土耳其可再生能源行业市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5风电光伏储能

INDUSTRIES

&

MARKETSRenewableenergyinTurkeyCHAPTER

01OverviewExistingrenewableenergycapacityworldwideincludingandexcludinghydropowerfrom2008to2021(ingigawatts)Hydropowerandrenewableenergycapacityworldwide2008-2021RenewableenergyincludinghydroRenewableenergyexcludinghydro3,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005003,1462,8402,5812,3782,1972,0171,9451,8491,7011,6721,5781,4401,4301,3551,2501,2521,1701,1501,0819217856655604803953152502000200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020213Description:In2021,theglobalinstalledcapacityofrenewablepowersurpassedthreeterawatts,approximately1.2terawattsofwhichwerederivedfromhydropower.Throughtheuseofmechanicalstructuressuchasdamsandwatermills,energythroughhydropowercanbegeneratedfromfallingorfast-movingwaterandisareliable,flexibleenergysource.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2008to2021Source(s):REN21Leadingcountriesininstalledrenewableenergycapacityworldwidein2022(ingigawatts)Renewableenergycapacity2022bycountryCapacityingigawatts60002004008001,0001,2001,400ChinaU.S.1,161352Brazil175India163148GermanyJapan118106CanadaSpain6865FranceItaly604Description:Theleadingcountriesforinstalledrenewableenergyin2022wereChina,theU.S.,andBrazil.Chinawastheleaderinrenewableenergyinstallations,withacapacityofaround1,161gigawatts.TheU.S.,insecondplace,hadacapacityofaround352gigawatts.Renewableenergyisanimportantstepinaddressingclimatechangeandmitigatingtheconsequencesofthisphenomenon.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):IRENALargesthydroelectricpowergeneratingcountriesworldwidein2021(interawatthours)Largesthydropowerproducingcountries2021Hydropowergenerationinterawatthours600

80002004001,0001,2001,400ChinaCanadaBrazil1,300380.85362.82UnitedStatesRussia257.69214.53160.33143.09IndiaNorwayJapan77.6471.46SwedenTurkey55.75Description:In2021,Chinawastheleadingcountryintermsofhydroelectricitygenerationworldwidewithapproximately1,300terawatthoursgeneratedfromhydrosources.Incomparison,Russia'shydropowerfacilitiesgeneratedsome214.5terawatthoursofenergythatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2021Source(s):BP;Ember;OWIDCHAPTER

02PrimaryenergyRenewableenergycapacityinTurkeyfrom2008to2022(inmegawatts)RenewableenergycapacityinTurkey2008-202260,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,00002008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120227Description:ThetotalcapacityfromrenewablesourcesinTurkeyhasbeenincreasingsteadilyoverthelastdecade,reaching55,998megawattsin2022.Thiswasupfrom53.2thousandmegawattsinthepreviousyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2008to2022Source(s):IRENAElectricitygeneration*inTurkeyfrom1985to2022(interawatthours)ElectricitygenerationinTurkey1985-20224003503002502001501005008Description:ElectricitygenerationinTurkeyamountedto326.2terawatthoursin2022,markingadecreaseby2.5percentincomparisonwiththepreviousyear.Duringtheperiodinconsideration,figuresincreasedbyalmostthreehundredterawatthours.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;1985to2022;*Basedongrossoutput.ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGElectricitygenerationinTurkeyfrom2019to2022,byfuel(interawatthours)ElectricitygenerationinTurkeybyfuel2019-2022OilNaturalGasCoalHydroelectricRenewables35030062.755.771.467.243.351.578.125088.820015010050104.2110.4112.8105.870.9112.957.371.800.320190.320200.320213.120229Description:In2022,coalgotaheadofthenaturalgasandbecamethemostusedfuelinelectricitygenerationinTurkey,withatotalof112.8terawatthoursgenerated.Bycomparison,naturalgeneratedabout72terawatthoursofelectricity.Inthemeantime,electricitygeneratedfromrenewablesfollowedclosely,accountingfor71.4terawatthoursin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2019to2022Source(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGDistributionofelectricitygenerationinTurkeyin2021,bysourceShareofelectricitygenerationinTurkeyin2021,bysourceSolarenergy4.17%Geothermal3.22%Wind10.00%Coal18.05%Lignite12.84%Hydropower16.71%Liquidfuels0.08%Renewablesandwastes2.32%Naturalgas33.22%10Description:In2021,naturalgaswasthemostusedsourceforelectricityproductioninTurkey,with33.2percentofthetotalelectricitygenerationderivedfromthissource.Thetotalelectricitygenerationshareofrenewablesourcesandwastesequalednearly36percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2021Source(s):EnergyMarketRegulatoryAuthorityRenewableenergygenerationinTurkeyfrom2000to2022(interawatthours)RenewableenergygenerationinTurkey2000-2022807060504030201002000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021*

202211Description:RenewablepowergenerationinTurkeypresentedatrendofgrowth,peakingatover71terawatthoursin2022.Thisrepresentedanincreaseofnearly12percentgrowthincomparisonwith2021.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2000to2022;*Figuresfor2021arerevised.Datawerebasedongrossgenerationandnotaccountingforcross-borderelectricitysupply.Convertedonthebasisofthermalequivalenceassuming38%conversionefficiencyina[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGShareofelectricitygenerationfromrenewableenergyandwastesandhydroinTurkeyfrom2010to2021ElectricityproductionsharesfromrenewableenergyandhydroinTurkey2010-2021Renewableenergyandwastes*Hydro35%30%25%20%15%10%5%29.2%14.7%25.6%25.5%16.8%24.7%24.5%24.5%24.2%22.8%19.6%19.7%12.7%19.1%16.7%16.1%10%8.6%20166.5%20154.9%20144.2%20133.1%20122.6%20111.9%20100%2017201820192020202112Description:In2021,theshareofrenewableenergyandwastesintotalelectricitygenerationofTurkeyaccountedfor19.1percent.Thelatestfigureforrenewableenergysharewasthepeak,havingseenyear-on-yearincreasesintheperiodofconsideration.In2021,naturalgaswasthegreatestcontributortoelectricitygeneration.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2010to2021Source(s):TurkStatPrimaryenergyconsumptioninTurkeyfrom2000to2022(inexajoules)PrimaryenergyconsumptioninTurkey2000-20228765432102000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020*

2021*

202213Description:Turkey'sprimaryenergyconsumptionamountedtosevenexajoulesin2022,slightlyincreasedfrom6.96exajoulesin2021.Between2000and2022,figuresincreasedby3.9exajoules.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2000to2022;*Thedatafor2020and2021arerevised.

Inthisstatistic,primaryenergyonlyincludesthecommerciallytradedfuels.Oilwasmeasuredinmillionmetrictons,allotherenergysourcesinmillionmetrictonsofoil[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGRenewableenergyconsumptioninTurkeyfrom2007to2022*(inexajoules)RenewableenergyconsumptioninTurkey2007-20220.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.690.620.50.430.380.290.240.170.120.110.080.10.00.060.040.020.010.01200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021**202214Description:RenewableenergyconsumptioninTurkeyhasbeenincreasingannuallysince2008.Thetotalconsumptionvolumeamountedto690petajoulesin2022whichwasthepeakintheobservedperiod.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2007to2022;*Figuresexcludehydroelectricity,andarebasedongrossgenerationfromrenewablesourcesincludingwind,geothermal,solar,biomassandwaste,andnotaccountingforcross-borderelectricitysupply.***Datafor[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGNumberofemployeesintherenewableenergysectorinTurkeyin2021,bytechnology(in1,000s)RenewableenergyemploymentinTurkey2021,bytechnologyNumberofjobsinthousands15

2005102530353540HydropowerSolarheating/coolingWindenergy22.1824.89SolarphotovoltaicGeothermalenergyMunicipalandindustrialwasteBiogas215.962.20.70.5Liquidbiofuels15Description:ThemajorityofpeopleemployedintheTurkishrenewableenergysectorworkedinthehydropowerindustry.Hydropowerwasreponsibleforabout35thousandfull-timeworkers.TurkeyhasthesecondlargesthydroelectriccapacityinEurope,followingNorway.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2021Source(s):ILO;IRENACHAPTER

