracterizedamereassociationbetweenmusictrainingandskillsenhancementasacause-and-effectrelationship.Thismaycomeasasurprisetosome.Psychologistshavebeenbattlingchargesthattheydon'tdo"real"scienceforsometime—inlargepartbecausemanyfindingsfromclassicexperimentshaveprovedunreproducibleNeuroscientists,ontheotherhand,armedwithbrainscansandEEGs（脑电图），havenotbeensubjecttothesamedegreeofcritique.H)Toargueforacause-and-effectrelationship,scientistsmustattempttoexplainwhyandhowaconnectioncouldoccur.Whenitcomestotransfereffectsofmusic,scientistsfrequentlypointtobrainplasticity－一thefactthatthebrainchangesaccordingtohowweuseit.Whenachildlearnstoplaytheviolin,forexample,severalstudieshaveshownthatthebrainregionresponsibleforthefinemotorskillsofthelefthand'sfingersislikelytogrow.Andmanyexperimentshaveshownthatmusicaltrainingimprovescertainhearingcapabilities,likefilteringvoicesfrombackgroundnoiseordistinguishingthedifferencebetweentheconsonants（辅音）‘b’and'g'.I)ButSchellenbergremainshighlycriticalofhowtheconceptofplasticityhasbeenappliedinhisfield."Plasticityhasbecomeanindustryofitsown,"hewroteinhisMaypaper.Practicedoeschangethebrain,heallows,butwhatisquestionableistheassertionthatthesechangesaffectotherbrainregions,suchasthoseresponsibleforspatialreasoningormathproblemsJ)NeuropsychologistLutzJanckeagrees."Mostofthesestudiesdon'tallowforcausalinferences,"hesaid.Forovertwodecades,Janckehasresearchedtheeffectsofmusiclessons,andlikeSchellenberg,hebelievesthattheonlywaytotrulyunderstandthe订effectsistorunlongitudinalstudies.Insuchstudies,researcherswouldneedtofollowgroupsofchildrenwithandwithoutmusiclessonsoveralongperiodoftime—eveniftheassignmentsarenotcompletelyrandom.Thentheycouldcompareoutcomesforeachgroup.K)Someresearchersarestartingtodojustthat.TheneuroscientistPeterSchneiderfromHeidelbergUniversityinGermany,forexample,hasbeenfollowingagroupofchildrenfortenyearsnow.Someofthemwerehandedmusicalinstrumentsandgivenlessonsthroughaschool-basedprogramintheRuhrregionofGermanycalledJedemKindeinInstrument,or"aninstrumentforeverychild,"whichwascarriedoutwithgovernmentfunding.Amongthesechildren,Schneiderhasfoundthatthosewhowereenthusiasticaboutmusicandwhopracticedvoluntarilyshowedimprovementsinhearingability,aswellasinmoregeneralcompetencies,suchastheab山tytoconcentrateL)Toestablishwhethereffectssuchasimprovedconcentrationarecausedbymusicparticipationitself,andnotbyinvestingtimeinanextracurricularactivityofanykind,AssalHabibi，apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,isconductingafive-yearlongitudinalstudywithchildrenfromlow-incomecommunitiesinLosAngeles.Theyoungstersfallintothreegroups:thosewhotakeafter-schoolmusic,thosewhodoafter-schoolsports,andthosewithnostructuredafter-schoolprogramatall.Aftertwoyears,Habibiandhercolleaguesreportedseeingstructuralchangesinthebrainsofthemusicallytrainedchildren,bothlocallyandinthepathwaysconnectingdifferentpartsofthebrain.M)Thatmayseemcompelling,butHab佃schildrenwerenotselectedrandomly.Didthechildrenwhoweredrawntomusicperhapshavesomethinginthemfromthestartthatmadethemdifferentbuteludedthebrainscanners?"Assomebodywhostartedtakingpianolessonsattheageoffiveandgotupeverymorningatseventopractice,thatexperiencechangedmeandmademepartofwhoIamtoday,"Schellenbergsaid"Thequestioniswhetherthosekindsofexperiencesdososystematicallyacrossindividualsandcreateexactlythesamechanges.AndIthinkthatisthathugeleapoffaith."N)Didhehaveahiddentalentthatothersdidn'thave?Ormoreendurancethanhispeers?Musicresearcherstend,likeSchellenberg,tobemusiciansthemselves,andashenotedinhisrecentpaper,"theideaofpositivecognitiveandneuralsideeffectsfrommusictraining(andotherpleasurableactivities)isinherentlyappealing."Healsoadmitsthatifhehadchildrenofhisown,hewouldencouragethemtotakemusiclessonsandgotouniversity."Iwouldthinkthatitmakesthembetterpeople,morecritical,justwiseringeneral,"hesaid.0)Butthoseconvictionsshouldbecheckedattheentrancetothelab,headded.Otherwise,theworkbecomesreligionorfaith."YouhavetoletgoofyourfaithifyouwanttobeaSClennst.36.GlennSchellenberg'slatestresearchsuggestsmanypsychologistsandneuroscientistswronglybelieveinthecausalrelationshipbetweenmusicandIQ37.Thebeliefinthepositiveeffectsofmusictrainingappealstomanyresearcherswhoaremusiciansthemselves.38.GlennSchellenbergwasdoubtfulabouttheclaimthatmusiceducationhelpsenhancechildren'sintelligence.39.GlennSchellenbergcametotheconclusionthatmostofthepapersassessedmadethewrongclaimregardingmusic'seffectonintelligence.40.Youmustabandonyourunverifiedbeliefsbeforeyoubecomeascientist.41.Lotsofexperimentshavedemonstratedthatpeoplewithmusictrainingcanbetterdifferentiatecertainsounds.42.GlennSchellenberg'sfindingsatthebeginningofthiscenturywerenotsupportedbyalargerstudycarriedoutsometenyearslater.43.OneresearchersharesGlennSchellenberg'viewthatitisnecessarytoconductlong-termdevelopmentalstudiestounderstandtheeffectsofmusictraining.44.GlennSchellenberg'sresearchassistantshadnoideawhathewastryingtoproveinhisnewstudy.45.GlennSchellenbergadmitsthatpracticecanchangecertainareasofthebrainbutdoubtsthatthechangecanaffectotherareas.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThetrendtowardrationalityandenlightenmentwasendangeredlongbeforetheadventoftheWorldWideWeb.AsNeilPostmannotedinhis1985bookAmusingOurselvestoDeath,theriseoftelevisionintroducednotjustanewmediumbutanewdiscourse:agradualshiftfromatypographic(印刷的）culturetoaphotographicone,whichintummeantashiftfromrationalitytoemotions,expositiontoentertainment.Inanimage-centeredandpleasure-drivenworld,Postmannoted,thereisnoplaceforrationalthinking,becauseyousimplycannotthinkwithimages.Itistextthatenablesusto"uncoverlies,confusionsandovergeneralizations,andtodetectabusesoflogicandcommonsense.Italsomeanstoweighideas,tocompareandcontrastassertions,toconnectonegeneralizationtoanother."Thedominanceoftelevisionwasnotconfinedtoourlivingrooms.Itoverturnedallofthosehabitsofmind,fundamentallychangingourexperienceoftheworld,affectingtheconductofpolitics,religion,business,andculture.Itreducedmanyaspectsofmodemlifetoentertainment,sensationalism,andcommerce."Americansdon'ttalktoeachother,weentertaineachother,"Postmanwrote."Theydon'texchangeideas,theyexchangeimages.Theydonotarguewithpropositions,theyarguewithgoodlooks,celebritiesandcommercials."Atfirst,thewebseemedtopushagainstthistrend.Whenitemergedtowardstheendofthe1980sasapurelytext-basedmedium,itwasseenasatooltopursueknowledge,notpleasure.Reasonandthoughtweremostvaluedinthisgarden—allderivedfromtheprojectoftheEnlightenment.Universitiesaroundtheworldwereamongthefirsttoconnecttothisnewmedium,whichhosteddiscussiongroups,informativepersonalorgroupblogs,electronicmagazines,andacademicmailinglistsandforums.Itwasanintellectualproject,notaboutcommerceorcontrol,createdinascientificresearchcenterinSwitzerland.Andformorethanadecade,thewebcreatedanalternativespacethatthreatenedtelevision'sgriponsociety.Socialnetworks,though,havesincecolonizedthewebfortelevision'svalues.FromFacebooktoInstagram,themediumrefocusesourattentiononvideosandimages,rewardingemotionalappeals—'like'buttons—overrationalones.Insteadofaquestforknowledge,itengagesusinanendlesszest（热情）forinstantapprovalfromanaudience,forwhichweareconstantlybutunconsciouslyperforming.