小升初英语语法-名词

名词名词的分类名词类别意义例词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim,China,Qingdao,theUnitedKingdom,theGreatWall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人的人或事物girl,student,factory,desk,cat,country集合名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称people,police,team,clothes,group不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water,ice,pork,cheese,cotton,air抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun,healthy,happiness,courage,love,care【注】：专有名词专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写，专有名词前一般不加冠词，但由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词“the”，“the”不大写，例如：Beijing,thePeople’sRepublicofChina,theGreatWall姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人（复数含义）,如：theGreens(格林一家人)。节日中传统节日前要加“the”，其余不加“the”，如：theSpringFestival,Mother’sDay名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an”；复数形式是在名词后加“-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：当名词为：词尾变化读音例词一般情况加s在清辅音后读/s/chips,jeeps,maps,clocks在浊辅音或元音后读/z/boys,sharpeners,sofas,bags以ce,se,se,(d)ge结尾的词读/iz/oranges,以t结尾的加s读/ts/以d结尾的加s读/dz/cats,kiteshands,grades以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词加es/iz/watches,boxes,classes,brushes注：stomach-stomachs以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去y变i加es/z/dictionaries,strawberries,元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s，如：monkey--monkeys。以字母o结尾的单词加s或es/z/tomatoes,potatoes,heroeszoos,photos,bamboos,pianos以f或fe结尾的单词去f或fe变v加es/vz/leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,life-lives,wife-wives,wolf-wolves,self-selves,shelf-shelves,knife-knives,half-halves,scarf-scarves(围巾)注：roof-roofs（屋顶）以th结尾的词加s/ðz//θz/mouths/ðz/paths;months,deaths【注】：读音变化mouth[mauθ]--mouths[mauðz],house[haus]--houses[hauziz],say[sei]--says[sez]2.可数名词复数的不规则变化1)不规则变化：tooth--teeth,foot--feet,goose--geese,mouse--mice,child--children,ox--oxen,man--men,woman--women,postman--postmen,policeman--policemen,policewoman--policewomen;mailman--mailmen;Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen【注意】：walkman—walkmans，German—Germans2)单复数同形：deer-deer,fish-fish,sheep-sheep,goldfish-goldfish,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese3)复合名词：由man和woman构成的复合名词,前后都要变复数；其他只变后面词例如：amandoctor--mendoctors,awomanteacher--womenteachersamanscientist-menscientists,adinnertable--dinnertables【注】：asportsshop-sportsshops,aclothesshop-clothesshops,asportscar-sportscars4)有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式例如：shoes,gloves,socks,trousers,shorts,pants,glasses,scissors,etc;5)有些名词从形式上看是复数,实际上是单数（其后的谓语动词要用单数）例如：news,maths,phyiscs,politics,works（工厂）6)有些集体名词形式上是单数，而意义上是复数，谓语动词也用复数。例如：people（人们）,police总为复数，单数分别用person和policeman、policewoman表示例如：family（家庭、家庭成员）,group（组、组成员）,class（班，班里的学生），team（队，队员）等在表示总体时为单数，在表示成员时为复数。7)某国家人：中日不变、英法变，其他s加后面例如：Chinese-Chinese,Japan-Japanese,Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen3.不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,也不能用数词修饰（如one,two……），没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式,但有其特殊用法:①物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示例如：acupoftea,sevenpiecesofbread,severalbagsofrice请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果threeboxesofapples②同一个词,变成复数形式,意义不同。（特别是表示种类为可数）15.TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyby_______,butalsothefleshandbloodof________men.A.earthandstone,millionsofB.earthsandstones,millionsC.theearthandstone,millionofD.theearthsandstones,millions练习与巩固：1.Lastnight,therewasafoodaccident.The_______wereill,butno_______werelost.A.child,livesB.children,lifeC.children,livesD.child,life2.---Thisisaphotoof_________whentheywereyoung.---OK,howhappytheybothlooked!A.myfatherandmotherB.mymotherandfather'sC.mymother'sandfather'sD.myfather'sandmymother3.Thenewstudentisin__________,GradeTwo.A.ClassThirdB.ThirdClassC.ClassThreeD.Threeclass4.TodayisSeptember10th.It's__________Day.Let'sgoandbuysomeflowersforourteachers.A.TeachersB.Teachers'C.theTeachers'D.Teacher's5.Themarketisn'tfarfromhere.It'sonly_________bicycleride.A.halfanhours'B.halfanhour'sC.halfanhourD.anhourandahalf6.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?---_________,please.A.TwocupofcoffeeB.TwocupsofcoffeC.TwocupsofcoffeeD.Twocupsofcoffees7.DuringChristmas,peoplegettogetherandsingChristmassongsfor_________.A.funB.wishesC.interestD.thanks8.Some_________areflyingkitesneartheriver.A.childB.boyC.boysD.childs9.Aftertheexam,we'llhave________holiday.A.twoweeksB.two-weeksC.twoweeks'D.twoweek's10.Theyarethose_________bags.Pleaseputthemonthebus.A.visitorB.visitorsC.visitor'sD.visitors'11.---Howmanyworkersarethereinyourfactory?---Therearetwo___________.A.hundredsB.hundredC.hundredofD.hundredsof12.---Whatdoyouthinkofthe_______theMoonlightSonatabyBeethoven?---Itsoundsreallywonderful.A.subjectB.musicC.bookD.animal13.Thereisnotenough_________inthecornerforthefridge.A.placeB.roomC.fieldD.ground14._________comesfromsheepandsomepeoplelikeeatingitA.WoolB.PorkC.MuttonD.Milk15.Ifyoudon'ttakemore________,you'llgetfat.A.medicineB.lessonsC.photosD.exercise16.Myschoolisabouttwenty________walkfromhere.A.minuteB.minutes'C.minutes'sD.minutes17.Mum,Ihave_______totellyou!A.agoodnewsB.somegoodnewsC.somegoodnewesD.muchgoodnews18.Whichisthe________tothepostoffice?A.streetB.way