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SOCIETYGreenhousegasemissionsinCanadaCHAPTER

01OverviewCumulativecarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsfromfossilfuelsandlanduseworldwidefrom1850to2022,bycountry(inbillionmetrictons)GlobalcumulativeCO₂emissionsfromfossilfuelsandlanduse1850-2022,bycountryEmissionsinbillionmetrictonsFossil200Land-1000100300400500600UnitedStatesChinaRussiaBrazilIndonesiaIndiaGermanyUnitedKingdomCanadaJapan3Description:Bytheendof2022,theUnitedStateshademittedabout550billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(GtCO₂)since1850,makingitthelargestcontributortoglobalcumulativeemissionsbyfar.Nearly427GtCO₂wereemittedfromfossilfuels,cement,andotherindustrialprocessesduringthistime,whilelandusereleasedsome128GtCO₂.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1850to2022Source(s):GlobalCarbonProject;OWID;Distributionofcarbondioxideemissionsworldwidein2022,byselectcountryLargestglobalemittersofcarbondioxide2022,bycountryShareofCO₂emissions0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%ChinaUnitedStatesIndia30.7%13.6%7.6%Russia4.4%Japan2.8%IndonesiaIranSaudiArabiaGermanySouthKoreaCanada2%1.9%1.8%1.8%1.6%1.5%1.4%1.3%MexicoBrazil4Description:Chinawasthebiggestemitterofcarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsin2022,accountingfornearly31percentoftheglobalemissions.Theworld'stopfivelargestpolluterswereresponsibleforroughly60percentofglobalCO₂emissionsin2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022;BasedonterritorialemissionsfromcombustionandindustrialprocessesSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2023),AndrewandPeters(2023).);GlobalCarbonProject;Percapitagreenhousegasemissionsin2022,byselectOECDcountry(inmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)Globalpercapitagreenhousegasemissions2022,byselectOECDcountryEmissionsintCO₂e/cap0510152025AustraliaCanada21.920.3UnitedStatesIreland17.714.7NorwayFinlandIceland13.413.1131312.612.512.2LuxembourgNewZealandSouthKoreaEstoniaCzechia10.1Belgium9.65Description:AustraliahasthehighestpercapitagreenhousegasemissionsofallOECDmembercountriesin2022,at22metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(tCO₂e).Canadianswerethesecond-worstcarbonpollutersthatyear,withaverageemissionsofjustover20tCO₂e/cap.12ofthe38OECDmembercountrieshadpercapitaemissionsbelowtheglobalaveragein2022,withCostaRica,themostrecentOECDmember,averagingjustthreetCO₂e/cap.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.(2024));OWIDIndexedindustrialgreenhousegasemissionsandgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)inCanadafrom2009to2021IndexedGHGemissionsandGDPinCanada2009-2021IndexedGHGemissionsIndexedGDP130125120115110105100959020092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020216Description:GreenhousegasemissionsinCanadahavedecreasedwhileitseconomyhasgrown.ꢀFrom2009to2021,Canada'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)grewbyanaverageoftwopercentperyear.Meanwhile,theNorthAmericancountry'sindustrialgreenhousegasemissionsdecreasedbyanaverageof0.2percentperyear.Overall,Canada'seconomy,asmeasuredbyrealGDP,grew26.3percentfrom2009to2021,whilethecountry'sindustrialemissionsfell2.5percent.

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2009to2021;Baseperiod=2009.Source(s):StatCanCHAPTER

02GreenhousegasemissionsAnnualgreenhousegasemissionsinCanadafrom2005to2022(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)GreenhousegasemissionsinCanada2005-2022800731.4723724.5723.8712.3701.5705.2684.77006005004003002001000670.4659.32005201020152016201720182019202020212022*8Description:Canada'sgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionswereestimatedat685millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)in2022.Thisrepresentsanannualincreaseof2.1percent,andanoveralldecreaseof6.4percentfrom2005levels.TheNorthAmericancountryhassetthetargetofslashingitsGHGemissionsby40to45percentby2030,relativeto2005levels.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2005to2022;*EarlyEstimateofNationalEmissions(EENE)Source(s):CanadianClimateInstituteGreenhousegasemissionsinCanadafrom1990to2021,byprovince(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)GreenhousegasemissionsinCanada1990-2021,byprovinceEmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent202110020051990150050200250300AlbertaOntarioQuebecSaskatchewanBritishColumbiaManitobaNovaScotiaNewBrunswickNewfoundlandandLabradorPrinceEdwardIslandNorthwestTerritoriesYukonNunavut*9Description:AlbertawasCanada’smostpollutingprovincebyfarin2021,havingemittedover256millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).Thiswasanincreaseof55percentcomparedto1990levels.Ontario–Canada'smostpopulousprovince–wasresponsibleforthesecondlargestvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsin2021,at150.6MtCO₂e.UnlikeAlberta,Ontario’semissionshavefallensince2005.

