作文升级：外刊文章分析对比：八卦的好处 讲义 高三上学期英语一轮复习专项

作文升级：外刊文章分析对比：Wanttoreadsomethingaboutrumourandinnuendo?《经济学人》职场中到处都是八卦。声誉在一定程度上是通过八卦塑造的，知道这一点，就可以对不良行为进行威慑。如果有人经常偷懒，把工作留给别人做，人们很有可能将这个信息传达给即将与这个废物共事的人。你写的Theworkplaceisfullofgossip.Reputationsarepartlyshapedbygossip,andknowingthiscanbeathreattobadbehaviour.Ifsomeonewasconstantlybeinglazyandleavingworkforotherstodo,peoplewouldpossiblypassthisinformationtoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisuselesscolleague.外刊的Gossippervadestheworkplace.Theknowledgethatreputationsarepartlyforgedthroughgossipcanactasadeterrenttobadbehaviour.Ifsomeonewasconstantlyslackingoffandleavingotherstodothework,peoplewerelikelytopassthatinformationontoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisgood-for-nothing.句型部分声誉在一定程度上是通过八卦塑造的，知道这一点，就可以对不良行为进行威慑。Reputationsarepartlyshapedbygossip,andknowingthiscanbeathreattobadbehaviour.→Theknowledgethatreputationsarepartlyforgedthroughgossipcanactasadeterrenttobadbehaviour.同位语从句的运用外刊作者此处使用了同位语从句。Theknowledge叫本位语,thatreputations……throughgossip是同位语从句,详细说明knowledge的具体内容。所谓“同位”，即本位语和后方从句在句子中充当同一种成分,此处Theknowledge和that-从句均是主语。像这样后方有提及前方内容的表述，可考虑使用同位语从句,例如:(没有人是绝对正确的，这个说法有充分的依据。)Noonewasinfallible,andthissayingiswell-founded.→Thebeliefthatnoonewasinfallibleiswell-founded.(他已道歉，但她认为这是没用的。)Hehadapologized,butshethoughtitwasuseless.→Thefactthathehadapologizedcountedfornothingwithher.在上述例句中，that从句都是详细说明他们前方的本位词(belief，fact)的同位语从句。常见的本位词一般都是可详细说明具体内容的抽象名词，例如：hopeideafactbeliefnewsdoubtconvictiontruthreportproofknowledgeconcernproblemnotionthought上面表格里，右边的本位词在中文表达习惯的通常体现为动词，正如外刊原文里的“知道⇔knowledge”，因此我们在表述含有这类动词的句子时也可考虑使用同位语从句：(他会克服一切困难，对此我并不感到怀疑。)Hewillovercomeallthesedifficulties,andIneverdoubtthat.→Ihavenodoubtthathewillovercomeallthesedifficulties.(生活中最大的幸福就是坚信有人爱我们。)Thesupremehappinessoflifeisthatweshouldbelieveweareloved.→Thesuperiorhappinessoflifeistheconvictionthatweareloved.人们很有可能将这个信息传达给即将与这个废物共事的人。peoplewouldpossiblypassthisinformationtoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisuselesscolleague.→peoplewerelikelytopassthatinformationontoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisgood-for-nothing.表达“可能”的句式表达“可能”所用到的词汇大致包含以下几个：likely，probable(probably),perhaps,maybe,may,might,possible(possibly)等。按可能性程度划分,他们分为三组。1.可能性接近百分百，相当于中文的“十有八九”：likely,probable(probably)Ticketsarelikelytobeexpensive.(入场券十有八九很贵。)Theyaren'tlikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.=Theyareunlikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.=Theyhardlylikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.(午夜之前他们十有八九是赶不到了。)由上述例句可以看出likely虽是ly结尾，但它是形容词，用法与普通形容词一致：否定形式在be动词处否定,或用它的反义词unlikely,或加入hardly。Thetreeisprobablyoverahundredyearsold.=Itisprobablethatthetreeisoverahundredyearsold.(这棵树十有八九是百年大树。)Thedriverwasprobablytakingapee.=Itisprobablethatthedriverwastakingapee.(司机十有八九是在解手。)probably是标准的副词，若用它的形容词形式probable,一般使用Itisprobablethat句型。Likely和probably表示的可能性概率一致,但意思上有细微差别。probably只表达中立的推测,likely则含有说话人的预期结果(expectedoutcome):Ticketsarelikelytobeexpensive.(*说话人希望别那么贵。)Theyaren'tlikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.(*说话人希望午夜前到。)2.可能性约为50%，相当于中文的“一半一半”，“五五开”:perhaps,maybe,mayPerhapshehasgrownwiserwithage.(*可理解为他变得睿智的原因50%是年龄增长，50%是其他。)Ithinkperhapsweshouldgoindoors.(*这是礼貌语,给听话人goindoors或stayoutside两种选择。)Taxcutsmayunbalancethebudget.(*可理解为：减税引起预算失衡的概率是50%)MayIspeakofftherecord?(我可以私下里说吗?*这也是礼貌语，留给听话人拒绝的空间。)“Willshecometomybirthdayparty?”—“Maybe.”(*表示来party的几率是50%。)Maybethey'vejustgoneshopping.(*可理解为:他们不在家的原因50%去shopping,50%是其他。)这三个词的区别在于：①按正式程度划分，perhaps最正式，may兼容正式与非正式，maybe比较口语化。②按词法划分,perhaps和maybe都是副词,但它没有普通副词位置那么灵活，通常置于句首(主句句首或从句句首)或单独成一句。may则是情态动词，与can，must它们的用法一样。3.表示较小的可能性:might,possible(possibly)Youneverknow,Imightgetlucky.(*可理解为:getlucky的概率其实很小。)MightImakeasuggestion?(*might是may的委婉语，语气很弱，相当于“弱弱问一句，我可以提出个建议吗?”)Theywerecasuallydressed;possiblystudents.=Theywerecasuallydressed;Itispossiblethattheyarestudents.