(It'stellingthat,whileGooglebeganlifeasaPhDthesis,Facebookstartedasatooltojudgeclassmates,appearances.)Itreducesourcuriositybyshowingusexactlywhatwealreadywantandthink,basedonourprofilesandpreferences.TheEnlightenment'smotto（座右铭）of'Daretoknow'hasbecome'Darenottocaretoknow.'46.WhatdidNeilPostmansayabouttheriseoftelevision?A)Itinitiatedachangefromdominanceofreasontosupremacyofpleasure.B)ItbroughtaboutagradualshiftfromcinemagoingtohomeentertainmentC)ItstartedarevolutioninphotographictechnologyD)Itmarkedanewageintheentertainmentindustry47.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheadvantageoftextreading?A)Itgivesoneaccesstohugeamountsofinformation.B)ItallowsmoreinformationtobeprocessedquicklyC)Itiscapableofenrichingone'slife.D)Itisconducivetocriticalthinking.48.HowhastelevisionimpactedAmericans?A)Ithasgiventhemalotmoretoargueabout.B)Ithasbroughtcelebritiesclosertotheirlives.C)Ithasmadethemcaremoreaboutwhattheysay.D)Ithasrenderedtheirinteractionsmoresuperficial.49.WhatdoesthepassagesayabouttheWorldWideWeb?A)Itwasdevelopedprimarilyforuniversitiesworldwide.B)Itwascreatedtoconnectpeopleindifferentcountries.C)ItwasviewedasameanstoquestforknowledgeD)Itwasdesignedasadiscussionforumforuniversitystudents.50.Whatdowelearnaboutusersofsocialmedia?A)Theyarebentonlookingforanalternativespaceforescape.B)Theyareconstantlyseekingapprovalfromtheiraudience.C)Theyareforeverengagedinhuntingfornewinformation.D)Theyareunabletofocustheirattentionontasksforlong.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Accordingtoarecentstudy,asmallbutgrowingproportionoftheworkforceisaffectedtosomedegreebyasenseofentitlement.Workislessaboutwhattheycancontributebutmoreaboutwhattheycantake.Itcanleadtoworkplacedysfunctionanddiminishtheirownjobsatisfaction.Fmnotreferringtoemployeeswhoarelegitimatelydissatisfiedwiththeiremploymentconditionsdueto,say,beingdeniedfairpayorflexibleworkpractices.I'mtalkingaboutthosewhoconsistentlybelievetheydeservespecialtreatmentandgenerousrewards.It'sanexpectationthatexistsirrespectiveoftheirabilitiesorlevelsofperformance.Asaresultofthatdiscrepancybetweentheprivilegestheyfeelthey'reowedandthe订inflatedsenseofself-worth,theydon'tworkashardfortheiremployer.Theypreferinsteadtoslackoff.It'satendencywhichmanyscholarsbelievebeginsinchildhoodduetoparentswhooverindulgetheirkids.Thistherebyleadsthemtoexpectthesamekindofspoilttreatmentthroughouttheiradultlives.Andyetdespitehowtheseemployeesfeel,it'sobviouslyimportantfortheirmanagertononethelessfindouthowtokeepthemmotivated.And,byvirtueofthatheightenedmotivation,toperformwell.TheresearchteamfromseveralAmericanuniversitiessurveyedmorethan240individuals.Theysampledmanagersaswellasteammembers.Employeeentitlementwasmeasuredbystatementssuchas"IhonestlyfeelI'mjustmoredeservingthanothers."Therespondentshadtoratetheextentoftheiragreement.Employeeengagement,meanwhile,wasassessedwithstatementslike"Ireallythrowmyselfintomywork."Thefindingsrevealedethicalleadersh甲ispreciselywhatalleviatesthenegativeeffectsofemployeeentitlement.That'sbecauseratherthanindulgingemployeesorneglectingthem,ethica