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;1990to2021;*EmissionsinNorthwestTerritoriesin1990includeNunavut,whichwaspartoftheNorthwestTerritoriesuntil1999.AdaptedfromStatisticsCanada,CanadianEnvironmentalSustainabilityIndicators-Greenhouse[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EnvironmentCanadaTerritorialcarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocessesinCanadafrom1960to2022(inmillionmetrictons)CarbondioxideemissionsinCanada1960-202265060055050045040035030025020015010Description:Canada’scarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocessestotaled548millionmetrictons(MtCO₂)in2022.AlthoughemissionsinCanadahavereboundedsincetheCOVID-19-inducedslumpof2020,theyremainedbelowpre-pandemiclevels.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;1960

to2022;*Preliminarydata.Figureshavebeenrounded.ReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2023),AndrewandPeters(2023).);GlobalCarbonProjectPercapitacarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsfromfossilfuelsinCanadafrom1970to2022(inmetrictons)PercapitaCO₂emissionsinCanada1970-202219.018.518.017.517.016.516.015.515.014.514.011Description:TheaverageCanadianemitted15.22metrictonsofcarbondioxidein2022.Thiswasaslightincreaseincomparisonto2021levels,upfromsome14.82metrictons.Canadahassomeofthehighestpercapitaemissionsworldwide,withtheaverageCanadianemittingroughlythreetimestheglobalaverageeachyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;1970to2022Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;EuropeanCommission;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.(2023))Annualmethane(CH4)emissionsinCanadafrom1990to2022(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualmethaneemissionsinCanada1990-2022130125120115110105100959012Description:Canada'smethane(CH4)emissionsincreasedbytwopercentin2022to115.6millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).ThiswasthesecondconsecutiveyearthattheNorthAmericancountry'sCH4emissionsincreased,continuingtoreboundfromthedramaticreductionsobservedin2020duringtheCOVID-19outbreak.Despitethisgrowth,CH4emissionshaveremainedbelowpre-pandemiclevels.

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;1990to2022Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.(2024));OWIDAnnualnitrousoxide(N₂O)emissionsinCanadafrom1990to2022(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualnitrousoxideemissionsinCanada1990-2022494745434139373513Description:Nitrousoxide(N₂O)emissionsinCanadawereequivalentto44.6millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(GtCO₂e)in2022,anincreaseoffourpercentfromthepreviousyear.Canada'sannualN₂Oemissionshaverisenbymorethan15percentsincetheturnofthecentury.N₂OisapotentgreenhousegaswithafargreaterwarmingpotentialthanCO₂andhasalifetimeofmorethan100years.Itisprimarilyemittedfromagriculturalprocesses.

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;1990to2022Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.(2024));OWIDCHAPTER

