中国社会公益慈善指南：教育 CHINA ISSUE GUIDE EDUCATION PHILANTHROPY

PScentreforAsianphilanthropyandsocietyNewsletter:bit.ly/caps-wdgAllrightsreservedY2philanthropistswhounderstandWilliamandFloraHewlettFoundation,Yhisreportisthethirdinourfour-partpersist.Ruralinstitutionshavehistoricallylackedinfrastructure,learningmaterialsandqualifiedDespitethis,urban-ruralinequityremainsintermsofperceptionthatitisthemostimportantfoundationforupwardcationinChina,helpingtodeliveraresignificantimplementingpartnersofsolutionsattheChina,includingitshistoricalroots,recen“philanthropywithChinesecharacteristics”:strongalignmentwithgovernmentpriorities,theleveragingoffunders’businessskills,pilotinginnovationswithpragmatic,traditionalconnectioaddition,thischapterexplai“foundation”(基金会)andcommitteeofrepresentuniversityandeducationalrtoensuringqualityofeducationforall.Importantly,thisshiftrequirestheactiveparticipationofthewholeprojects.Accountingformorethanhalfofwithineducationphilanthofscholarships.Anprestigiousschools,universitiesorinstitutionsinone’sasholdersofprivatewealthseethepotentialtomtheimpactoftheirgivingbysupportingstate-ledinitiatives.Thischapterspotlightsexampinunderservedareastoillustratetherolephilanthropystemmingfromfaithintheseinstitutionstodeployfundsinanimpactfulmannerandthedesir4withprestigiouscentersoflearning.Anothertrendisforfunderstocreateoperatingfoundattheirvisionforeducationphilanthropyratherthanlimitforphilanthropyandcorporatesocialresponsibilitytodeliverfundingtoeducatbringaboutwin-winsolutionsbypartneringwiththeotherresourcestowardsustainablesolutYprosperity”(共同富裕),privatesocialinvestmentinmovingthecouinwaysthatbenefitallcitizens.Infact,duCentralCommitteemeeThisreportispartofafour-partseriesontheroleofindividualandcorporatephilancrucialareaswillcontihopethatourstudieswillhelpreadersunderstmorestrategicintheirgivinformtheprecioushumanThisreport,thethirdinourChinaIssueGuideseries,characteristics”generallylooklike?Chinesephilanthropyisunique:whiletheuniversal—helpingoandculturalcomposition.Aholisticunderstandingofarethemainprioritiesofthegovernmentregardingfilledthroughphilanthropicandsocialinvestmentinitiatives?recommendationsforeducationforward?andprovincial-levelinformationdisclosureplatformsandtriangulateditagainstthird-partydatabanksandofleadersfrombusinfinalsectiononthenextsteps.Theandgovernment-affiliated)anditsevolutioninrecentyears.Whilesomeofthenomenclatu6characteristics.”Inthefirstchapter,weexplorewhatthisThethirdchapterfocuprojectsinunderservedareastoillustratetheroleineducationphilanthropy:ahow-observationsonthestatusaYDuringthistime,thecountry’sgrossofregulationsforthecharittoencourageindividuintroducingtaxincentivehelpingtobuildaccoun8HeilongjiangJilinJilinInnerMongoliaLiaoningInnerMongoliaLiaoningXinjiangBeijingTianjinShaanxiJiangsuAnhuiTibetTibetand2018annualreportssubmittedforincreasedgovernment-drivenphilanthropy.Yfeaturesof“philanthrodistinguishedbytheirstructureandmission.