03WindandsolarenergyInstalledwindpowercapacityinTurkeyfrom2008to2022(inmegawatts)InstalledwindpowercapacityinTurkey2008-202212,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,000011,39610,6078,8327,5917,0056,5165,7514,50320153,63020142,76020132,26120121,72920111,320201079236420082009201620172018201920202021202217/statistics/421847/wind-power-capacity-in-turkeyBetween2008and2022,thetotalinstalledwindpowercapacityinTurkeyincreasedfrom364megawattsto11,396megawatts,whichwasthepeakvalueinthistimeline.Accordingtothesource,themajorityofthiswasfromonshorewindpower.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2008to2022Source(s):IRENAWindenergygenerationinTurkeyfrom2008to2022(interawatthours)WindenergygenerationinTurkey2008-20224035.1353031.424.825201510521.719.917.915.511.78.57.65.94.72.91.50.8020082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202218Description:WindenergygenerationinTurkeypeakedat35.1terawatthoursin2022,thiswasanincreaseofroughly12percentincomparisonwiththepreviousyear.Duringtheperiodinconsideration,figuresincreasedby34.3terawatthours.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2008to2022Source(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGSolarenergycapacityinTurkeyfrom2008to2022(inmegawatts)SolarenergycapacityinTurkey2008-202210,0009,0008,0009,4267,8176,6687,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,00005,9965,0643,422201783425045671219412008200920102011201220132014201520162018201920202021202219Description:SolarenergycapacityinTurkeypeakedatover9.4gigawattsin2022,upby21percentfromthepreviousyear.Intheperiodofconsideration,figurespresentedatrendofcontinuousgrowth.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2008to2022Source(s):IRENASolarenergygenerationinTurkeyfrom2015to2022(interawatt-hours)SolarenergygenerationinTurkey2015-20221815.916141210813.9119.27.8642.9210.202015201620172018201920202021202220Description:ElectricitygenerationfromsolarenergyinTurkeyfollowedanupwardtrendundertheobservedperiod.Solarpowergenerationinthecountryreachedapeakofalmost16terawatthoursin2022.Turkeyhasaninstalledsolarcapacityofnearly9.5gigawatts.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2015to2022Source(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGCHAPTER

04HydroenergyHydropowercapacityinTurkeyfrom2008to2022(inmegawatts)HydropowercapacityinTurkey2008-202235,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000020082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202222Description:ThetotalhydropowercapacityinTurkeyhasbeenincreasingsteadilyoverthelastdecade.By2022,Turkey'shydropowercapacitypeakedandamountedto31,572megawatts.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2008to2022Source(s):IRENAHydroelectricitygenerationinTurkeyfrom2000to2022(interawatthours)HydroelectricitygenerationinTurkey2000-202210090807060504030201002000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

202223Description:Turkeygeneratedover67terawatthoursofhydroelectricityin2022whichwasaconsiderableincreasefrom56terawatthoursin2021.Duringtheperiodunderconsideration,figuresincreasedbyapproximately36terawatthours,peakingatnearly89terawatthoursin2019.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2000to2022;*Basedongrossgenerationandnotaccountingforcross-borderelectricitysupply.'Input-equivalent'energyistheamountoffuelthatwouldberequiredbythermalpowerstationstogeneratethereportedelectricity[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGHydroelectricityconsumptioninTurkeyfrom1998to2022*(inexajoules)HydroelectricityconsumptioninTurkey1998-20220.90.840.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.00.740.65

0.650.60.580.570.570.560.530.52

0.520.480.450.450.410.40.370.370.360.360.350.340.330.251998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

202224Description:Turkishhydropowerconsumptionincreasedbyalmost20percentin2022,comparedtothepreviousyearandamountedtoapproximately0.6exajoules.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;1998to2022;*Basedongrossgenerationandnotaccountingforcross-borderelectricitysupply.'Input-equivalent'energyistheamountoffuelthatwouldberequiredbythermalpowerstationstogeneratethereportedelectricity[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGCHAPTER

05GeothermalandbiomassBioenergycapacityinTurkeyfrom2008to2022(inmegawatts)BioenergycapacityinTurkey2008-20222,5002,0001,5001,000500020082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202226Description:In2022,bioenergycapacityinTurkeyreacheditspeak,atsome1.91gigawatts.Thiswasanincreaseof275megawattsfromthepreviousyear.Intheperiodofconsideration,figuresrosewithsomeoscillation.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2008to2022Source(s):IRENAGeothermalcumulativeinstalledcapacityinTurkeyfrom2006to2021(inmegawatts)GeothermalcumulativecapacityinTurkey2006-20211,8001,6001,4001,2001,00080060040020002006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021*27Description:CumulativegeothermalinstalledcapacityinTurkeyamountedto1,696megawattsin2021,comparedto23megawattsseenin2006.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2006to2021;*Datafor2021wasretrivedfromadifferentsource,sinceBPdidnotpublishanynewdataongeothermalcumulativeinstalledcapacityinthenewlypublishedreport.Thesourceforthe2021figurescanbefound[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):BPEnergygenerationfromgeothermalandbiomass*inTurkeyfrom2008to2022(interawatthours)EnergygenerationfromgeothermalandbiomassinTurkey2008-20222520151020.318.715.813.611.19.17.24.753.42.21.5110.70.3020082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202228Description:GeothermalandbiomassenergygenerationinTurkeysteadilyincreasedbetween2008and2022.Geothermalandbiomassenergygenerationamountedto20.3terawatthoursin2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2008to2022;*Basedongrossgenerationandnotaccountingforcross-borderelectricitysupply.ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGGeothermalandbiomassenergyconsumption*inTurkeyfrom2009to2022(inexajoules)GeothermalandbiomassenergyconsumptioninTurkey2009-20220.30.20.20.10.10.210.190.160.130.110.090.070.050.030.020.020.010.010.010.02009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202229Description:In2022,geothermalandbiomassenergyconsumptioninTurkeyamountedto210petajoules,anincreaseofover10percentfromthepreviousyear.Duringtheperiodinconsideration,figuresincreasedby200petajoules.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;2009to2022;*Basedongrossgenerationandnotaccountingforcross-borderelectricitysupply."Input-equivalent"energyistheamountoffuelthatwouldberequiredbythermalpowerstationstogeneratethereported[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EnergyInstitute;Kearney;KPMGCHAPTER