03SegmentsGreenhousegasemissionsinCanadain2021and2022,byeconomicsector(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)GreenhousegasemissionsinCanada2021-2022,bysectorEmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent2022*1002021020406080120140160180200194220OilandgasTransportationBuildings18915415092877577HeavyindustryAgriculture69695252Electricity4847Waste&others*15Description:Canada'soilandgassectorwasestimatedtohavereleased194millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)in2022,anincreaseof2.7percentfromthepreviousyear.ThisfiguremakesoilandgasthemostpollutingsectorintheNorthAmericancountry,withtransportationrankingsecond.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2021to2022;*2022dataarepreliminaryestimates;*othersincludescoalproductionandlightmanufacturing,constructions,andforestresources.ReadmoreSource(s):CanadianClimateInstituteDistributionofgreenhousegasemissionsinCanadain2022,byeconomicsectorShareofgreenhousegasemissionsinCanada2022,bysectorWaste&others**7.1%Electricity7.6%Oilandgas28.4%Agriculture10%Heavyindustry11%Transportation22.4%Buildings13.5%16Description:TheoilandgassectorwasCanada'sbiggestgreenhousegaspolluterin2022,withashareof28percentoftotalemissions.ꢀOilsandsoperationsaccountforalmosthalfofCanada'soilandgasindustryemissions.ThetransportationsectorwasCanada'ssecond-highestGHGemitterin2022,withashareofjustover22percentoftotalemissions.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2022;Basedonestimatetotalemissionsof684.7MtCO₂e.;*Otheremissionsincludescoalproduction,lightmanufacturing,constructionandforestresources.

FigureswerecalculatedbySource(s):CanadianClimateInstitute;usingdataprovidedbythesource.

ReadmoreChangeinannualgreenhousegasemissionsinCanadafrom2005to2022,bysector(inpercent)ChangeinannualgreenhousegasemissionsinCanada2005-2022,bysectorChangeinemissionsinMtCO₂e-30

-20-60-50-40-1001020ElectricityHeavyindustryWasteandothers*TransportationBuildings-55.6-15.2-7.2-28.8Agriculture8.2Oilandgas15.5Totalemissions-6.417Description:Between2005and2022,Canadaslashedannualelectricity-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsroughly56percent.Incomparison,annualemissionsfromCanada'soilandgassectorincreasedbyalmost16percentduringthissameperiod.TheoilandgassectorisCanada'shighest-emittingsector.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2005to2022;2022dataarepreliminaryestimates;*othersincludescoalproduction,lightmanufacturing,construction,andforestresources.ReadmoreSource(s):CanadianClimateInstitute(440megatonnes)GreenhousegasemissionsinCanadain2022,bysubsector(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)GreenhousegasemissionsinCanada2022,bysubsectorEmissionsinMtCO₂e020406080100120140160180200UpstreamOilandGasPassengerTransportElectricity176.288.451.950.249.9ServiceIndustryFreightTransportResidential42.1AnimalProduction34.9ChemicalsandFertilizersCropProduction21.118.7DownstreamOilandGasSolidWaste18.218.2Other:Recreational,CommercialandResidentialOnFarmFuelUse15.415.218Description:Canada'stotalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionswereestimatedat685millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)in2022.Upstreamoilandgasactivitieslikenaturalgasproductionandminingatoilsandsaccountedforalmostaquarterofthistotal,havingemitted176MtCO₂e.Passengercarswerethesecond-highestemittersinCanadain2022,withemissionsofapproximately88MtCO₂e.Thesecameprimarilyfromcarsandlighttrucks.

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2022;*2022dataarepreliminaryestimatesSource(s):CanadianClimateInstituteCarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninCanadafrom1960to2022,bytype(inmillionmetrictons)CO₂emissionsfromfossilfueluseinCanada1960-2022,byfueltypeGasOilCoal600500400300200100019601965197019751980198519901995200020052010201520202021*2022*19Description:Canada'semissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocesseshavebeenconsistentlyhighestfromoil.In2022,emissionsfromoiluseintheNorthAmericancountrytotaled245millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(MtCO₂).Whileemissionsfromthisfuelhaveremainedrelativelystableinrecentdecades,thosefromnaturalgashaveexperiencednotablegrowth.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;1960to2022;Basedonterritorialemissionsfromcombustionandindustrialprocesses;*Preliminarydata.Figureshavebeenrounded.

ReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2023),AndrewandPeters(2023).);GlobalCarbonProjectTotallifecycleemissionsintensityofoilandgasresourcesinCanadain2022,bytype(inkilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalentperbarrelofoilequivalent)TotalemissionsintensityofoilandgasresourcesinCanada2022,bytypeTotalemissionsintensityinkg/CO₂e/Boe01002003004005006007008009001,000PeaceRiver(extra-heavyoil)Primrose(extra-heavyoil)Kearl(extra-heavyoil)867790740FosterCreek(extra-heavyoil)Firebag(extra-heavyoil)ColdLake(extra-heavyoil)Surmont(extra-heavyoil)MacKayRiver(extra-heavyoil)Jackfish(extra-heavyoil)Horizon(extra-heavyoil)MuskegRiver(extra-heavyoil)Jackpine(extra-heavyoil)Duvernay(condensate)70870669668968767267166666666220Description:In2022,thetotallifecycleemissionsintensityofextra-heavyoilproducedinthePeaceRiverOilsSandsinAlberta,Canadawas867kg/CO₂e/boein2022.ThiswasthehighesttotalemissionsintensityamongCanada'soilandgasresourcesthatyear.Bycomparison,wetgasproducedatMontneyBChadatotalemissionsintensityof511kg/CO₂e/boethatyear.TheMontneyBCoilandgasfieldwasestimatedtobethesecond-largestGHGpolluterinCanadain2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2022Source(s):Website(OilClimateIndexplusGas)AnnualcarbonemissionsfromwildfiresinCanadain2014and2023,comparedwithglobalwildfirecarbonemissions(inmegatons)WildfirecarbonemissionsinCanada2014-20232,5002,1002,0001,5001,00050048013802014(previouspeak)2023Globalwildfireemissions202321Description:WildfiresinCanadaemittedapproximately480megatonsofcarbonin2023,accountingfor23percentoftotalglobalwildfirecarbonemissionsthatyear.TheamountofcarbonemittedbyCanadianwildfiresin2023wasmorethantriplethecountry'spreviousrecord,registeredin2014.The2023wildfireseasoninCanadaburnedroughly11.5millionhectares,makingitthecountry'smostdestructivewildfireseasononrecord.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide,Canada;2014and2023;2023figuresareasofDecember10.Source(s):EarthSystemScienceDataCHAPTER

04KeyemittersGreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfromthemostpollutingphysicalassetsinCanadain2022(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)LargestGHGemittersinCanada2022,bysourceEmissionsinMtCO₂e0510152025Kearloilandgas&fieldMontneyBCoil&gasfieldSpiritRiveroil&gasfield20.6219.6415.7914.84ChristinaLakeoil&gasfieldMontneyABoil&gasfieldFoothillsoil&gasfield13.6212.09Horizonoil&gasfield10.249.789.638.78GeneseePowerStationTorontoPearsonInternationalAirportFosterCreekoil&gasfield23Description:Canada'sbiggestgreenhousegas(GHG)emitterin2022wastheKearlOilSandsProjectinAlberta.TheImperialOilandExxonMobil-ownedoilandgasfieldproducedanestimated20.6millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)thatyear.Allbuttwoofthe10biggestGHGpollutersinCanadawereoilandgasfieldin2022.TheseweretheGeneseecoal-firedpowerstationandTorontoPearsonInternationalAirport.Combined,these10assetswereresponsibleforanestimated[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2022;ExcludesLULUCFSource(s):ClimateTRACEGreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfromthemostpollutingpowerplantsinCanadain2022(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)LargestpowerindustryGHGemittersinCanada2022,byfacilityEmissionsinMtCO₂e01234567891011GeneseeGeneratingStation(AB)LennoxGeneratingStation(ON)BoundaryDamPowerStation(SK)LinganGeneratingStation(NS)PoplarRiverPowerStation(SK)BelleduneGeneratingStation(NB)TrentonGeneratingStation(NS)ShandPowerStation(SK)9.786.334.854.64.583.562.542.18H.R.MilnerGeneratingStation(AB)YorkEnergyCentre(ON)1.631.224Description:TheCapitalPower-ownedGeneseeGeneratingStationinAlbertawasCanada'shighestemittingpowerstationin2022.Thecoal-firedplantproducedanestimated9.8millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)thatyear,makingitoneofCanada'sbiggestGHGpolluters.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2022Source(s):ClimateTRACEHighestmethane(CH4)emissionsinCanadain2022,byphysicalasset(inmetrictonsofmethane)LargestmethaneemittersinCanada2022,byphysicalassetEmissionsinmetrictonsofCH4100,000