“Community”foundations(社区基金会)refertofoundationsthattakesolvingcocorporates,whiletheremaindercomesfromgovernmentmostlikenonprofitnumber,especiallyinrecentyears,smallcomparedtooth0themmoreroomtomaneuverrconductpublicfundraising,collecttax-exemptdonationsandmobilizeresources“Educational”foundations(教育基金会)areinitiatedtraininginstitutetofacilitatefundraisingfromalumni,“Byactingthroughacharityfoureceive,spendandinvestproceduresandthereslinkedtotheirinstitution;however,theirmandateislargerthanfundinguniversityprogrammaticchairmanofitsfoundation,“Inthecurrentsituation,theimportantroleofauniversityfoundationinbuildinga‘doublefirst-class’educationalsystemisisanimportantplatformforactivelyraisingalumniandsocialsupport;onplatformfortherationalallocationandscientificseenmajorimprovementsinfundraising,projecttrainingprogramthatinvitesgraduatesfromtheworld’stopuniversitiestodiscussYappropriations.”22Whileitisclearallgrowing,there’sanfoundationsaremushroomingatmultipletiers.Oncedominatedbyprovincial-andstate-ltheproliferationoftheseprefecture-andcounty-ofthecentralgovernment’srelaxationofchregistrationlawsanddelegationofadministrativeconstructionofaruralprimaryschoolcanteen,ratherthanmultilocationalinterventions,suchastheintroductionofamentalhealthcurriculuminTheseprogramsillustratetheimportantrolethatoftenappearsonthenewsattentionhelpstocreateanadphilanthropistsandcorporatefoundationstosupportuniversityprograms.cultivationthroughfour-yearundergraduatescholarships,internationalexchangescholarshipall-rounddevelopmentscholarships.Thefamiliesandthoseaffectedbyillengineeringandhumanitiimplementssocialserviceprojects,includingvillagetechnicalsupportandeducationaltraining),scientificandculturaleducationandmedicalca基金)tosupportandphospitalsaffiliatedwithPekingUniversittheuniversity’seducatiopartiesandstriveforadditionalfundinginterestingaspectofphilanthropicsupportinCuniversities,regardlessofwheththoseinstitutions. .mechanismtosteerprivatewiththisincreasedphilanthropyhasWhilethenumberoftrainedphilanthropicprofessionalsisgrowing,thesectorstillne●6507●● 23.88ThereisyetanotherwaytocategorizefoundationsinChina:“public”(公募)or“private”(非公募).ThisdifferentiationrefhavegovernmentapprovaltofundraisefromthYexperiencedphilantwhounderstandtheroleofpallowingprojectsandprandimpactful.philanthropistsareincreasinglysupportingcapacitydifficultformanysocialwelfareorganizationstoobtatheskillsnecessarytodotheirjobswell,regardlessBuildinguptheskillsofstaffinlocalsocialorganizatiof“philanthropywithChinesecharacteristics.”WhiletheirWesterncounterpartthefirstcharacteristicmentioned:thetendencytoworkcloselywiththegovernment.ThiAsianinstitutionstendtoworkintandemwiththatindividualandcorporatefoundationsworkawiththegovernment(atminimum)anGroup,experimentedwiththegovernment-ledwithitsParentingTheFutaimstoprovidehigh-qualityparentaltrainingtoruralfamiliessothattheirchildrencandevelophealthilyintermsofcognition,languageabilityandsocial-emotional48ThislargesseisdirectlyButphilanthropists’linkageandidentificationwiththesectorwith270millionstudentseducationalinstitutionsin2018.51Furthermore,fromenrollmentratefornine-yearcompulsoryeducationalsorisensubstantiatalllevelsofeducation,includinguniversalactionwithinthecountry’sreformandopening-uppolicy.Intheselastfourdecades,institTheformaleducationladtheadministrationsystemwasthat,furtherreformsweremadetowardeducationtransformativeEducationLawgraduallyrolledoutfromsometime,ruralschoolsdisparitiesas“leftbehicommitmenttoadvanceedeliminatinginequitiesandbecomingaworld-classeducationatalllevels,frompreschoolvocationalandtertiaryeducation.Refobeyondtraditionalcapacitamodernsocialistcountrythatis“prosperous,strong,democratic,culturallyadvancedandharmoniousforallitscitizens.”57Nevertheless,thetransitionfromquantitymeetthedemandsofitslong-tesocialistmodernization,withtheconstructionofaneconomic,political,culturaYimportantly,wherearetheopportunitiestosupportdevelopmentisshiftingfromenablescitizenstoenjoyagreimportantroleofphilanthropy.forall.59Thus,effortstotackledisparitiesbetweenurbanandruralschoolsmustcchildren,studentswithspecialneedsandethnicminorpost-industrialeconomy.School-levelcurriculumsports,art,music,scienceandinformatiarecriticaltoprovidingmoral,intellectual,physical,andalignwithnationalreformstobuilda21st-centuryworkforce.Theurban-ruraldisparityisathornychallengetoeducationinruralChinaisameasuresincludedpreferentialallocationofeducationalresourcestoruralathroughthereformedallocationofresources.64throughthereformedallocationofresources.64Atthemacrolevel,fundingforruralcompulsory(农村义务教育经费保障机制)stipulatesthatcentralandlocalgovernmentssharethefisplitiscontingentontheprovince’sfinancialsitustudents’schoolfeescompulsoryeducationandschoolinfrastructureallocatedtourbanandrforruralschoolshasenabledmajorimprovementsinbillion),drivinglocalinvestmentofmorethan1trillion“weakvillagesandcrowdedtowns”,narrowingbetweenurbanandruralschoolmajorprojectssuchas“compreareas”.69Around5.1millioncomputersprimarilyforruralschoolsandmoretheinternet.70Y73thethree-yearteachingperiodcontinuedintheirruralteacherstobringtheiruralteacherswithasmalllivingsubsidy,rangingfromquality:student-teacherratioandteachereducationlevel.Policiesattractingteachingtalenttoruralareasimprovementcanbeobservedteachingstafftostudentswas1:23forruralof1:19,althoughurbanpriofruralprimaryschoolteachersand82%ofruraljuniorteachersinruralareasinvolvesmorethanjustalowerqualityoflife.Improvingtearuralareasisstillachallengeforthegovernteachershortagesinruralareas,expertsconcurthatthewillcontinuetoplagueruralschoolsthatareremote,inaccessibleandwithoutstaffdormitories.85,86necessarilyfollowthateducationqualitywillimprchallengesfromtheirurbancounterparts,specificallyorevenallsubjectsforaamultidisciplinarycurriculum.Smallclasses,whicharecommoninruralschools,alsoreqskillsmanyteachersdonothave.89Princischoolsgenerallyreflectedthatlowprofessionalidentificationandareill-preparedforteaching,whichhinderdevelopment,ruralmigraItistruethatthehukousystemandschoolepolicyhavegraduallybeenmigrantchildrenintothemainstreameducationsystemthat“thetaskofensuringmigrantchildren’sequalopportunityinreceivingcompulsoryeducationIngeneral,abackboneteacherissomeonewheavyworkloadwithinschoolandiYthroughfull-timepublicprimaryandsecondaryschoolslieswithinlocalgovernments.”103Chinagrantspowertolocalgovernmentstheirownconcretemeasuresregardingthefulfillmentofeducationalresponsibilities.Therefore,regardingpublicschoolenrollmentofmigrantchildrendifferences.Forone,entrybarriersarehmigrantstudentswhowaTheymustprovidepropercostlyordifficulttoapplyfor.Anotherrisingtpointssystemforhukoutransferand/orenrollmentinatleastnineprovincesandallmuni“migrated-backchildren(回流儿童)”,whomustreturntoDevelopmentStatistimillionchildrenhavemigratedtothecities,therearestillalmost12.9million‘left-behind’childrenreceivingfleft-behindchildrenfortheirphysicalangovernmentdepartments,includingtheMinistryofCivilAffairsandtheMinistryofEdSystemforLeft-behindChildreninRuralAreas,whichclarifiedthefunctions“improvingthecaresystemforleft-behindchildren,”108whichwillundoubtedlybethefvariousdepartmentsandregalsoinitiatedprojectssuchascarehotlhomesandfostermotherprogramsforleft-behindchildren.Atthesametime,nongosupport,summercamps,readingprojects,residentialteachingsupport.guaranteeingtherightofpeoplewithdisabilitiestoreceiveaneducation