06PublicopinionWhatkindofeffortwouldyoumakeinorderforTurkeytoabandoncoalandnaturalgasandmeetitsenergyneedsfromrenewablessuchassolarandwind?IndividualefforttowardsthetransitiontorenewableenergyinTurkey2021Shareofrespondents0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%34%40%45%43%50%IwouldsupportthosewhoadvocateitonsocialmediaIwouldsupportpoliticalpartiesthatadvocatethisIwouldsigndigitalcampaigns24%Iwouldsetupmyownsolarpaneletc.22%IwouldcontactthecompetentauthotiritesIwouldparticipateinlocalorganizations(CityCouncil,association,etc.)Iwouldjoinenergycooperatives17%14%9%Iwouldnotmakeanyeffort24%31Description:AnopinionpollconductedinTurkeyinSeptember2021revealedthatone-quarteroftheTurkishpeoplewouldnotmakeanyindividualeffortfortheircountrytoabandoncoalandnaturalgasinordertomeetitsenergyneedsfromrenewablessuchassolarandwindpower.Additionally,themostpopularanswerwassupportingthosewhoadvocatedenergytransitiononsocialmedia,with43percentoftherespondentsagreeingwiththeidea.

ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;September11-12,2021;2,475respondents;15andolderSource(s):KondaWouldyouacceptanincreaseinyourbillsduetoelectricityproductionfromrenewableresourcessuchassolarorwind?SurveyonhigherbillsduetoelectricitygenerationfromrenewablesinTurkey202145%42%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%28%16%14%0%IwouldnotacceptIwouldaccept2%Iwouldaccept10%Iwouldaccept20%32Description:AccordingtoapublicsurveyconductedinTurkeyinSeptember2021,over40percentoftheTurkishpeoplewouldnotprefertohaveincreaseintheirenergybillsduetoelectrictygenerationfromrenewableresourcessuchassolarorwind.Only14percentoftherespondentssaidthattheywouldaccepta20percentincreaseintheirbillsforusingelectricityfromrenewables.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;September11-12,2021;2,475respondents;15andolderSource(s):KondaDoyouthinktheuseofrenewableenergywillimproveyourqualityoflife?EffectofrenewableenergyusageonlifequalityinTurkey202150%45%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%26%22%5%No2%0%DefinitelyyesYesNeutralDefinitelyno33Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinTurkeyinSeptember2021,thevastmajorityoftheTurkishpeoplestatedthatusingrenewableenergysourceswouldimprovetheirlifequality.Onlysevenpercentofthesurveyparticipantsthoughtthatrenewableenergywouldnotimprovetheirlifequality.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;September11-12,2021;2,475respondents;15andolderSource(s):KondaDoyouthinkitwouldbegoodfortheeconomyifTurkeygeneratedthemajorityofitsenergyfromrenewablesources?EconomiceffectofrenewableenergygenerationinTurkey202160%55%50%40%30%20%10%0%24%17%4%No1%DefinitelyyesYesNeutralDefinitelyno34Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinTurkeyinSeptember2021,nearly80percentoftheTurkishpeopleagreedtothestatementthatitwouldbegoodfortheeconomyifTurkeygeneratedthemajorityofitsenergyfromrenewablesources.OnlyfivepercentofthesurveyparticipantsthoughtthatrenewableenergywouldnotbenefittheTurkisheconomy.ReadmoreNote(s):Turkey;September11-12,2021;2,475respondents;15andolderSource(s):KondaDoyouthinkreplacingallthermalpowerplantsinTurkeywithrenewablepowerplantssuchassolarandwindwouldhaveanynegativeeffects?Ifyes,whateffectswouldithave?ReplacementofthermalpowerplantswithrenewablepowerplantsinTurkey2021Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%91%100%No,IdonotthinkitwouldhaveanynegativeeffectsUnemploymentrises3%Therewouldbeanenergyshortage/costofelectricityincreasesItaffectsTurkey'seconomynegativelyItincreasesunemployement1%2%1%1%Noopinion/ideaOther2%35Description:AsurveyconductedinTurkeyinSeptember2021revealedthatthevastmajorit