150,000050,000200,000250,000243,011300,000MontneyBCoil&gasfieldSpiritRiveroil&gasfieldMontneyABoil&gasfieldChristinaLakeoil&gasfieldDonkinCoalMine156,802105,770100,85359,79256,933FosterCreekoil&gasfieldFirebagoil&gasfield46,888FortHillsoil&gasfieldColdLakeoil&gasfieldKearloil&gasfield44,03941,82838,81525Description:Thebiggestmethane(CH4)emitterinCanadain2022wastheMontneyoilandgasfieldinBritishColumbia,withanestimated243,011metrictonsofmethaneemitted.Ofthe10highestmethaneemittingassetsinCanadathatyear,onlyonewasn'tanoilandgasfield.ThiswastheDonkinCoalMineinNovaScotia,whichemittedroughly60,000metrictonsofmethane.Methaneisapowerfulgreenhousegaswithaglobalwarmingpotentialroughly28timesgreaterthancarbondioxideovera[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2022Source(s):ClimateTRACEGreenhousegasemissionsofSuncorfrom2018to2022(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)Suncor'sgreenhousegasemissions2018-20224035.1934.9634.0634.15353025201510533.4302018201920202021202226Description:In2022,Suncor'stotalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsstoodatnearly35millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e),anincreaseof2.4percentincomparisontothepreviousyear.ThemajorityofSuncor'semissionsareattributabletothecompany'soilsandsoperations.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2018to2022Source(s):SuncorCHAPTER

05OutlookGreenhousegasemissionreductiontargetsinCanadaby2030,relativeto2005levels,bysectorEmissionsreductiontargetsinCanada2030,bysector0%-10%-20%-30%-1%-11%-31%-40%-50%-60%-70%-80%-90%-100%-37%-39%-40%-49%-88%BuildingsElectricityHeavyindustryOilandgasTransportationAgricultureWasteandOthersTotal*28Description:GreenhousegasemissionsinCanadaareprojectedtobe40percentbelow2005levelsby2030underCanada'sEmissionsReductionPlan.ThiswouldseeGHGemissionsinCanadadroptoapproximately440millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).Thesectorwiththelargestpercentagereductionwouldbetheelectricitysector,at88percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;*TotalsmaynotaddupduetoroundingAdaptedfromStatisticsCanada,canada.ca,2021.ThisdoesnotconstituteanendorsementbyStatisticsCanadaofthisproduct.ReadmoreSource(s):EnvironmentCanadaOilandgassectorgreenhousegasemissionscapproposalinCanadain2030,relativeto2019baseline(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)GreenhousegasemissionscapfortheoilandgassectorinCanada2030BaselineComplianceflexibilityEmissionscap18016014012010080171112106256040202502019upstream&LNGsubsectoremissions2030low(allowancelevel)2030high(allowancelevel)29Description:In2023,theGovernmentofCanadaannouncedplanstolimitoilandgassectoremissionsbyintroducingacap-and-tradesystem.Theproposal,whichwouldbephasedinfrom2026,aimstoreduceemissionsfromthissectorby35to38percentby2030,relativeto2019baselinelevels,resultinginemissionsofbetween106and112millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).Theframeworkalsoprovidescomplianceflexibilitiesthatwouldallowtheindustrytoemitan[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2019Source(s):ReutersGreenhousegasemissionreductionpathwayinCanadafrom2005to2035,byscenario(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)EmissionsreductionpathwayinCanada2005-2035,byscenarioHistoricalProjected-referencecase725Projected-withadditionalmeasures800750700650600550500450400350732712637615573560467541423200520102015202120262030203530Description:Between2005and2021,Canada'sgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfellbyroughly13percent.TheNorthAmericancountryisaimingtoreduceitsGHGemissionsby40to45percentbelow2005levelsby2030.ThiswouldseeGHGemissionsfalltoatleast440millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).Underthe"additionalmeasures"scenario,Canada'sGHGemissionswouldfallbyroughly36percentby2030,relativeto2005levels.Thiswouldleaveagapofsome27MtCO₂eto[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Canada;2019to2021;ExcludingLULUCFAccountingContribution,NBCS,AgricultureMeasures,andWCICreditsSource(s):EnvironmentandClimateChangeCanadaGreenhousegasemissionreductionpathwayinCanadafrom2005to2035,byeconomicsector(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)EmissionsreductionpathwayinCanada