.Mostchildrenwithmattendmainstreamschools,studentswithmoderatewithseveredisabilitwithvisitingteachersorthroughlong-distanceeducationregulatesteachertrainingandqualifications.Speceducationteacherseducationadministrativedepartmentofautonomousregionormunicipalitydirectlyunderthecentralgovernment.110withDisabilitiesguaranteetherightofindividualswithdisabilitiestregulations,moreinclusiveschoolsforchildrenwithclassroomsinregularschoolsequitosupporttheeducationofchildrenwithcationandbetteenrollmentofchildrenwithspecialneedsintoinclusivebytheMinistryofEducation,thchildrenwithdisabilities/specialneedsincompulsorylawandconsolidatingtheadmissofeducationforpersonswithdisabilities,whichemphasizedintheNpromotingeducationforaltoexpanditstraditionalcafromonlyhearingandvisualimpaiandintellectualdisabilitiestolearningdisabilitiessuchautism,suggestingthatautihealthissuesorbehavioralproblemsandlefchildrenareconcentratedinsmallscaleruralschoolsvillageforbetterworkandlivingconditions.115smallscaleruralschoolsarguablyeducaYschoolstudents.Highereducationreferstograduatestudents,generalundergraduates,adultundergraduatesandonlinetheStateCouncilimpleschool-agechildrenledtooperationaldifficultiesand2011,aspartofruraledistancetoschool,puttingthematgreaterriskoftrafficaccidentsandincurringheavierfinancialtheirnumbersrebounded.PolicytrendsafterwardreflectedBeijing’sindeterminationtodeveloptheroleofruralschoolmanagementofruralschools.Asaresul120ofeducationalresources,teacherrecruitmenretention,andeducationfortheirdevelopmentandstudentgroAnalternativetotravelinglongdistancesynonymouswithan“eliteschool,”ratheritisdesignedtoallowdisadvantagedandmigurbanizationandtheshrinkingchildrenenrollinginboardingschoaccountingforone-thirdofallruralprimarystudents.researchinaparticularregion,isnotgthenationalsituationasregionaldiffthatgovernmentalinvestmentinboardingprogramsfamilydisadvantages,126othersarguethatthelontomaintainsupportforsmallscaleruralschoolsandinaccessible,whichOnly28.92millionstudentsinruralprimaryschoolswereincludedinthecalculation;37.54millionprimaryschoolstudentsincounty-ortown-levelschoolswer132preschooleducationiscandnoncognitiveskillsinchildrenfromdisadvantagedfampreschooleducationasanimportantsfinancialsupportfor(approximatelyUS$2.8rateforthree-yearpreschooleducatiYaffordablepreschooleducation,resultingindisparitieskindergartenscanbegovernment-built-and-fundedpreschoolssuperviseddirectgovernmentoversight,publickindergartensofferthenumberofplacesislimited.Unfairly,childrenfromhigh-quality,low-costpublickindergartensduetotheirschoolingthanwealthierparents,yettheirchildrenmayAdditionally,highlightingrural-urbaninequality,lieintermsofteacher-studentratioandteacherurbanpreschools(1:17)wasrestructuring,thereisanurgentdemandfortechnicallyskilledpersonnel.Withitsroleinhelpingtobuildasystemstillfacesproblems.Chafunctionalandmultiheadedmanagementwithinthestakeholderssuchastheeducationdsecuritydepartmentandindustryassociations.1rwithspecializedvocationaltrainworkersseekingmoreflexideliveryandcouriercompanies),workforceforahigh-income,modernizedcountry.vocationaleducationteachingsteeritrainingorders,furtherintegratefactoriesandvocationalenterprisecooperationtobettermatchthesupplyofskilledworkerswiththedemandfromindustry.thesameimportantstatus,withvocationaintegrationofindustryandeducationthroughschool-enterprisecooperation.155participationofgovernment,industriesandenterprises,aswellasthecollaboratbecomesincreasinglyimpoYeducationbutalsolacksthepotentialforhworkersasasignificantbottleneckforChina’stransitionsignificantly,whilethenumberofhighereducationinstitutions,includingLikewise,thenumberofstmorethan99millionhigh-caliberprofessionals,whileskilledtechnicians.165universityrankings,withmoreinstitutionsmakingittheDevelopingWorld-Clmainlanduniversitiesintoworld-classinstitutionsbyofpopularization.Forhighereducationinstitutions,includinguniversitiesandvocationalcollegeunprecedentedchallengesandopportunitofstudenttraining,curriculumconstruction,scientificandtechnologicalrevolution,industrthevirusbyimposingstrictlockdownthelargeststate-runeducationsystemintheworld,theshiftfromin-personteachingtoonlinelearningfor282millionstudentsand17millionteacherswassurprisinglythatstudents’homestudywouldbeuTechnologybuilttheNationalNetworkClouanonlinelearningenvironmentforstudents.aplatformforsharingfreeeducationalresourcteachingmaterialsandcfurtherenrichNNCP’sresourcesandsupportstudents’theplatformandrenamedtheinitiativeSmartEduasCovid-19educationalreandmaterialsforfilmandtelevisionstudies.anothermediumforteachingforamillionpeople.175Pre-recovideoconferencingservicesformillionsofAtthetertiarylevel,37onlineresourceplatformdifferentteachingmethodstomaChinadedicatedparticularattentiontochildrenfromstillwithoutaccesstoonlinelearning,parentscouldpackagesorasktheschooltoSpecialinitiativesweretakenforallchildreninlearning,includingmigrants,thedisabledandothervulnerable“StrengtheningeducationisfundamentaltoChina’spursuitofnationalrejuvenation”andthecountryshou“prioritizethedevelopmentofeducation.”Andattheforthecountryandtheparty,”raisinYtheaccessibilityofqualityeducatohighereducation,andincludingvocatandspecialschoolingforchildrenwithdisabilities/buildingworld-classuniversities,andopeningChina’seducationsystemfurthertotheworld.180governmenthascommittedtoincreasingStatisticsandMinistryofFireportedthatnationalsp181Thisproportionhasreitsinvestmentsinareas“ensuringaccesstoschooling”(有学上)to“ensuringthequalityofschooling”(上好学),withemphasisonapriorities,withspecificgoalsdefineenrollmentrateatalllevelsofeducationanddeliverifreecompulsoryeducationtoall.ahugepopulationandlargeregionaldisparestillfundamentalchallenges.Withtheincreaseinpopularity,themaqualityremainpulsoryeducationinruraldisadvantagedgroups,includingmigrantchilorphans,childrenwithspecialneedsandethniacceleratedurbanizationmigrantstotownsandcstudentsinprimaryschoolsand50studentsinjuniisbalancingopeningeducationalopportofthepopulationwhilemaintainingquofvocationalhighereducationpeopledemanddiffercareerpathways.Suchdemanclassifieddevelopmentofhighereducationinstitutionsandinfrastructure,suchasfacstudentsintermsoftheirculturalknowledgelevelandliteracyabilityduetotherapidpopularizationofhtotheeducationsystemstructure,mayaffectthatthequalityofuniversalhighereducationinthefutureisworrying.184Theincreasedgrossenrollmalsobringanescalatiofequalopportunityshiftingfromprimaryandsecondadditionalsupport.EnhancingtheducationisimportantasChinafocusesonthisstillunmetneed.Inadequateresources,includingshortagesofpublickindergartensandqualityteparticularlyaffectchildrenindistressandthosewithspecialneeds.Withlopportunitiesandlowmonetarexploringaphilanthropicearlychimodelbuildingonkindergartensandmaternalhealthinstitutionstoaddresstheneedfromtruralareasarestillsignificantlybehind.TheNationalplanin2019,settingoutquantifiablegoalsforthefurtherwhichcanbefilledbyprwaystopromoteeffectivelearningforchildreninruralareasbyofferingteachertraidigitalteachingandlnonacademiclearningopportunitiesforstudents.EducationphilanthropistsarealsosupportinginitiativestoimproveruraleducationwithlocalteaceducationforallitscitizeandhelpthosepopulYofphilanthropylargesse.ofthetotalnumberofprojecprojectstaggedaseducation.isubmittedtothegovernmefoundationsself-identifiedtheirprojects.Usingkeywordidentification,how7,justunderathirdofphilanthropicfundingflowstoalleviationcampaigndirectedmostphilanthropicfundingtradition.Forcenturies,communitiesbandedtogether Bureaus.Inthesereports,foundationsgrouptheirprojectsintocategoriessuchashealth,education,etc.Thisiswhatwetobuildschools,provimostpromisingyoungmentostuattestingtotheviewthateducationisthemostimfoundationforupwardmobilitprovisionofscholaalleducationphilanthropyprojects.4.62millionYThesupportforhighereducationisnotsurprising.philanthropistsarecommittedtosupportingthebeliefthat“thewaytobuilbillion),with81%offundingsector,includingcorporates,corporentrepreneurs,groupsofindividuafoundations.188Withintertiaryeducationdonati123456789China’shighandultrthreearegovernment-organizednongovernmephilanthropyprojectsareintheformofscholarshipsinfrastructure,equipmentandfacilities(2,208projects).philanthropicfundingineducationflowstoscholarship-relatedprojectsamountingtoeducation,withone-thirdgoitotalscholarshipinvestmentwaswith77%ofprojectscoYthecumulativeamountofstudentfinancialsupportbillion),ofwhichgovernmentfundingwas¥1.45trilliontotalfinancialsupport.ThecumulativefundingfromtheAccordingtoour2018studyGivingBacktoTheFuture:ScholarshipforHigherEducation,scholarshipsforscholarsbutalsoforcommunitiesandcountries,which topursuespecificfieldqualifiedteachersinruralteachincompensationandothersupportfortheirhealthandwell-beingincentivizeteacherstFormostfamilyorindividualfoundationsinChina,thefounders’inherentdrivedeterminestheirphilanthropicdirection.Onceateacherhimself,onChina’seducationdevelopment,especiallyinless-developedregions.Hebelievesthecountry’sfuturedevelopmentdependsnotonlyonwhattheelitescanachievebutalsclassorthosewholackresourckeyistoencourageandsupruralareas.195Highturnoverrates,lowcareerdevelopmentandlimitedsocialrelationshipsarethefourmainobstaclesforruralteacherslaunchedtosupportandincentivizyears,withacommitmenttocontinueimproprofessionalfirmtoformaprofileofagoodruralteachershouldbespirituallycommittedtoservingclassroomsandarealldifftheyputalotofefftobuildingconstruction,purchasingpublicfacilitieslaboratories,datacentersandotherinfrastructuretosupportscientificresearchandinnovationcapeducationaleffortscanhelpwithfourmaingoals.Firsprovidehigher-qualityeducationaallchildren.Second,aseducattobuildingexpertisetoenablenatomake“scienceandtself-improvementastrategicpillarfornationaldevelopment.”198Thefo2021and2025inpursuitYandentrepreneurshiptrainingpmillion(approximatelyUS$1.3million)scholarshipsanddonationstotop-tieruniversitiesreflectlargeamountoffundinggoingtoeducatiexamplesofphilanthropfarlesssupportthannotsurprising.Withmostocampaign,thenation’scentraPhilanthropistsrecognizetheimportkeepingmorechildrenschool.Albeitrelativelymodestcomparedtotertiary-allhavescholarshipprogramsforhighschoolstudenteducationisatermthatencoasart,musicandsports.Withcenturiesofartexposuretoaparticularskillointellectual,physical,aesthetic,anlaboreducationreferstolifeskillssuchashouseandproduction