(他们穿着随意，可能是学生。*可理解为这个结论是说话人随意推理的，把握不大。)*注意possible与probable一样,也使用Itispossiblethat句型。学生习作里使用的是peoplewouldpossiblypass……,但由于“把某个八卦信息传达出去”是职场中非常有可能发生的事情，因此用possibly并不合适。而“传播八卦”其实又带着expectedoutcome:人们希望八卦被传播出去以达到威慑作用,所以用peoplewerelikelytopass……最合适。措辞部分1.职场中到处都是八卦。Theworkplaceisfullofgossip.Gossippervadestheworkplace.到处都是isfullof→pervadesbefullof是静态表述,pervade是动态表述,=spreadthrough(弥漫,遍布):Thefragrantbreathofspringrainpervadesintheair.(空气中散发出春雨的芬芳。)BiasesagainsteducationalbackgroundstillpervademanyplacesontheInternet.(网络上对于学历的歧视仍然屡见不鲜。)这里使用pervade体现了八卦的“传播”性。(可结合invade进行记忆)2.声誉在一定程度上是通过八卦塑造的，知道这一点，就可以对不良行为进行威慑。Reputationsarepartlyshapedbygossip,andknowingthiscanbeathreattobadbehaviour.Theknowledgethatreputationsarepartlyforgedthroughgossipcanactasadeterrenttobadbehaviour.塑造shape→forgeforge的原意是“锻造”(createbyhammering),例如:Bronzeobjectscanbemeltdownandforgedintocoins.(青铜制品可以被熔化并锻造成硬币。)他的衍生意是“塑造一个坚固的事物”，例如：Theyforgedaleadinthefirst30minutesofthegame.(*可理解为：他们的领先优势已经很难反超了。)Russiawasthefirstcountrytoforgeaneweconomicsystem.underthebannerofMarxism.

(*可理解为：苏联这个新经济体制建立得非常稳固。)外刊原文的“塑造”使用forge，意在表明人在职场上的声誉，一旦通过八卦形成后就很难再改变。而这种“难以洗白”的职场印象使后面所提到的“八卦对不良行为的威慑性”这个观点更具有说服力。进行威慑beathreat→asadeterrentbe与actas的区别在于:actas强调一种“非平常的,较为特殊”的情况，看以下例句：Lastsummersheactedasaguidefortourists.(*说明她平常的身份不是导游。)Thiscoinmayactasascrewdriver.(*描述硬币的特殊用途：螺丝起子。)外刊作者此处使用actas，意在表述gossip存在一个比较特殊的功能——用于威慑。threat与deterrent的区别,正如他们的中文意思,前者是“威胁”,后者是“威慑”。threat强调“潜在的危险”,deterrent强调“阻止某种行动”,对比:Thethreatofnuclearescalationremains.(*强调核升级有可能带来安全隐患。)ThisisoneoffoursubmarineswhichmakeuptheUK'snucleardeterrent.(*强调这些军事设备作为核威慑的武器，是用来防御侵略的。)deterrent含有词根ter-(恐吓的),可用terrible,terrorism辅助记忆。这个词常出现在比较官方的场合，例如：Capitalpunishment(死刑)Nuclear(核武器)都可视为一种deterrentMilitaryexercise(军事演习)Thefreezeonbankaccounts(冻结银行账户)3.如果有人经常偷懒，把工作留给别人做，人们很有可能将这个信息传达给即将与这个废物共事的人。Ifsomeonewasconstantlybeinglazyandleavingworkforotherstodo,peoplewouldpossiblypassthisinformationtoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisuselesscolleague.→Ifsomeonewasconstantlyslackingoffandleavingotherstodothework,peoplewerelikelytopassthatinformationontoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisgood-for-nothing.偷懒belazy→slackoff。slack是形容词，实意是“松掉的”，抽象意义是“散漫的”.

Theropesuddenlywentslack.(绳子突然松了。)Disciplineintheclassroomisveryslack.(班里纪律十分散漫。)slackoff中slack转换成了动词(类似narrow→narrowdown,warm→warmup),但作为动词的意思与原意几乎相等：Slackoffthoseropesthere,there'sastormcoming!(把那里的绳索放松，风暴就要来了！)Withoutstress,youmayslackoffandidleawayyourtime.(没有压力，你会懈怠和消磨你的时间。)传达给passto→passontopassonto表示“先接收,再传递”,例如:JohnpassedthebooktoMary.MarypasseditontoLaura.外刊原文使用passonto，表述人们先获取